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{^_ THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

JT ^7 R O y INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

Published under the autsoeitt of the Seceetary of
State foe India in Council.

edited by a. e. shipley, m.a., hon. d.sc, f.r.s.

D E R M A P T E R A

(EARWIGS).

BY

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA: I BOMBAY :

THACKER, SPINK, & CO. | THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

BERLIN :
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, U CARLSTRASSE.

1910.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR ANT) FRANCIS,
RED LIOM COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

CONTENTS.

Page

Editor's Preface v

Author's Preface viij

Systematic List of Species xiii

Introduction ]

General 1

Structure 2

Determination of Species 10

Development H

Copulation 12

Oviposition 13

Ova 14

Habits 14

Food 17

Maternal Care 18

Geographical Distribution 19

Literature 26

Table of Families 31

ApachyidcB 31

Pygidicranidce 37

Labiduridce 67

Labiidcc HO

Forjicididce 129

Species of Uncertain Position 204

Appendices : —

A. On Collecting and Preserving Earwigs 207

B. List of Authors, and Abbreviations 208

C. Glossary 210

Index 213

Explanation of Plates.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

In this the first of the 'Fauna of British India' Series
issued under my Editorship, I would wish to record my
sense of the loss Science has sustained through the death of
the late Lieutenant-Colonel C. T. Bingham, He succeeded
Dr. Blanford, who initiated and edited the Series for more
than twenty years, in 1905, and since that time devoted
himself unremittingly to the task he then took up. His
loss has been widely felt, especially amongst the workers
in systematic Entomology : if I may quote his own words
about his predecessor : — " To few, however, will that loss be
personally so great as to those who under his direction were
working for the Fauna of India series/'

During the year 1908 Colonel Bingham was engaged on
his third and final volume on the Indian Butterflies. This,
which was to have included the families Lycanidce and
Hesperiidce, he left unfinished. I am happy to state that
Mr. H. Druce has, with the sanction of the Secretary of
State for India, undertaken to complete the work; but
owing to the constantly increasing amount of material now
available it will be necessary to devote a volume to each of
these families.

At the time of Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham's death,
volumes on the following Groups had been sanctioned by

VI EDITOR S PREFACE.

the Secretary of State for publication : — on the Cicindelida,
PaussidcE, and a General Introduction to the Coleoptera, by
Canon W. W. Fowler : on the Orthoptera, by Mr. W. F.
Kirby : on the Dermaptera, by Mr. Malcolm Burr : on the
Butterflies (third and last volume), by Lieutenant-Colonel
Bingham : on the Curculionidce, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall :
on the Cetoniidce and Dynastida, by Mr. G. Arrow : on
the Ichneumonid(S, by Mr. Claude Morley : on Longicorn
Beetles, by Mr. C. J. Gahan : and on the Bnprestidce, by
Mr. E. P. Stebbing.

Since that date, sanction has been obtained for an
Appendix to the volumes on the Rhynchota, by Mr. W. L.
Distant. In addition to the two (3rd and 4th) volumes on
Butterflies already mentioned, the Secretary of State for
India has also sanctioned a half volume on the Blattida, by
Mr. R. Shelford ; and a whole volume, instead of the half
volume previously sanctioned, on the Acridiidce and
Locustida, by Mr. Kirby. Further, approval has been given
for a second volume on the Mollusca, by Lieutenant-Colonel
H. H. Godwin-Austen.

Although there are few better known insects in Europe
than the common Earwig, the Dermaptera are said to be
rare in most parts of the world. The Order, however, in
warm and tropical regions is rich in species. Hence,
although but two species are probably indigenous to our
islands, the number described by Dr. Burr from India
amounts to over one hundred and thirty.

In the present work Dr. Burr has adopted a new classifi-
cation, and has incorporated in its pages the results of a
series of systematic Papers which he has published during
the last year or two. If we except some statements taken
from de Bormans^ account of Earwigs from Burma, a very
large proportion of this work is original. In the fifth
volume of the ' Cambridge Natural History ' Dr. Sharp
states: — "The classification of the earwigs is still in a
rudimentary state " : I do not think I exaggerate when

EDITOR S PREFACE. vii

I say that Dr. Burr's work will cause the deletion of
this senteuce if a new edition of Dr. Sharp's volume be
called for.

I cannot let this volume appear without expressing mv
gratitude to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall for much time spent
in proof-reading, and for much help in other Editorial
tasks.

A. E. SHIPLEY.
October 1909.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The Earwigs form a compact, homogeneous and well-defined
group of insects. Owing to a superficial resemblance to
certain Staphylinida, Linnaeus included them in the Coleo-
ptera, but de Geer placed them in his Order Dermaptera,
which corresponded to the Orthoptera of Olivier, in the
modern acceptance of the name. Kirby, in 1815, treated
them as a distinct Order, restricting to them de Geer's name
Dermaptera, which had been superseded by Olivier's word
for the larger group. Authors were then divided into two
camps, those in favour of considering the earwigs as an
Order and those who preferred to regard them as a Family
of the Orthoptera.

The actual name employed for the group of earwigs has
varied still more. Erichson and Fischer called them Labi-
duroidcB ; Latreille. Serville, and Scudder, Forficulidce ;
Newman and Fischer von Waldheim, Forculina, followed at
first by Burmeister, who later proposed Dermaptera in
an amended form, Dermatoptera. Westwood invented the
appropriate name Euplexoptera, and Fischer, Harmoptera ;
Lrunner called them Forficularia, as a family of the Ortho-
ptera ; Bolivar regards them as a section of the Orthoptera,
under the name Dermaptera, with the single family Forfi-
culidce. Dohrn, Redtenbacher, Krauss and Verhoeff follow
Kirby, in giving them full ordinal rank, under de Geer's
name Dermaptera; but de Bormans, in his monograph
published in " Das Tierreich," treats them as a family,
Forficulidce.

Our own inclination is to treat them as a distinct order.

AUTHOR S PREFACE. IX

with the name Dermaptera, sanctioned by much use^
rejecting the corrections suggested, such as Dermoptera by
Agassiz and Dermatoptera by Burmeister.

No attempt had been made to subdivide earwigs into
smaller gi-oups until this was done by Verhoeff (1902), who
based his classification upon the genitalia. His system has
the double disadvantage of being impracticable for ordinary
purposes, and incomplete. Many of his characters are of
doubtful value, and some of his Avork will probably never be
accepted, while it is not free from inaccuracy, involved
synonymy, and other drawbacks. It was, however, the first
attempt to reject the empirical arrangement, with which
de Bormans, for want of material, had been obliged to be
content. As such it merits recognition and approbation.

The writer of this work has endeavoured to pick out those
portions of Verhoeff's Avork which appear to him to be
souna, to retain the best part of de Bormans' system, to add
a considerable amount of new material and original observa-
tion and to produce a harmonious whole. The result of this
attempt is set forth in the following pages.

Families and subfamilies were first established by Verhoeff,
but his definitions are not always retained, and his separation
of the Apachjidxe into a suborder under the name Para-
dermaptera is rejected. Only five families are retained, each
divided into a varying number of subfamilies. A careful
study of the characterisation of these groups is essential
to the understanding of the Dermaptera as a whole; the
main outline of this new classification is presented in the
synoptical table of families on page 31.

The author is engaged at the same time upon a general
revision and Monograph of the Earwigs of the world, and the
system put forward in the following pages is that which he
has so far adopted in his manuscript of the larger work.

It is unnecessary to add with what pleasure criticism and
suggestions will be received. Above all, fresh material is
most urgently required, in order that a solution may be
obtained for the still remaining problems.

X AUTHOR S PREFACE,

In order to be cousistent in the use of the word " type "
the author lias uniformly followed the principle that one
individual specimen, and one only, can be the type of a
species.

For instance, of Forficula sjostedti, Burr, an African
species, the author has examined nearly 500 specimens. Now,
it is posssible that in future generations, some entomologist,
with great local knowledge, may decide that this number
included two distinct forms ; consequently, if every one of
these 500 specimens were labelled '' Type ^' and these
"types" were scattered through the collections and
museums of the world, it would have been impossible to
decide which was the true Forficula sjostedti.

Again, some of de Bormans' species were based on material
partly in the Genoa and partly in the Vienna Museum.
Each Museum claims to possess the type. Every specimen,
in both collections, in many instances, is labelled " type.'^
In such a case the author has endeavoured to identify the
actual individual on which the description was based, or the
first specimen named, and for him that has been the type.

All the others are syntypes, which have nearly, but not
quite, the same value for purposes of identification. The
499 remaining specimens of Forficula sjostedti, for instance,
are syntypes.

A further term is paratype, which is applied to a specimen
which has been identified authoritatively by comparison with
a true type.

A paratype has therefore a little less value than a syntype,
and a syntype than the type, of a species.

In the systematic part of this work, an asterisk indicates
that the type has been examined by the author, two asterisks
denoting a syntype.

The material for this work has been derived from the
following sources : —

I. The results of Leonardo Fea's travels in Burma ;
the collections are in the Civic Museum of Genoa ;.
they have been reported on by de Bormans (88)
and (94).

AUTHOR S PREFACE. XI

II. A few species taken in Trichinopoli, near Kodai-
kanal, enumerated by Bolivar (97), in which paper
de Bormans describes some new species.
III. Scattered references to Indian localities in general
works upon Orthoptera, or on Dermaptera, such
as Gue'rin (38), Dohrn (63-67), de Bormans (83)
and (00), Diibrony (79), VVestwood (39), and so on.
IV. Material in the collections of the Museums of
Brussels, Budapest and Paris, reported on by Burr
(00), (02), (07^), (08^) and (OS^-
V. Material in the Oxford University INluseum ; no
account of this collection has yet been published,
but the material has been kindly lent to the author
by Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S.
VI. A paper on the Earwigs of Ceylon, by Burr (01),
based chiefly on material collected by Mr. E.
Ernest Green, Government Entomologist, at the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.
VII. Material in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, mostly
taken by Dr. Nelson Annandale, and published by
Burr (05*), (06') and (07-), including some com-
municated by Mr. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial
Entomologist at Pusa, Bengal.
VIII. Material specially collected for the purpose of this
work, and communicated to the author, by Mr. T.
B. Fletcher, formerly of H.M.S. ' Sealark,'
quartered at Ceylon, and by Dr. A. Willey, of
Colombo.
IX. Material from various sources contained in the
author's collection and in the collection of Mon-
sieur Henri Gadeau de Kerville, of Rouen, who
has very obligingly placed his specimens very freely
at the author's disposition.
But for the efforts of the gentlemen named above, the
number of species and localities in the following work would
have been reduced by about half. The author takes this
opportunity of repeating his thanks for their valuable and
enthusiastic help.

Xll AUTHOR S PREFACE.

It will be observed in the list of species ou p. 23, that a
large proportion of types have been examined and it has
been attempted to show where all the types are at present
preserved. This has been possible in almost all cases
where species have been recently described, but the older
authors did not specify their types with the accuracy which
is now considered necessary. Consequently it has not always
been possible to state where the types are in the case of
such authors as Serville, Dohrn, &c. In describing a new
species the latter author often noted that his material was
based on specimens in several collections ; all his original
specimens are syntypes, but it is impossible to determine
which individual is the type. In such instances, the where-
abouts of the syntypes has been noted. It has been
assumed that Dohrn's own specimens are still preserved at
Stettin, but this is the only important collection of earwigs
which has not been placed at the disposal of the author.

The author gladly takes this opportunity of recording his
gratitude to Dr. Shipley, the most courteous of editors, and
especially to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, whose laborious and
careful proof-reading has placed him under a deep sense of
obligation.

The plates and figures in the text have been drawn by
Mr. Edwin AVilson, with the exception of several figures
(75, 76, 79 & 90) which are by Mr. Horace Knight. No
work upon this group of insects has yet enjoyed such
accurate and abundant illustration.

MALCOLM BURR.

Eastry, Kent.
July 6th, 1009.

SYTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES.

DEEMAPTEEA.'

Family I. Apachyidae.

Genus 1. Apachyus, Serv.

1. A. feci', Bonn.

2. A.jxtscoei, Kirby.

Genus 2. Dendroiketes, Burr.

1 1. Z>. corticinus, Burr.

Family II. Pygidicranidae.

Subfamily 1 . Diplaty in ce.

Genus 1. Diplatts, Serv.

tl. -0. fjladiator, Burr.

t2. D. falcatiis, Burr.

t3. D. lefroyi, Burr.

+ 4. D. aufj/ustatus, Burr.

5. D. hormansi, Burr.

6. D. gerstceckeri, Dohrn.

1 7. D. erncsti. Burr.

1 8. D. siva, Burr.
9. D. greeni, Burr.

10. D. rufescens, Kirby.
til. D.Jletchen,Bnvr.
12. D. liheratus. Burr.

Subfamily 2. P y r/ i die r a n i n cf.

■ Genus 1. Pygidicrana, Serv.
1. P.picfa, Guer.
t 2. P. valida, Dohrn.

3. P. 2icillidipennis, Haan.

4. P. en'hnia, Dohrn.

5. P. marmoricrura, Serv.

6. P. siamensis, Dohrn.

1 Species marked with a dagger (t) are not represented in the National
Collection.

LIST OF SPECIES,

Genue 2. Diceana, Burr.

1 . D. halUpyga, Dohrn.

Genus 3. Cranopxgia, Burr.

1. C. cwningi, Dohrn.

2. C. 7iietneri, Dohrn.

Genus 4. Piceania, Burr.

1. P. angusiata, Dohrn.

Genus 5. Pyge, Burr.

1. P. modexta, Borm.

2. P. o^hthahiiica, Dohrn.

Family III. Lahiduridae.

Subfamily 1 . Palicina;.

Genus 1. Palex, Burr.

fl. P. sparattoides, Borm.

Subfamily 2. Ec hi no so m at in ce.

Genus 1. Echinosoma, Serv.

1. E. sumatraman, Haan.
t2. E. parvidum,J)ohxn.

Subfamily 3. Psal i n ce.

Genus 1. Psalis, Serv.

1. P. femora? /s, Dohrn.

2. P. dohrni, Kirby.
t3. P. lefroyi, Burr.
1 4. P. castetsi, Borm.

Genus 2. Labidurodes, Dubr.

1 1. L. robusttis, Dubr.

Genus 3. Gonolabis, Burr.

1 1, G. electa, Burr.

Genus 4. Anisolabis, Pieb.

1. A. colossea, Dohrn.

2. A. maritima, Bou.
t 3. J.. litdagcB, Burr.

4. A. annidipes, Luc.

5. A. dubronii, Kirby.
to. A. gaudens, Burr.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Genus 5. Bokellia, Burr.

1. B. greeni, Burr.

2, B. stali, Dohrn.
t3. B. annandalei, Burr.

Subfamily 4. L ah id u r i n cb.

Genus 1. Forcipula, Bol.

tl. F. decolyi, Borm.

2. F. trispinosa, Dohrn.

3. F. pugnax, Kirby.

4. F. quadrispinosa, Dohrn.
1 5. F. lurida, Bol.

Genus 2. Labidura, Leach.

f 1. L. 7iepalensis, Burr.

2. L. lividipes, Dufour.

3. L. benc/alensis, Dohrn.

4. L. riparia. Pall.

Subfamily 5. P a r i sol ah i n ce.

Genus 1. Pseudisolabis, Burr.

1 1. P. hurri, Bor.
t 2. P. tenera, Burr.

Subfamil}^ 6. Brack y I ah i nee.

Genus 1, Nannisolabis, Burr.

fl. N. p}iiletas,~Quvv.
t2. N. luilleyi, Burr.

Genus 2. Metisolabis, Burr.

1 1. M. hifoveolata , Bol.
2. M. caudelli, Burr.

Genus 3. Ctexisolabis, Verb.

1 1. Ct. fletcluri. Burr.

Family IV. Labiidae.

Subfamily 1. Lahiince.

Genus 1. Spongiphora, Serv.

1. /Sj»). lutea, Borm.

2. Si), ni/idipennis, Borm.

3. Sp. semijlava, Borm.

LIST or SPECIES.

Genus 2. Eeotesis, Burr.

1. E. deaj)iens, Kirby.
Genus 3. Labia, Leach.

1. L, nigrella, Dubr.

2. L. luzonica, Dohru.

3. L. ciirvicauda, Motseli.

4. L. mucronata, tStal.

5. L. pilicornis, Motsch.

6. L. ]iygidiata, Dubr.

7. L. ridens, Bonn.

8. L. arachidis, Yers.

Genus 4. Platylabia, Dohru.

1. P. major, Dohrn.

2. P. gestroi, Dubr.

3. P. thoracica, Dohrn.

4. P. nigriceps, Kirbj.

Genus 5. Sphingolabis, Borm.
1. S. fecv, Borm.

Faniily V. Forficulidae.

Subfamily 1. C h eliso chince.

Genus]. Chelisochella, Verb.

1. Ch. siiperha, Dohrn.

Genus 2. Exipjfus, Burr.

1. Ex. jjulchri2)ennis, ^ovm.

Genus 3. Chelisoches, Scudd.
1. Ch. morio, Fabr.

Genus 4. Peoreus, Burr,

1. P. simidans, Stal.

2. P. melanocejjhalus, Dohrn.

3. P. ritsemcf, Borm.

Genus .5. Solenosoma, Burr.

t 1. «S'. birmanum, Bonn.

Genus 6. Adiathetus, Burr.

] . A. slielfordi. Burr.
t 2, A. dravidius, Burr.

3. A. cjlaucoptervs, Borm.
t 4. A. nigrocastaneKS, Burr.

5. A. tenebrator, Ivirby.

Genus 7. Hamaxas, Burr.

1. H. fece, Borm.

LIST OF SPF.CIES.

Subfamily 2. A nee h n r i n cf.

Genus 1. Allodahlia, Verb.

1. A. scabriusculus, Serv.

2. A. macTopygus^ Westw

3. A. coriacea, Bonn.

4. A. ahrimanes, Burr.

Genus 2. Homotages, Burr.
1. H. fece, Borm.

Genus 'S. Pterygida, Verb.

1. P. circulata, Dobrn.

Genus 4. Anechura, Scudd,

fl. ^. calciatii, Bor.

2. A. zuJ>ovsk{i, Sem.

SubFainily 3. Fo r fi ciil i n </-.
Genus 1. Elaunon, Burr.

1. E. hipartitus^ Kirby.

Geiuis 2. FoRFicTJLA, Linn.

1 1. F. schhigintweiti. Burr.
t 2. F. mogul, Burr.
t3. F. beehehuh, Burr.
t 4. F. aceris, Burr.

5. F. ornata, Borm.
t 6. F. greeni, Burr.

t 7. F. amlngua, Burr.
8. F. lucasi, Dohrn.
t 9. F. celeris. Burr.
1 10. F. interrogans, Burr.
11. F. 2yl((nicollis, Kirhy.

Subfamily 4. O^j isthocosmi i n ce.

Genus 1. SoxDAX, Burr.

fl. /S. repens, Burr.

Genus 2. Epbohrnia, Burr.

1. E. metallicd, Dobrn.

(Jeiuis 3. Emboros, Burr.

t I. E. dubius, Borm.

Genus 4. Liparura, Burr.

1 1. E. punctata, Burr.

Genus 5. Obelura, Burr.

tl. 0. asiatica, Borm.

1 2. 0. taimiJ, Burr.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Genus 6. Cordax, Burr.

1. C. armatus, Haan.

2. C. ceylonicns, Motscli.

Genus 7. Htpurgus, Burr.

1. H. humeralis, Kirby.
ti. H. simplex, Borm.

Genus 8. Eparchus, Burr.

■\1. E. dux, Bonn.

2. E. msignis, Haan.

3. E. tenellus, Haan.

Genus 9. Timomenus, Burr.

1 1. T. oannes, Burr.
■f 2. T. (xscidaplvs, Burr.
t3. T. nevilli. Burr.

4. T. lugens, Bonn.

Genus 10. Syntonus, Burr.

1. »S'. neolohoj)h oroides, Burr,

Genus 11. Kosmetor, Burr,

t ] . K. temora, Burr.
t 2. K. hrahma, Burr.
t3. K. vlshnn, Burr.

Genus 12. Lipodes, Burr.

fl. L. vivax, Burr.

Species of Uncei'tain Position.

Forficnla ? pnlchripes, Borm.
Forficnla ? rwr/nJensia, Dolirn.

Suminari/.

Subfamilies. Genera. Species.

Apachyidae 1 2 3

Pygidicranidae 2 0 24

Labiduridae 6 13 34

Labiidae 1 5 17

ForficulidEe 4 25 55

Total.. 14 51 133-1-2 uncertain.

DEEMAPTERA,

The literature dealing with tlie Dermapterous Pauna of British
India IS not very extensive. In general books upon Dermaptera
and Orthoptera there are occasional references to Indian species
and Indian localities, such as may be found in the M'orks of
berville, Do hrn, and de Bormans. The first paper deahnj? ex-
dusive ly with Indian Earwigs was de Bornians' ' first account of
the collections uiade by Leonardo Tea in Bui-ma, pu Wished in
the Annah del Museo Civico di Genova ' in 1888, followed six
years later by his second paper (1894), in which he incorporated
the first, and added a number of species, many of which Mere
new In 1897 Bolivar described an extensive collection of
Orthoptera from Trichmopoli, in which several species of earxviffs
are recorded, three being new. ^

But these works, valuable as they are, give little assistance for
the determination of species. The first paper which enabled an
entomologist m India to determine the species was the account
of the earwigs of Ceylon by the author of the present work,
published m the ' Transactions of the Bombay Natural History
bociety'm 1902 based almost entirely upon material obtained

lu cf- \'T'^ ^' ^'''^"- '^^''' P^^Pe^' however, dealt only
with Singhalese species, and is now out of date. In 1905 the
present writer published a first list of the earwigs in the collection
of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, followed in 1906 and 1907
by two more, chiefly based on material obtained by Dr. Nelson
Annandale. These three papers, however, contain little beyond
hsts of names and localities, and are of no use for purposes of
Klentilieation, except where new species are described.

In these circumstances it is evident that there is a real need for
a work by the help of which entomologists in India may be
able to determine such collections of earwigs as they may make
It IS hoped that by its means collectors in India may be encourao-ed
to take an interest in a group of insects which is by no means
Jacking m fascination, and which has the undeniable advantage
of being so neg ected that it offers scope and encouragement to
all students. The need of such a work is further made evident by
the following pages, in which it will be noticed there are frequent
appeals for further material, and there remain still several species
the exact position of which is doubtful. This is especially the

1 Full references to these works are giyen iu the Bibliography on p. 26.

2 INTEODUCTIOIS'.

case where single females have been described, since, without an
examination of the male, it is impossible accurately to determine
the aiRuities of a species of earwig. It is also encouraging to
collectors to know that species new to science are being con-
tinually discovered. Hardly a collection, however small, is sent
to England for determination that does not contain one or more
undescribed species.

It is to be especially hoped that entomologists in the field,
having now a means of naming their specimens, will be induced
to observe the bionomics — the true Natural History — of Earwigs.
There remains a very great deal to be done that may be easily
accomplished by a careful observer, even if he makes no claim
to be a systematist or a specialist. The interesting notes of
Dr. Annandale, in these pages, and, above all, the classic ob-
servations of Mr. Green on DipJatys, are encouraging examples
of this. As instances of work that may be well carried out in
India, the following lines of research are suggested : — The post-
embryonic development of Apachyvs and Pygidicrana compared
with Diplatys; the variation of the allied species of Forficida',
the semi-aquatic habits of Forciptda ; the elucidation of the
numerous and subtle species of Diplatys ; the vertical distribution
of the mountain-loving forms, such as Allodalilia, EndoJirnia, &c.,
and why these have deeply tinted wings ; the discovery of the
males of those species of which only the females are known :
earwigs are frequently accused of damaging flowers by devourg
the petals ; has this been proved ? Probably they are omnivorous ;
they are known to be largely carnivorous ; are they entirely so ?
These and many other problems await solution.

Str7(cture.

The Jiead is more or less heart-shaped, varying from almost
triangular to pentagonal ; the posterior margin is generally trun-
cate, but sometimes emarginate in the middle. The head is
divided dorsally by a transverse sritnre between the eyes into
the frons or anterior portion, and the occijmt or posterior portion,
the latter being divided by a median suture which runs from the
middle of the ti-ansverse suture to tlie posterior margin of the
head. In some earwigs the head is smooth and tumid, so that
the sutures are scarcely discernible ; in others the sutures are
profoundly marked and very distinct. The form of the head
offers useful specific characters in the genus Di^datys, where the
frons is often tumid and the occiput depressed, while an oblique
keel runs from the eyes to the posterior margin of the head, but
these characters are scarcely developed in the females. The
mouth-parts offer practically no characters of any value to the
systematist. The eyes are large and prominent in Diplatys and
some Brachylahina', but are generally small, and ocelli are not
present.

INTRODUCTION.

The antemm ofPer very valuable and important characters both
generic and specific; the number of segments may be as few as
ten or as great as fifty. The first or basal segment is relatively
large generally clubbed at the apex ; in Eudohrnia this segment
has two distinct keels. The second segment is invariably minute
andcyhndrical; the third is of very variable length and form
being cyhndncal ovate, or clubbed; the fourth segment is
usua ly_ minute, shorter than the third and generally more
simple in shape; it is sometimes barely half as long as the third
but occasionally equals it or even slightly exceeds it in length.'
Ihe fifth segment resembles the fourth, bnt is always a little
longer ; the rest of the segments are each a httle longer than the
preceding one ; sometimes the fifth equals the length of the
third but when it falls short the sixth is the first to equal
the third. _ The relative length of the third, fourth, and fifth
segments is one of the characters most valuable to the Derm-
apterist. The segments may be absolutely cylindrical, in which
case they are usually very slender; more or less ovate or spindle-
shaped, subcorneal or clavate, or sometimes decidedly conical
in which case the apex of the cone is invariably directed basally'
* e backwards towards the head. Sometimes "the segments are
globular, and no_ longer than broad, and as a rule th? fewer the
segments the thicker they are and the more removed from cyhn-
dncal. In Mnnisolahis phihtas. Burr, there are only nine
segments, but in Apaclujmfece, Borm., there are nearly fiftv

ihe thorax consists of three segments, t\xQ pro-, meso- and meta-
tJiorax, each covered by a dorsal sclerite, the pro-, meso- and meta-
notum respectively. The pronotum is a flat disc of very varied
shape ; it is as a rule more or less quadrangular • the' hinder
margin IS generally more or less rounded in winged forms, or
at least the hinder angles are rounded; in the wingless forms
the hinder margin is usually truncate; the anterior margin ia
usually truncate, but occasionally narrowed and produced Tnto a
kind of neck. The pronotum is sometimes oval, or almost
circular. Very useful characters are afforded by the diflferent
shapes of this plate : the anterior portion or prozona is generally
more or less tumid, while the posterior portion or metazona is as a
rue flattened. There is often a more or less distinct median
sulcidus or furrow, which may pass into a faint ridge or keel
eathrde '° ^^'^ ^"""'""^ ^^^""^ '' frequently an impression on

.i,'''^u-?r''f'*"' ^^''"®' *^'® ^^•^^^^'-'^ ^^'^^^ these are present, and is
thus hidden from view ; in apterous forms it is visible as a short
transverse plate ; in the Brachjlahince it is often furnished on each
side with an obhque tumid ridge or keel.

The metanotum carries the functional wings when these are
present; in apterous forms it is visible as a transverse segment
with the anterior margin straight, but the posterior margin shiuate
or roundly emarginate.

b2

4 INTBODUCTION.

The corresponding ventral plates form the pro-, meso- and
metasUrna.

The prosternum is a longitudinal plate, generally more or less
parallel-sided, with a ccmstriction near the base, but occasionally
angustate or narrowed posteriorly ; this constriction admits the
insertion of the anterior pair of legs.

The mesosternmn is a plate of irregular outline, usually about as
broad as long, with sinuate sides to admit the middle pair of legs ;
the hinder margin extends somewhat beyond the middle coxae,
and is truncate, or more or less rounded ; the relative width
of this intercoxal portion is the expression of the breadth or
slenderness of the insect.

Wings.

Glandular folds or
stink-glands.

Abdomen. •-'

First tarsal segment. '

Second tarsal segment. ''

T hird tarsal segment. --

Pulvillus. --

Claws. -

Antenna.
Frons.

Frontal suture.
Occiput.
Median suture.

Prozona.

Suture.

Metazona.

Shoulder.

Scutellum.

Sutural margin.

Costal margin.

Posterior margin.

Posterior femur.

Posterior tibia.

Posterior tarsus.

Last dorsal segment.
Pygidium.

Forceps.

Fig. 1. — Diagram of dorsal aspect of an Earwig.

The metasternum is of the same general shape as the meso-
sternum, but is larger, in order to carry the hinder or largest
pair of legs ; its maximum breadth is in the anterior portion, and
it is strongly narrowed behind by the emargination of the sides
so that the posterior portion forms a relatively narrow lobe which
generally extends beyond the coxae ; the shape of this lobe affords
useful characters : its posterior margin may be truncate, sinuate

INTRODUCTION. O

or rounded, and its breadth may be relatively great or the
contrary ; the amount of the extension beyond the coxae varies in
different genera.

The elytra are totally absent in Anisolabis, the Brachylabime,
and certain other genera not occurring in India. In the normal
development they are more or less rectangular, veinless, chitinous
flaps. They are attached to the mesonotum, and in repose lie in
a horizontal position over the dorsal surface of the insect, the
sutural margins of the two elytra being contiguous and conse-
quently forming a median suture. They are divided into a broad

sternal plates.

. Penultimate ventral
segment.

Pygidium.

Fig. 1 a. — Diagram of ventral aspect of au Earwig.

dorsal area or disc, and a narrow costal portion, which, in repose,
assumes a vertical position along the Hanks of the thorax. These
two portions are sharply separated from each other by a distinct
keel in Lahidura, Forcijnda, AUodahlia and some other genera ;
but as a rule there is no sharp line of demarcation, the areas
passing gradually into each other. In a good many genera the
shoulders of the elytra are rather prominent, rounded and pro-
jecting beyond the sides of the pronotum, but when the wings are

6 INTEODUCTION.

ill-developed or absent this shoulder is not developed, and the
sides of the pronotum form a continuous line with those of the
elytra. In normally winged forms the axillary portion of the elytra
is as a rule rectangular, so that in repose the sutural margins are
in contact from base to apex ; but in feebly winged or apterous
forms the axillary angle may be rounded, so that a small portion
of the mesonotum is exposed at the base of the suture, even when
these organs are in repose : this portion of the mesonotum is in
such cases hardened by exposure, and is termed the scutellum.
As a rule, in fully Avinged forms the pronotum extends backwards
over the base of the elytra and prevents the exposure of any
scutellum ; but in Apaehijus, Diplatys, and the Pygldicranince the
axillary augle is rounded off so that the elytra are oval rather than
rectangular, and at the same time the pronotum is not produced
backwards and cousequeutly the scutellum is prominent. The
disc of the elytra is always fiat, and it is the disc which is implied
when the ehjtra is used in description without qualification. The
small vertical costal area is sometimes of a different colour. The
elytra may be rectangular and so parallel in repose, as is usually
the case, or they may be dilated and convex, broad at the shoulders
and narrowing posteriorly as in Hi/jnirgus, Pterijf/iila, andiAUodahlia.
In Apacliyus and Diplatys the distinction between the disc and
costal area is weak and the whole elytra lie flat upon the thor'ax.
The apex of the elytra is truncate in hemiapterous forms, generally
sinuate in winged forms, or obliquely truncate.

When rudimentary, the elytra are very much shortened ; they
may be mere lateral flaps on the sides of the mesonotum (BorelUa),
or they may still be sufficiently large to meet at the median suture
in the apical portion (Obelura, Lijjcirura) ; the weakening of the
axillary augle and consequent exposure of a scutellum is the first
step towards abbreviation. The elytra may be perfectly smooth
{Forficida, &c.), or granulose (AUodaJdia), or clad with short,
obtuse bristles (Echimsoma), or punctulate (certain species of
Forcipida).

The 7iind wlnqs are often entirely absent (Anisolahis and
Brachylabince) ; when perfectly developed (which is the rule) they
are semicircular in shape, very ample and membranous ; the basal
half of the costal margin is hardened into a leathery scale which
protrudes from beneath the elytra in repose, and it is this scale
\\'hich is meant when the word " wing " is used without quahfica-
tion. From the apex of this scale the wing-veins radiate, and
when the wings are closed they shut up fanwise about this point ;
they are then folded transversely at right angles to the first line of
folding and so tucked away under the scale that they are entirely
hidden when in repose. In Apachyus and Diplatys, however, the
membranous folds are visible along the suture during repose. The
basal margins of the squamce, or hardened scales, are in contact
M-hen in repose, and thus form the continuation of the suture
of the elytra. The wings are frequently abbreviated, and it is

INTEODTJCTIOX, 7

common to find wings well developed or abbreviated in one and the
same species {Labia spp., &c,). In addition to the fan-like radiating
veins mentioned there is a curved transverse vein, the radial vein,
which runs the length of the wing and remains at a more or less
constant distance from tlie axillary or anal margin of the wing.

The wings are exceedingly delicate, and their unfolding is a
matter of great difficulty. In fresh or highly relaxed specimens
they may be teased open with a line pair of forceps and a camel's-
hair brush ; a glass tube, drawn out to a capillary point, is useful
to blow them gently out ; but considerable practice is required
before they can be expanded without tearing. This operation,
however, is by no means necessary, as the wings are scarcely ever
referred to for distinctive characters, and there appears to be little
diversity in the venation.

The legs offer very useful characters. The femora are generally
rather compressed, but they are decidedly thickened in Timomenvs.
They are strongly compressed in the Pygidicranicke and furnished
with little keels. The tihioi are gently curved as a rule and
compressed ; the upper margin at the extreme apex is flattened
and rather hollowed; in Ex>/pnus, Chelisoches and the allied
genera, this character takes the form of a well-marked furrow or
sulcus, which extends for one-third or one-half the length of the
tibia. The tarsi ha\e three segments : in Apachyus the first
segment is much shorter than the third, but as a rule the first
segment is longer than the other two united. The second
segment is invariably the shortest ; in Lahia it is very minute ;
the greatest length is attained in the Bracliylabina; ; as a rule it
is cylindrical, like the other segments (Labidurido', Labiidce, &c.),
but in the Chclisoclunm it is produced into a long narrow lobe
under the third segment; in the other Forjiculidce it is broadened
and dilated into a heart-shaped lobe. The third segment is
usually about half as long as the first, and generally cyhndrical ;
it is rather short and broad in the Chelisocldnai. The tarsi are
depressed. In Diplatys and some other genera there is a indvUlus
or pad between the claws of the tarsi, but this shrivels up so much
in drying that it it is not of great value as a character. The
third segment is armed with a pair of claws. The tarsi are
generally strongly pubescent and furnished with long stiff' bristles.
The legs are long and slender in the Opisthocosmiinai and in some
genera of the Chelisochina;, but as a rule they are relatively short.
The hinder pair are always longer than the middle, and the middle
than the anterior pair.

The abdomen is the most prominent part of an earwig. It is
elongate, and in bulk equal to the whole of the rest of tlie insect.
In Solenosoma it is almost perfectly cylindrical ; in many Opisilio-
cosmiincB it is spindle-shaped, that is, thickest in the middle, but
convex, with an almost circular cross-section ; in Diplatys and
Pygidicrana it is also convex, but narrowest in the middle (in the
male); the commonest form of the abdomen is more or less

8 INTRODUCTIOIf.

depressed, with a transverse elliptical cross-section ; the sides-
may be parallel (Labidwa, Elaunon), or gently dilated about the
middle {Anisolahis and certain species of Forjicula) ; in the
Apacliyklce and in Platylabia the body is remarkably depressed,
being as flat as cardboard. In tlie female the abdomen almost in-
variably tapers somewhat towards the hinder end. There are in all
ten segments ; excluding the last, there are nine, but in the female-
only seven are visible, as the eighth and the ninth are aborted and
reduced to mere specks of chitin which can only be detected upon
dissection.

In Forcijmla the sides of certain segments are furnished with
ridges, keels or long spines ; in certain species of Psalince the
sides of the segments are produced posteriorly to a more or less
acute angle and are generally striated or furrowed. This struc-
ture affords useful specific characters. In Eparchus the sides of
the abdomen are studded with a series of knobs or tubercles. In the
Lahidtirince the posterior margins of the segments are milled. All
these structures are almost or entirely undeveloped in the females.
In many genera, as in the Forjiculidie, the Labiidce, and others,,
the second and third abdominal segments have at the sides
tubercular folds in the integument, which are stink-glands. The
segments are closely imbricated into each other ; when the abdomen
is distended, the membrane holding the chitinous plates together
may be seen with the minute perforation of the tracheal pores.
The texture of the chitin varies from smooth to granular. The
ventral surface is flat, and generally smoother and paler than the
dorsal surface.

The last dorsal plate, or sdcrite, is large and ample, and as it
presents a great variety of form and of armature it offers valuable
discriminative characters ; it is invariably more simple and almost
always narrower in the female than in the male.

The ■penidtimate ventral sderite is very large, so that the last
ventral sderite is almost or entirely hidden ; w hen disclosed by
the removal of the penultimate it is shown to be separated into
two portions by a median fissure so as to permit the passage of
the fseces and the reproductive cells. The outline of the penulti-
mate segment is usually slightly different in the two sexes and
offers useful generic and specific characters.

The pygidium is a chitinous organ existing between the roots of
the forceps and the edges of the apical abdominal segments ; it is
sometimes hidden, but is as frequently protruded. It assumes
a great variety of shapes in both sexes, thus offering very useful
specific characters.

In the Apadiyidce the last abdominal segment is produced
without any apparent suture or joint into a depressed lobe termed
the anal process ; as it appears to be a mere extension of the anal
segment, it is probably not homologous with the pygidium, which
is a distinct organ.

The forcejys are the most characteristic organs of earwigs. They
consist of a pair of more or less elongate, hard unsegmented

INTRODUCTION".

chitmoiig processes, rooted into the last abdominal segment, which
IS enlarged in order to accommodate the powerful muscles whieli
work these organs. The forceps present a great diversity of
form : they may be remote or contiguous at the base ; thev may
be long and slender, or stout and conical ; they may have a round
or a trigonal cross-section ; they are invariably more or less
attenuate towards the apex and almost always slightly hooked at
the points themselves ; they may be strongly depressed and dilated
near the base (Forficuln), or slender and almost cylindrical
(Kos77ietor), or conical (Fsalis), very elongate (EudoJirnia), arcuate
{Pterygida), asymmetrically bowed (Anisolabis, BoreUia), undulate
m a vertical plane {Anechum, AUodaJiIia), armed with diversified
teeth {E2X(n'hits)- in both sexes of Apachyus they are curved,
siclde-shaped_ hooks. In the female they are almost invariably
simpler than in the male, being as a rule straight and unarmed';
but in certain species of the CheUsocJihue the female has forceps as
highly organized as those of the male, though very different from
them, so that they have sometimes been described as male specimens.

As a rule a given type of forceps will be found to characterize
a group of species, a genus, or a group of genera, but it is far from
rare to find very different forceps in closely allied species. The
forceps vary in different degrees within certain limits, aud a very
slight actual difference will often alter the superficial appearance
of a specimen to a remarkable extent. Care must be taken in
drawing deductions from the form of the forceps ; the remarks
upon these organs under the heading "Variation" should be
studied. The development of the forceps presents phenomena of
great interest which throw light upon the phylogeny of the
Dermaptera; these are referred to in the article upon the
development of Dijilat'/s.

The forceps are subject to malformations due to wounds and
mutilations, and also to deficient nourishment. It is common
to find a male earwig in which one branch of the forceps is
formed as in the female ; such cases are frequently recorded as
hermaphrodites, but whenever the full complement of nine seg-
ments occurs together with one male branch, it is more probable
that these are not gynandromorphic specimens, but merely that
one branch has been unable to attain full development. Since
the specialization (armature &c.) of the forceps is purely a sexual
character, it is probable that the simple forceps of the female
represent the more primitive form, to which there would be a
natural tendency to revert.

Cases undoubtedly due to traumatism are shown where an
immature specimen has one branch of the forceps pronged : this
is evidently caused by an attempt at reproduction of lost parts
caused by an injury to the immature forceps. Cases where the
forceps have the full complement of teeth but are misshapen or
distorted are probably caused by an injury received when the
insect has freshly emerged from the nymphal skin and is conse-
quently soft and tendei-.

10 INTEODUCTION.

Determination of Species.

In attempting to determine the species of an earwig, until
experience has taught the distinction of the leading groups, the
Table of Families on p, 31 should first be consulted. The species
of the ApacJiyidie are so distinctive and so few in number, that
thej can be recognized almost at a glance. If the specimen is not
one of the Apacliyida'., the femora should be examined ; if these
are compressed and have one or two little ridges running down
them, the specimen is one of the Pyg idler ani dee. The appearance
of the two subfamilies of this group are quite distinctive. Each
subfamily has its own strong family likeness, but although it is
easy to recognize a member of the Dlplatyince or Pyr/idicranince at
a glance, it is usually a matter of some difficulty to determine the
species. If the femora are smooth, the tarsi should be examined;
if the small second segment has any lobe or dilation, the specimen
is one of the Forficulidce, and if not, it must be referred to the
Labidurimc or to the Lahiida;. In the fox'mer family, the dorsal
surface of the last segment is folded downward between the base
of the forceps and so presents a vertical face, which sometimes is
separated from the dorsal horizontal face by an angle, but the
passage is often gradual. In the Lahiidiv, this does not occur,
there being an opening between the roots of the forceps and the
dorsal and ventral plates of the end of the abdomen, and in this
space there may often be seen the chitinous organ of diversified
shape termed the i^ygldium. It is worth while giving an
imaginary example of these synoptical tables.

The examination of our undetermined earwig perhaps shows a
small lobe on the second segment of the tarsi ; we accordingly
turn to the Table of the Subfamilies of the Forjtculido} on p. 129.
We again examine the second tarsal segment and observe that it
is broadened out on each side, thus assuming a heart-shaped out-
line ; this precludes the ChelisocMno'. Next, turning the speci-
men over and examining the sternal plates, we find that these
are not decidedly broader than they are long, which precludes
the Anechuriiue. The body is rather depressed — somewhat
widened about the middle ; a cross-section would not be circular,
but would show a depressed transverse ellipse. Therefore it must
be referable to the Forficulince, and we turn to the Table of Genera
on p. 162.

The shape of the forceps, which are very broad and flat near the
base, but become suddenly elongate, arcuate and slender, show
that it is a Forficula, and we turn to the Table of Species on p. 165
"We see that the pronotum is not very decidedly transverse, so
this precludes the first four species. Neither is it crescent-shaped,
and this precludes the next two. As the dilation of the forceps is
not confined to the extreme base, but extends about a quarter or
a third of the length of these organs, it cannot be F. ambigna.
The elytra and wings are not spotted, so it cannot be F. lucasi.

INTKODrCTION.

11

The pronotum is not much longer than broad, and does not extend
very far over the base of the elytra, so it cannot be F. celeris. The
sides of the abdomen are not parallel, thus excluding F. interrogans,
but are decidedly widened about the middle. Our specimen is
therefore Forflcula 2i^(t.^^icoUis, Kirby, and we verify this by a
careful comparison of the detailed description, remarks and figures
on p. 174.

Bevelojoment.

The post-embryonic development of Dlplatys has been worked
out by Green for the two Singhalese species, D. gerstcecheri, Dohrn,
and I), r/reeni, Burr.

The young larva has a general resemblance to the imago, but
there are of course no signs of any organs of flight in the earlier
stages. The second tarsal segment is fused with the first, there
is no pulvillus between the claws, and the lateral abdominal
glandular folds are not developed until later. But the most
remarkable characteristic of the larva lies in the fact that instead
of forceps, the apex of the abdomen is furnished with long
segmented cerci or filaments. The number of segments in these
cerci varies in the different species, and also in different indi-
viduals of the same species, this being probably due to their
fragihty.

The following series of measurements of B. gerstcecleri is given
by Green : —

No.

Length of
hody.

Length oj
cerci.

No. of segments in cerci.

1 ..

. . 2-5 mm.

2 "5 mm.

14

o
3 ..

.. 3
.. 4-5

6

10

27 with incomplete divisions
where fresh joints are
forming.

43

4 ..

.. 6-5

incomplete

(apparently injured)

5 ..

.. 7-75

13-5

45

6 ..

.. 9

1

1

This table brings out the remarkable development of the cerci.

In the penultimate instar these are abruptly curtailed to a
single segment, which retains, however, its original character, and
the extremities look as though they were bitten off. The two cerci
are not necessarily curtailed simultaneously. The future forceps
can be seen by transmitted light, showing through the sheath thus
formed by this basal segment, which is always much longer than

12 INTRODUCTION'.

any of the other segments. In D. greeni, Burr, the cerci are
shorter, the increase in the number of segments is more gradual,
and the maximum number attained appears to be 18 or 20.

Green was unable to count the exact number of ecdyses, but
observed four successive moults, the last revealing the perfect
insect. Each instar occupies about 10 days. In ecdysis, the skin
splits along the median dorsal line of the thorax and is shed
completely, even including the covering of the delicate caudal
appendages. The penultimate instar, or nymph, may be recognized
by the truncated cerci and also by the appearance of the
radiating pattern on the metathorax, showing in miniature
the future wing of the imago. The lateral glandular folds of the
abdomen appear when the larva is about half grown.

A curious ])oint was also noticed by Green. In the penultimate
stage the anterior femora were broad and armed on the inner edge
with a row of spines, which gave them a distinctly raptorial
appearance : but he never saw them used for any purpose other
than locomotion.

The segmented caudal cerci have been recorded, but not
described, in some unknown African species {vide Proc. Ent. Soc.
Washington, iv, nr. 2, p. 53, 1898).

Terry (05) has described the egg and post-embryonic develop-
ment of CheJisoclies morio. There appear to be four larval instars
before the adult imago. Terry's observations on the manner of
increase of the antennal segments ai-e very interesting. It appears
that the larva has at first only 8 segments ; at the first ecdysis the
third segment is divided into four additional segments ; at the
second ecdysis, the third segment gives rise to four more; at the
third, to three more ; at the fourth, to one more, so that the normal
total of 20 is thus attained.

Terry failed to discover any trace of segmentation in the
forceps of the embryo in ovo : this is interesting when compared
with Green's observations on Diplatys.

Copulation.

De Geer's description of the family life of the common English
earwig is generally known. According to this observer, the act
of copulation is effected by the male approaching the female
backwards, tapping her with his forceps, and then effecting the
connection tail to tail, the pair being thus arranged in a straight
line. Gadeau de Kerville has noticed and described the same
thing, and insists that, though the male seems to try to catch
hold of the female with his forceps, this organ does not appear to
be of any use either before or during the act. The male is
obliged to twist the apex of his abdomen so that the ventral
plates face upwards in contact with the ventral plates of the
female, and this torsion sometimes goes so far as to involve the

IWTEODUCTIOIT. 13

"head. The connection appears to last several hours, as observed
in captivity.

In another species, F. lesnei, Finot, not uncommon in West
Central Europe, Lesne observed a pair in coitu while hanging from
the under surface of the cork of a tube : in this case, the ventral
surfaces of the two individuals were juxtaposed.

In Chelklura aptera, Charp., a European Alpine species, de
Bormans observed that the male applied the underside of his
forceps to the ventral surface of the female. This ])osition
involves the torsion of the abdomen of the male as Gadeau de
Kerville observed. Xambeu noted the same thing in an allied
species, Ch. 2^yi'enaica, Gene. Bennett observed the same fact in
Anisolahis maritima in New York, and Gadeau de Kerville noticed
it in Anisolahis mauritanica, Luc. The copulation of Labidura
riparia, Pallas, as observed by Sopp, is effected in the same way.
The copulation of Dlplatjis r/reeni is described as follows by
Green : — " On Oct. 27, 1897, a pair of this new species, reared up
in captivity, were found in coitu. The abdomen of tlie male was
twisted round and the extremity was closely applied to the under
surface of the pygidium [? penultimate ventral plate] of the
female."

Ouijposition,

In Ceylon, Green observed Diplatys greeni in coitu on Oct. 27th :
the first eggs were deposited on Nov. 4th, that is only a weelv later,
and other eggs were added at intervals, during the following
week, until a total of twenty-five had been laid. They were
scattered singly over the exposed surface of the moss-covered bark,
which had been provided as a shelter for the insect, adhering
slightly to their support. Towards the end of the egg-laying
period, a few were deposited in irregular clusters and unattached
to the moss.

In Sweden, de Geer found the newly hatched larvae at the
beginning of June, and the writer has found them in the south of
England in April. De Geer also found a female (F. auricularia)
with her eggs under stones in April. Tascheuberg found the ova
in Europe on February 19th after an exceptionally mild winter, and
the larvae emerged on March 7th. Camerano found the ova in
Southern Europe as early as January 24fch, and the larvae emerged
on 30th Januaiy- With regard to the period between fertilization
and oviposition, the same author records a female, which he had
taken during the winter, laying eggs on 10th March ; and in
temperate latitudes it is probable that this period is generally a
good deal longer than in warm countries. Riihl records the
emergence of young larvae from ova which had been 26 days in his
possession.

With regard to Ghelidura pijrc^iaicn, Gene, in the Pyrenees,
Xambeu records that copulation occurs in April or May,

14

INTEODUOTIOJJ".

according to the altitude (this species ranges from 4000 to
8000 ft.). The larvse hatch out about three weeks after oviposition,
in mild weather. In New York, Bennett observed that Anisolabis
maritima generally lays its eggs in the warm days of July and
August, and a few after the middle of September.

Ova.

The ova are elliptical in shape. Those of Forficula auricularia
are white, smooth and oval (de Geer). They are described as
yellowish by Taschenberg and Eiihl ; Camerauo found them
regularly piled in little heaps. The eggs of CheUdnra pyrenaica
are described by Xambeu as being 1"3 mm. long and 1 mm. in
diameter, ovoid in shape, yellowish, smooth and shining, imper-
ceptibly punctuated, with rounded poles and a resisting shell.
The eggs of Anisolabis maritima are described by Xambeu as ellip-
soid, white, and surrounded by a shiuing translucent shell ; they
are about 2 mm. long. A few days after oviposition the embryo
is visible inside the egg-shell, in the form of a crescent, and the
side of the egg bulges somewhat. At the end of 17 days the larva
emerges, but this period varies with the condition of warmth and
moisture.

The egg of Diplati/s greeni is regularly elliptical, pale, pinkish
yellow, and shining ; 0-8 mm. long and 0"5 mm. broad. Those of
Anisolabis mauritanica, Luc, are of a faint yellowish white, sub-
spherical, from 1 to 1*2 mm. long ; the shell is smooth, thin and
transparent. Heymons describes the ova of Anisolabis littoi'ea,
White, as 3 mm. long. The number of eggs laid varies : —

No. of eggs.
25

90

Species.
Bx-platys greeni (captivity) ....

Anisolahis maritima (free)

(captivity) . .

(One female laid four times in a summer.)

Anecliura bipunctata (captivity) . . 18-25

CJielidiira pyrenaica (free) 40-45

Forjlcula auricularia (free) .... 12-22

Observer.
G-reen.

Bennett.

Euhl.

Xambeu.

Eiihl.

Habits.

Earwigs may be found almost everywhere out of doors.
Generally they shun daylight, and many species may be found

INTRODUCTION. 15'

under stones, crawling in shallow galleries or chinks. Green
noticed a curious habit in Diplatys ; on lifting a stone, this
creature is usually found back downwards, clinging to the stone
itself. Other earwigs are generally found resting on the ground
beneath the stone. Apterous, alpine forms are generally found
under stones, or under dead leaves, bark of trees or other rubbish.
They occur up to an elevation of 8000 ft. in the Alps. In the
Himalayas, ear\vigs are common up to a considerable elevation,
but information as to the limits of their vertical distribution is
lacking.

Although nocturnal in habits, earwigs, like moths, are attracted
to light, and Mr. Green has taken a good number of species in his
bungalow in this manner.

No earwigs are truly aquatic, but species of Forci^mla are known
to frequent moist places. Dr. Annandale found F. decoJyi at
Kurseoug, under stones at the edges of mountain streams, prac-
tically in the water. When forced towards the stream, they swam
rapidly on the surface, but they did not enter the water of their
own accord. Dr. Annandale, referring to Lahidura rij^ciria, Pall.,
yar. inermis, Br., writes as follows': —

" By far the commonest species in Calcutta. They lie in
crevices such as those in the bark of trees, and when a small cock-
roach or other suitable insect passes them, the abdomen is rapidly
shot out sideways and the forceps seize the insect by means of a
sudden twist. The prey is transferred to the mouth, sometimes
being held also by the forceps ; but should the earwig be disturbed,
it runs away carrying the prey in the latter. If one individual
comes upon another which is feeding, the former often attempts
to steal the food. The rightful owner then threatens the other by
directing its forceps towards the aggressor over its back ; but I
have never seen one earwig nip another, nor have I been able to
induce one to nip my finger."

Of an allied species, L. lividipes, Dr. Annandale writes the
following note ^ : —

" These little earwigs frequently come to light singly or in
small numbers during the hot \Aeather and the rains, and speci-
mens can generally be taken round the arc lamps in the public
gardens in Calcutta at this time of the year, the two forms
occurring together. Large numbers were noted round an oil lamp
in the Museum compound on the evening of June IGth, after a
wet and stormy day, the first of the monsoon. Several persons
have told me that they saw enormous numbers of small earwigs
round their lamps on the same evening in dilierent parts of
Calcutta. On the pi*eceding and following evenings only a few
individuals were seen."

' Burr, (06) p. 388.

2 Annandale, (06) p. 391.

16 INTBODIJCTION.

" I have often watched earwigs of this species expanding and
folding away their wings. The wings are generally expanded by a
I'apid movement of the anterior part of the body, suggesting
a shrug of the shoulders ; but sometimes a hitch occurs, and this
movement is insutficient to stretch out both wings properly. The
abdomen is then bent upwards and forwards, and the forceps are
used to unfold the delicate membrane. They do not seize this
membrane, however, but are closed together during the operation
and are used as a lever or smoothing organ. In a similar manner
they are often employed to push the wing into its place beneath
the elytra, although movements of the thorax play an important
part in this process also."

Terry never saw C'helisocJies morio use its forceps in this manner.
He writes (05) : —

" The adults will readily take to flight, the unfolding of the wings
being a very rapid process and quite independent of the forceps,
the writer never having seen them used either to assist in the
folding or unfolding process."

The flattened forms, as Apachyus, probably live under bark. An
African species of this genus was observed by Dr. Creightou
Wellman, at Benguella, to live under the bark of dead trees, and
to come out of wood when placed on the fire. In Burma, Fea
found A.fece under bark, as well as various species of Chelisoches,
and some species of Labia. The flattened genera Sparatia (which
is not yet known to occur in India) and Platylahia . probably
resemble Apachijus in their habits. Fea found Metisolabis caudelli
and various species of Opistliocosmiince under dried leaves, vege-
table rubbish, and over-ripe fruit. Pygidicrana picta is found
commonly among dead leaves at the base of trees near Calcutta
(Annandale), and P. cuminr/i and P. nietneri are found in Ceylon,
under stones, loose bark, etc., and often come into buildings
(Green). Labia mucronata was found by Green in decaying
pods of cocoa and of Poincaiiia, and in the crevices of the bark of
cocoa trees. Forficula greeni is often taken in bungalows in Ceylon,
and one was found by Green in an empty gall on Antidesma, one
of the EiiplwrbiacecB. Cordax ceyloaiciis is attracted to light
(Green), and also Proreiis simuluns (Annandale). In Europe
earwigs do not, as a rule, use their wings readily, except Labia
minor, but in the tropics crowds of them come flying to light (de
Bormans).

The common European Forficula auricularia, Linn., has been
recorded by Collinge (08) to fly into houses through the windows
in England in considerable numbers on dark sultry evenings in
June and July between 9.30 and 10.30 p.m. ; in three consecutive
evenings, as many as 26 specimens flew in ; it is noteworthy that
they avoided the gas, and also that they were all males. The same
author notes two occasions on which they were seen to fly in broad
daylight.

Theobald (96) has noticed that in Kent they devour the young
foliage of hops and sometimes do considerable damage ; he writes :

INTKODUCTION. 17

" It seems the adults take readily to their wing on certain nights,,
especially when the moon is bright. Numbers later in the year
used to fly into my house of a night, attracted by the lights."

The tubercular folds in the integument at the sides of the abdo-
men appear to be stink-glands, but little evidence is forthcoming
on this point. Green found that Elaunon hipartitus, Kirby, when
handled, gave off a pungent odour, like that of the Bombardier-
Beetle.

The forceps, which assume such a variety of remarkable shapes,
especially in the male, are useful weapons of offence and defence.
We have seen (p. 15) how Lahidura riparia uses them to
seize its prey. Of Diplatijs, Green writes: — "When food is?
offered to an adult Dyscritma [^Diplatys] it usually goes through
a curious performance to test its suitability. It takes up its
position to one side of and slightly in advance of the object ; then
bending its abdomen round to one side, it gives it a sharp nip with
its forceps and retires quickly to note results. If the proffered
object does not resent this treatment, it is then considered safe
and fit for food : but if the victim makes any movement, Di/scritina
immediately retires beneath its shelter."

A number of interesting notes on the function of the forceps of
earwigs have been collected by Gadeau de Kerville (05), who shows
that they are used as a weapon of offence and defence, but never
during the act of copulation. Also, the insects do, occasionally,
at all events, use them as a help to fold and unfold their delicate
wings and to lift their elytra. Even Forjicula auricularia was
observed to do this by Paul Noel, and the same thing has been
observed in an unnamed species by Morris.

With reference to their use as a weapon, the author was
startled by a nip of a female Lahidura riparia, which made him drop
the creature, and though the forceps did not pierce the tough skin of
the human thumb, it would have been a formidable adventure to an
insect of its own size. Gadeau de Kerville was nipped by F. auri-
cidaria so strongly that blood was drawn, and Commander-
J. J. Walker had the same experience in New South Wales, from
the largest known earwig, Anisolabis colossea. Baer (04) has
recorded that tlie relatively weak A'ptenjr/ida linearis, Esch., in
the Argentine Eepublic, is capable of raising a local inflammation
by its nip, though the irritation was perhaps caused by septic
matter present on the forceps, for no traces of poison glands are
known. The author introduced a large bluebottle into a small
glass-topped box with a male Lahidura riparia. The earwig by
a lightning-like movement, instantly transfixed the fly on one
limb of its forceps, and carried it about thus spiked for several
hours before devouring it.

Food.

Earwigs are probably omnivorous, though chiefly carnivorous.
Green was unable to determine the natural food of Biplatys, but

c

18 INTRODUCTION.

he is probably correct in supposing that it consists of soft bodied
insects. In captivity, his larvae and imagines fed sparingly on
the dead bodies of small spiders and flies and other minute
insects, showing a preference, however, for certain species. They
did not relish Lepidoptera or mosquitos, though they would
devour the bodies of the latter if hungry. Bread, raw meat, petals
of flowers, fruit, and minute fungi were offered and refused.

The writer has fed Labidura riparia on bluebottles ; these they
suck dry and leave the empty skin. Xambeu tells us that Chelidura
pyrenaica is a veritable glutton. Tender vegetables, fruit, worms,
larvae, all are greedily eaten ; hut they have pronounced carni\orous
tastes.

Many species are found in swarms on stinging nettles, but it is
probable that they are less attracted by the nettles themselves
than by the numbers of minute insects to which these plants offer
a home.

Terry records of ChelisocJies morio, Fabr., in the Sandwich
Islands, that its habit of eating the leaf-hoppers has been ob-
served by several people. Young hoppers are seized and devoured
without the aid of the forceps, but these organs frequently assist
inholding an adult hopper whilst it is eaten at leisure. An ex-
amination of numerous crops invariably revealed only insect
remains, often entirely leaf-hopper. Those bred in captivity showed
during all iustars a marked preference for insect diet.

Maternal Cava.

The oft-quoted observations of de Gear on the solicitude of the
mother earwig for her ova and young larvae are worthy of
reproduction : —

" At the commencement of the month of June, (says he) I found
under a stone a female earwig accompanied by several small insects
which I easily recognized as its young. They grouped round the
mother and did not leave her, and even placed themselves under
her stomach like little chicks under the hen. The insects of this
genus have then, in a kind of manner, care for their young, even
after their birth : and they seem to wish to protect them by
^remaining near them.

" The young resemble their mother in figure, except in one or

two of their parts I placed them in a sand-box where I

had put a little fresh earth. They did not enter the earth, and it
was curious to see how they ran under the stomach and between the
legs of the mother, who remained very quiet and allowed them to
do it : she seemed to cover them like a hen does her little chicks, and
they remained often in this position for hours

" Another time, at the commencement of April 1759, I found
some female earwigs under some stones, together with a pile
of eggs on wliich the mother was seated and of which she took
the greatest care imaginable without ever moving a step away,
and this M. Frisch has already observed before me. I took it

INTRODUCTION. 1 9

•with its eggs and placed it in a sand-box half filled with fresh
€arth, in such a fashion that the eggs were scattered here and
there : but soon the mother took the eggs one after the other
between her jaws and transported them. After several days I
noticed she had got them all together in a like place on the surface
of the earth which she found in a sand-box, and there she re-
mained constantly seated on them in such a manner that she
seemed to cover them."

This interesting observation has been confirmed by a number
of writers, including Kirby and Spence, Taschenberg, Camerano,
and Fritz itiihl. Lesne found a mother sitting on her eggs near
Las Palmas (Grand Canary), and Xambeu's remarks on the same
habit in Chelklura pyrenaica are worth quoting^: —

"As soon as the female is fertilized, she digs at the end of the
gallery a small excavation in which she places her eggs one by
one to the number of 40 or 45, in such a way as to make a
small bundle of them, upon which she soon places herself in much
the same way as a hen sits on her eggs. It is with a solicitude
without equal — an unexampled attachment — that she devotes
herself to this maternal task (a rare case in the entomological
world), and this continues up to the time of hatching. If during
the course of sitting, anything disturbs or exposes her eggs — in
raising the stone which shelters them — she takes them with lier
mandibles and conceals them in the soil at tlie bottom of her gallery.

" During the first days which follow the hatching, the young
Caelidura are watched by their mother and led, like a hen leads
her chicks, towards the places where they will find the means of
satisfying their great appetites. Tender vegetables, fruits, worms,
larvae, in fact anything is good enough for these gluttons who are
insatiable. As soon as their bodies are fortified, and their in-
tegument has acquired a certain stability, the mother ceases her
care and abandons them to themselves. They tlien disperse, each
taking a different direction, and this scattering has become very
necessary, as, owing to their very pronounced carnivorous tastes,
they would injure and devour one another, which it is necessary
to avoid for the preservation of the species."

Green's ova of Dlplatys greeni were watched by the parent who
remained constantly near her eggs, visiting each in turn, and
mouthing them in a peculiar manner, as if to keep them clean.

Geofjraj^ >h ical D istr ih ution.

Although the state of our knowledge of the Dermapterous fauna
of India is still meagre, some generalization may be permitted.

As would be expected, we find in the Himalayas marked Palae-
arctic aflSnities : for instance, the essentially Eurasian genus
Anechura is represented by two species, both occurring in Kashmir ;
one of these, A. calciatii, is probably peculiar ; the other,

' (1903) p. 143.

c2

20 INTRODUCTION.

A. zuhovsl-ii, is a local form of the common European Alpine-
A. hipxmctata, which passes iuto A. asiatica in the mountains of
Central Asia. Allied to Aneclmra is Allodalilia which has its
headquarters in the mountains of Northern India, whence it has
spread through Burma into the Malayan Archipelago ; thus of
the four known species, A. ahrimanes is prohably confined to the
Eastern Himalayas, A. viacrojjijfja and A. coriacea extend to the
uplands of Northern Burma, and A. scah-iuscula has reached
Java. Of the eleven known Indian species of Forjicxda, eight are
Himalayan ; as this genus is eminently Palsearctic, it is probably
from Northern India that it has gained a precarious footing in
the remoter parts of the Oriental Eegion.

The occurrence of two species of Pseudisolabis in the mountains
of the north-west of India is carious, as this genus was hitherto
only known from a single species in New Zealand. It may be
that it is a very ancient geiuis.

The hills of Northern India seem to be the headquarters of
some other genera, which have thence extended their distribution
into the heart of the Oriental Eegion. Thus Kosmetor is re-
presented by three species, the other two being Malayan ; the
same may be said of TimomeiiKs, which has however, an outlying
representative in the extreme" north-east of the Palsearctic
Eegion. The distribution of the genus Forci])ida is remarkable,
as it is a veil-marked group ; two species are known in the
Neotropical Eegion, and two in the Ethiopian, but eight are
purely Oriental, of which five are only found in India. One of
these, F. Iwida, is a South Indian form, but the other four are
characteristic of Northern India and Northern Burma ; perhaps
this district is the headquarters of the group, for the non-Indian
Oriental forms are rare, and less highly specialized. Another
M'idely-distributed genus well represented in India is DipJatys ;.
this is certainly a primitive and ancient group, with representatives
in all tropical regions except Austraha, so far as is known. Of
the two dozen described species, no less than twelve occur in
India and are probably peculiar. Well-marked genera which are
ronfined to India, so far as we know, are Lijximra, Eudohmiay
and the curious Solenosoma, all being specialized monotypic genera
only known from North India and Burma. Lipodes, of which
a unique defective specimen from Dikraugs is in the Calcutta
Museum, is probably also peculiar.

The BrachyJahince are an apterous group m ith some distinctly
archaic features recalling the Tertiary earwigs of Florissant.
Probably they are the survivors of an ancient group, which would
account at once for their comparative scarcity and wide distribution
in all tropical regions. Of the seven known genera, three are re-
presented in India : Nannisolahis has two known species, both
peculiar ; Metisolahis has four, of which two are Indian and
two Ethiopian ; and Ctenisolabishas three, one Indian, one Ethiopian,
and one Neotropical. No one species of Brachylahince occurs in
any two regions.

INTRODUCTION. 21

In Southern India and Ceylon we find several peculiar genera,
«uch as Cranopy<jia (two species), DemlroiJcetes, Obelura, Sondax,
and Si/ntonus, all inonotypic. We find here also peculiar species
of genera which have their headquarters in the Burmo-Malayan
districts, such as EcJiinosoma, Hypurgas, and Cordax. Adia-
thetus is mainly Indo-Buraian, but extends to Borneo : Oonolahls
is an Australo-Oriental genus with a single Ethiopian species and
one peculiar to Ceylon. In Burma we find, as would be expected,
marked Malayan affinities, as shown in the occurrence o£ several
species of Eparclius, Hypurgus, Platylabia, Pyge, all of which are
better developed in the eastern parts of the Oriental liegion,
though not confined to it. Palex is a monotypic genus common
to Burma and Sumatra. The Chelisochince are well represented
in all tropical Old World regions, but most of the genera re-
presented in India are better developed in the Malay Archipelago.
Psalis is a cosmopolitan genus, with four species probably [confined
to India. Anisolahis, BoreUia, Lahidura, Lahin, Spongiplwra, are
all cosmopolitan but represented in India by several peculiar species.
Pygidicmna predominates in the Oriental Region, and has four
purely Indian species, but it is also represented in South America.
Echinosoma is essentially an Old World genus ; of the two
Indian species, one is peculiar to Ceylon, the other x*anges from
Burma to Borneo. Apachyus is also an Old AVorld geuus, with
perhaps two species peculiar to India.

The following analyses of genera and species and their geo-
graphical distribution is of course purely provisional. That of
the genera is particularly incomplete, as many of the limits
are vague, and the classification of some of the large genera,
such as Spongiphora and Labia, requires a thorough revision, as a
good many heterogeneous forms are included. A glance at the
list, however, will show which genera are confined to the Oriental
Region, and of these, which are peculiar, i. e., confined to the
Indian Fauna ; the geographical relations of the others are shown
by the regions ' in which they occur.

The analysis of species supplements the list of genera, and here
it is possible to be more exact ; in this list it is also stated in
what collection or what Museum the type is preserved, where
known to the author, what material has been examined in the case
of types, syntypes ' or paratypes ", what species are represented
in the Nationr.l Collection, and what species are peculiar.

' The usually accepted zoogeographieal regions, namely Palajarctic, Oriental,
Australian, Ethiopian, Neotropical, and Nearctic, are represented by obvious
iabbreviations.

^ These terms are explained in the glossary, q. v, p. 210.

22

INTRODUCTION.

Name of Genus.

Peculiar.

Distribution.

EemarJcs.

Apachyus

Or., Austr., Eth.

6sp.

Dendroikctes . .

+

Or.

Monotypic.

Diplatus

Or., Eth., Neo.
Or.,Neo.,Eth.,Austr.

Out of 24 sp., 12 in India.

Vqgidicrana ...

Dicrana

1

Or., Eth.

Chiefly Ethiopian.

Cranopygia ...

+

Or.

2sp.

Ficrania

Or., Eth.

2 9p.

Pnne

Or., Aiistr.

Palex

Or.

Monotypic.

Echinosoma . . .

!

Or., Austr., Eth. 1

Psalis

Or., Eth., Neo.
? Or., Austr.

One little known species.

Labidurodes ...

Gonolabis

Or., Austr., Eth.

0 sp. ; 5 are Oriental.

Anisolahis

1

Cosmopolitau.

Borellia

Cosmopolitan. '

Foroipula

Or.,Eth.,Austr.,Neo.

Out of 12 sp., 5 in India.

Lahidura

Cosmopolitan.

Pseudisolabis . . .

Or., Austr.

1 sp. in New Zealand.

Nannisolabis ...

+

Or.

2 sp.

Mefisolabis

Or., Eth.

Ctenisolahis ...

Or., Eth., Neo.

Sjwngipkora ...

Or., Austr.. Eth., Neo.

Requires further revision.

Labia

Cosmopolitan.
Or., Eth., Austr.

idem,
idem.

Plati/labia

Sphi/igolabis ...

Or., Eth., Austr.

idem.

Erotesis

Or.
Or.

2sp.
Monotypic.

ChelUocheUa ...

E.vypnus

+

Or.

idem.

Chelisocltes

Or., Eth., Austr.

Proreus

Or., Austr.

Mainly Oriental.

Solenoso7na ...

+

Or.

Monotypic.

Adiathcfus

Or.

Of the 5 known Indian sp.,
only one occurs elsewhere
within the Eegion.

Hamaxaa

Or.

Allodahlia

Or.

Mainly Indian.

Homotages

+

Or.

Monotypic.

Pterygidd

Or.

2 sp.

Anechura

Or., Pal.

Mainly Pala^arctic.

Elaunon

Or., Eth.
Or., Eth., Pal.

Mainly Pal. ; over 40

Forjicula

sp. known.

Soiidax

4-

Or.

Monotvpic.

Eudohrnia

4-

Or.

idem.

Emboros

4-

Or., Eth.
Or.

idem,
idem.

Lijxtrurn

Obelura

+

Or.

Or., Eth.
Or., Eth.

2 sp.

Mainly Oriental.

idem.

Cordax

Hypurqus

Eparcfius

Or.

Timomenus . . .

Or., Pal.

Mainly Indian, but 1 sp.
occurs in Korea.

Syntonus

+

Or.

Monotypic.

Kosmetor

Or.

Mainly Indian.

Lipodea

+

Or.

Monotypic.

INTBODrCTION".

23

IName oj Species.

Apachi/Hs fc(P

A. pascoei

Deudroiketes corticinus. . .

Biplatys gladiator

D. falcatiis

D. lefroyi

D. angustatus

D. hormansi

D. ernesfi

JD. siva

B. green i

D. n(fescevs

B. gerstcBciceri

B. Jletchcri

B. lihcratus

Bygidicrana 'picta

P. valida

P. pallidipen nis

P. eximia

P. 7narmoricrura

P. siamensis

Bicraiia kallipyga

Cranojiyg ia cu mingi

C. nictncri

Picrania angustata ,

Byge modesta ,

P. ophthalmica

Palex sparattoides

Echinosoma sumairanum .

E. parvuhim ,

Psalis femoral is

P. dohrni ,

P. lefroyi ,

P. castetsi

Labidur odes rob iistus

Gonolabis electa

Aiiisolabis colossea

A. maritima

A. aiimdipes

A. JcudagcB

A. duhronii

A. gaudens

Borellia green i

li. annandalei

B.stdli

Furcipula dcculyi ...

F. frispinosa

F. pugiia.v

F. quadrispinosa ...

F. liirida

Labidura nepalensis

L. lividipes

L. riparia ,

Bistribuiion.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Austr.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

? Or., Austr.

Or.

Or., Austr.

Cosmopolitan.

Or.
Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or. and Eth.

Or. and Austr.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Eth., Pal.

Cosmopolitan.

Type at :

Genoa.
B.M.

coll. Burr.
Calcutta.

coll. Burr,
coll. Burr.
Paris,
coll. Burr.
B.M.
Berlin,
coll. Burr.
B.M.

Leyden.
? Stettin.

? Stettin.
Vienna.
? Stettin.
Berlin.

Genoa.
? Stettiu.
Genoa.
Lejden.
Berlin.
? Stettiu.
B.M.
coll. Burr.

coll. Burr.
? Paris, Vienna,
or Stettin.

coll. Burr.

B.M.

Paris.

coll. Burr.

Calcutta.

Stockholm.

Genoa.

Vienna.

B.M.

Paris or Berlin,

Calcutta.

Material
examined.

Syntype.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.
Type.

Type.
Type.

Syntype.

Type.
Type.

Type.

Type.
Type.
Type.
Type.
Type.

Syntype.
Type.""

Type.

B.M.

Peculiar

+

+

+-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

24

INTRODUCTION.

Name of Species.

Lahidura hcngalensis Or,

Distribution.

Fseudtsolabis burri Or.

Fs. tenera I Or.

Nannisolabis philetas i Or.

N. willeyi Or.

Metisolahis bifoveolata ... "

M. caudclli

Ctenisolahis Jletcheri

Spongiphora lutea

*S'. nitidipcnnis

<S'. semifiava

Erotesis decipiens

Labia nigrella

L. luzonica

L. curvicauda

L. mucronata

L. pilicoi'nis

L. pygidiaia

L. rideiis

L. arachidis

Platylabia major

P. gestroi

P. thoracica

P. nigriceps

Sphingolabis fees

Chelisochella sujyerba ..
E.vypniis pulchripennis . .

Chelisoches tnorio

Proreus simulaiis

P. mela7wcephalus ,

P. ritsemce

Solcnosoma birmaiium .

Adiathetus shelf ordi

A. dravidius

A. glaucopterus

A. nigrocastaneus

A. ieiiebraior

HamaxasfeeB

Allodahlia scabriuscula

A. macropyga

A. coria^ea

A. ahrimanes

Homotages few

Pterygida circidata ....

Aneclmra calciatii

A. tubovskii

Elaunon bipartittis

Forficula schiagintweiti

F. mogul

F. beelzebub

F. aceris

F. ornata

Etb., Neo.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.,

Or.

Or.

Or. andAustr.

Or.

Cosmopolitan.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Etb., Austr.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or

Or.

Or.

Or

O

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Type at :

Vienna or

Berlin.
Turin,
coll. Burr.
coll. Burr,
coll. Burr.

coll. Burr.

coll. Burr.

Genoa.

Genoa.

Genoa.

B.M.

Genoa.

Stockholm.

Genoa.
Genoa.

Genoa.

B.M.

Genoa.
? Berlin.
Genoa.

Stockholm.

Material
examined.

B.M. Peculiar

Syntype.
Type.
Type.
Type.

Type.
Type.
Syutype.

Type.
Syntype.

Syntype.
Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Leyclen.

Genoa.

Sarawak

Calcutta.

Genoa,

Pusa.

B.M.

Genoa.

Vienna.

Oxford.

Genoa.

coll. Burr.

Genoa.

Vienna.

Turin.

St. Petersburg.

B.M.

Paris.

Paris.

Brussels.

Calcutta.

Genoa.

Syntype.

Type.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Syntype.

Paratype.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

+

+

+
4-
+
+
+
+
+

+
-f
+

+

+
+

+
+

+

+

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+
+

4-

+

INTRODUCTION.

25

Name of Species.

BistrihiUion.

Ty2}e at :

Material
examined.

B.M.

Peculiar

Forficula greeni

Or.

Or.

Or., Etb., Pal.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Eth.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

coll. Burr.

Paris.

Paris or Vienna.

Calcutta.

Paris.

B.M.

Oxford.

? Berlin.

Paris.

Oxford.

Leyden.
B.M.

Genoa.

Genoa.

Leyden.

Leyden.

coll. Burr.

Madrid.

Paris.

Genoa.

coll. Burr.

Paris.

Paris.

Paris.

Type.
Type.

Type."'
Type.
Type.
Type.

Type.
Type.'"

Type.""

Syntype.

Type!"

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Tvne.

+

+
+

+

+

+
+

+

+

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

+

+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
4-

F. anibigiia.

F. lucasi

F. ceteris

F. interrogans

F. planicoUis

Soiidax repens

Eudohrnia metallica

Emboros dicbius

L iparurci punctata,

Ohelura asiatica

0. tanuil

C. aniudus

Hypurgus humercd is

H. simplex

Eparchus dux

E. insignis

E. tenellus

Ti MO mentis oannes

T. (sscidapius

T. nevilli

T. lugens

Si/ntonus ncolobophoroides .
Kosmetoi' temora

K.. brahma

K. vishnu

Lipodcs vivax

Calcutta. 1 Tvne.

26 LITERATURE.

LITERATURE.

Annandale, Dr. Nelson. (06). Note on the habits of the Earwig,

Lahidura lividipes, Dufour. An Appendix to Mr. Burr's paper.

(Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beuo-ai, N.S. p. 391, 1901.)
Baer, Ct. a. {04). Note sur la piqure d'un Forficulide de la Republique

Argentine. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 163, 1904.)
Bateson, W., & BiuNDLEY, 11. H. (92). On some Cases of Variation in

Secondary Sexual Characters statistically examined. (Proc.

Zool. Soc' London, p. 66Q, 1892.)
Bold, T. J. (60). Note on the Use of the Forceps of the Earwig.

(Zoologist, xix. p. 7411, 1860, and Tyneside Nat. Field Club, iv.

p. 335, 1860.)
BoLiVAU, Ignacio. (97). Les Orthopteres de St. Joseph's College, a

Trichinopoly, sud de I'lnde. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixvi. p. 282,

1897.)
Borellt, Dr. Alfredo. (07). Ortotteri raccolti da Leonardo Fea nell'

Africa occidentale. Dermatteri. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (3) iii.

pp. 345-390, 1907.)
(09). Nuove forficole del Kashmir. (Boll. Mus. Tor. xxiv. no.

603, pp. 1-4, 1909.)
BoRG, Hjalmar. (04). Forficuliden aus Kamerun. Beitrage zur

Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun, (Arkiv f. Zool.

i. p. 563, pi. 26, 1904.)
Bormaxs, a. de. (83). Etude sur qiielques Forficiilaires nouveaux ou

peu connus, precede d'un Tableau synoptique des genres decette

famille. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. p. 59, pis. 2 & 3, 1883.)

(84^). Six Forficulaires nouveaux de Sumatra. (Notes from the

Leyden Museum, vi. p. 183, 1884.)

(84-). Description des deux Sexes de la Labia gravidula, Gerst.

(Notes from the Leyden Museum, vi. p. 197, 1884.)

(88). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, vii.

Dermapteres. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 431, 1888.)

(94). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, Ixi.

Dermapteres (2me partie). (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xiv. p. 371,
1895.)

(00^) Quelques Dermapteres du Musee civique de Genes. (Ann.

Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xx. p. 441, 1900.)

(00-). Forficulid«5, in "Das Tierreich," 1900.

Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (82). Prodromus der europiiischen

Orthopteren. (Leipzig, 1882.)
Burmeister, H, (38). Handbuch der Entomologie. (Berlin, 1838.)

(40). Audinet-Serville, Ilistoire naturelle des Orthopteres

verglichen mit H. Burmeister's Handb. der Entomologie, etc.
(Germar's Zeitschr., 1840, ii. p. 1.)
BtiBR, Malcolm. (98). On the Species of Dyscritina, reared by
Mr. Green, (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 387, pis. xviii. & xix.
1898.)

(99). Notes on the Forficularia, II. Apteryyida or Sphingolahis ?

III. A N«w Species of Anisoluhis, from Ceylon. (Ann. Mag.
N, H, (7) iv. p. 254, 1889.)

(00'). Notes on the Forficularia, V. Descriptions of New Species,

and a New Genus. (Ann. Mag. N. H, (7) vi. p. 79, pi. vi. 1900.)

((X)-). Forficules exotiques du Musee royal d'Histoire Naturelle

de Bruxelles. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 47, 1900.)

(00'). Notes on the Forficularia, VI., On a collection of Forficularia

from Sarawak. (Ann. Mag. N. II. (7) iv. pp. 89-101, pi. vi.
figs. 1,2, 4 & 6, 1900.)

LITERATURE, 27

Burr, Malcolm. (01). The Earwig's of Cevlon. (Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc, 1901, pp. i5U-78 & 310-330, pis. A & B.)

(02). On the Fortlcularia of the Hungarian National Museum of

Budapest. (Terniesz. Fiiz. xxv. p. 477, pi. xx. 1902.)

(03). Notes on the Forficulaiia, VIH. Five New Species from the

de Bormans collection. (Ann. Mag-. N. H. (7) xi. p. 270, 1903.)

(04), Observations on the Dermatoptera, including revisions of

several genera and descrijjtions of New (lenera and Species.
(Tr. Ent, Soc. London, p. 277, 1904.)

(05'). Descriptions of Five new Dermaptera. (Ent. Mo, Mag. (2)

no. 184, p, 84, 1905,)

(05*). Notes on the Forficularia, IX. On New Species, with

Synonymic Notes, (Ann. Mag. N, II. (7) xvi. p. 486, 1905.)

(05'). Earwigs of the Indian Museum, with Descriptions of New

Species. (Journ, Proc, Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N. S.), vol. i. no, 2,
p. 27, 1905.)

(05^). Una especie nueva de 0/«s?^ocos?»i« (Dermapteros), (Bol,

R. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Diciembre, 1905.)

(06), A Further Note on Earwigs (Derniaptera) in the Indian

Museum, with a Description of New Species, (Journ. Proc.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N.S.), vol. ii, p. 387, lUOH.)

(07'). A Preliminary lievisiou of the ForficuHdtP- (sensu stricto)

and of the Chelisochidfe, Families of the Dermatoptera. (Tr.
Ent. Soc. Loudon, 1907, p. 91, pi. iv.)

(07-). A Third Note on Earwigs (Dermaptera) in the Indian

Museum, with Description of a New Species. (Rec. Ind. Mus,
Tol. i. pt. 3, no. 15, Calcutta, 1907,)

(07*). Catalogue des Forficulides des Collections du Museum

National d'llistoire Naturelle de Paris. (Premiere I'artie.)
(Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1907, no. 7, p. 508.)

(08'). Notes on the Forficularia, XII. Notes on the Genr.s Apachyus^

Serv. (Ann. Mag, N. II, (8) i. p. 51 , 1908.)

(08^) Catalogue des Forticules des Collections du Musee National

d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Deuxieme Partie.) (Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 1908, no. 8, p. 29.)

(083). Catalogue des Forticules du Collections du Mus^e National

d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Iroisieme Partie.) (Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 190S, no. 2, p. 115.)

(OS'). Notes on the Forticularia, XIII. A Revision of the

Brachylabidce {Isolnhidce). (Ann. Mag. N. II. (8) ii. p. 246,
1908.)"

(08'). Notes on the Forticularia, XIV. A Eevision of the Py^i-

dicmnidce. (Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) ii. p. -382, 1908.)
(09'), Note on the Classitication of the Dermaptera, (Deutsch,

Ent. Zeitschr, p, 320, pi. iv, 1909.)
CoLLiNGE, W, E, (08). A Note on the Flight of an Earwig, Forjicula

auricularia, Linn. (Journ, Econ. Biol, iii, pt. 2, pp, 46 & 47,

1908,)
Costa, Oronzio Gabr, (-39), Fauna Vesuviana, ossia descrizione degli

Insetti che vivono nei funiajoli del cratere del Vesuvio. (Atti

K, Accad. Sc. Nap, iv. ZooL 18-39, p. 21, tab. 1.)
DoHRN, Dr, H. (62). Die Dermaptera von Mexico, (Stett, Ent. Zeit.

xxiii. p. 225,1862.)

(63). Yersuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. (Op. cit.

xxiv. pp. 35 & .309, 1863.)

(64). Id. (Op. cit. xxv. pp. 285 & 417, 1804.)

(Qo). Id. 'Op. cit. xxvi. p. 68, 1865.)

(67'). Id. (Op. cit. xxviii. p. 341, 1867.)

28 LITERATURE.

DoHRN, Dr. H. (67^). Neue imd bisher nicht genugend bekannte

Forficuliden. '(Op. cit. xxviii. p. 343, 1867.)
DuBEONY, A. DE. (79). Enumeration des Orthopteres des regions Indienne

et Austro-Malaise, rapportees par MM. J. Doria, 0. Beccari, et

L. M. d'Albertis. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 348, 1879.)
DuFouR, LfeoN. (20). Description de dix especes nouvelles ou peu

conuues d'Insectes recueillis en Espagne. (Ann. gener. des Sc.

Phys. de Bruxelles, 1820, vi. p. 307, tab. 1.)

(28). Eechercbes anatomiques sur les Labidoures. (Ann. Sci.

Nat. 1828, xiii. p. 337, tab. 19-22.) _
Fabricius, J. C. (75). Svstema Entomoloiricie. (Felsenberg et Lipsise,
1775.)

(93). Entoniologia systematica emendata et aucta. (Hafnise,

1792-94, torn. II, Orthoptera, 1793.)

(81). Species Insectormn, exhibentes eorum dift'erentias specificas,

etc. (Plamburgi et Kiloni, 1781.)
{S7). Mantissa Insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas,

etc. (Hafnise, 1787.)
FiEBER, Fr. (53). Synopsis der europaiscbeu Ortbopteren (aus dem

iii. Jahrg. der Zeitschrift " Lotos," 1853, besonders abgedriickt).

Prag, 1854 (recte 1853.)
Fischer, L. H. (53). Othoptera europaea. (Lipsioe, 1853.)
Qadeau de Kerville, H. (03), L Accouplement des Forficulides.

(Bull. Mus. Soc. Ent. Fr. no. 4, p. 85, 1903.)

(05). Notes sur les Fonctions de la Pince des Insectes Ortho-

pteres de la Famille des Forficulides. (Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
XXX. p. 53, 1905.)

(06). Sur I'Accouplement et les ceufs d'Atiisolabis onauritanica,

Lucas. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. no. 18, p. 252, 1906.)
■ (07). Note sur I'Accouplement, les oeufs, et ramour maternel

des Insectes Orthopteres de la Famille des Forficulides.

(Kouen, 1907.)
Geer, Carl de. (73). M^moires pour servir a I'Histoire des

Insectes, I. Orthopteres, vol. iii., avec 44 planches. (Stockholm,

1773.)
GENi, Giuseppe. (32). Saggio di una Monografia delle Forficule

indigene. (Ann. delle Sci. di Regno Lombardo-Veneto,

Padova, ii. p. 215, 1832.)
Gerstaecker, a. (73). Baron Karl von der Decken's Reise in Ost-

Afrika, III. 2 Abth. Gliederthiere, Insecta. (Lipsite, 1873.)

(83). Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthopteren-Fauna Guineas,

nach den von T. Buchholz wahrend den .Jahre 1872 bis 1875
dasselbst gesammelten Arten. (Mitth. des naturw. Ver. Neuvorp.
u. Riigen, 1883.)
Green, E. Ernest. (96). Notes on Dyscritina lonf/isetosa, Westw.
(Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 229, 1896.)

(97). Dyscritina lonyisetosa, Westw. is a Forficulid larva. (Ent.

Mo. Mag. (2) viii. p. 235, 1897.)

(98). Further notes on i>?/scr/<m« Zo«^;se^o«a, Westw. (Tr. Ent.

Soc. London, p. 381, pis. xviii. <fc xix., 1898.)
Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (38). (Magasin de Zool. (2) Paris, viii.

p. 23, 1838.)'
IIaan, Dr. W. de. (42). Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera.

(Verhandl. over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche

overzeesche Bezittiugen, 1842.)

LITERATURE 2^

JaCobson, G. G., &Biank:i,V. L. ((T)). IIinnioKpu.ibiH ii JoHiiiocliiHaTOKiibMua

PocciiicKoii IlMuepiu ii coiipeAfi.ibiii.ixi cTpaiii. (St. Petersburg, 1905.)
Karsch, Dr. F. (86). Ueber einige neue oder wenig bekannte

Oehrwuermer (Dermapteru) der asthiopischen llegion. (Berl,

Eut. Zeit. XXX. p. 85, 1886.)
Kkrville. See Gadeau.
KiRBY, W. F. (91). A Revisioij of the Forficulidse, with Descriptions

of New Species iu the British Museum, (Liun. Soc. Jourii.,

Zool. xxiii. pp. .002-512, 1891.)

(96). Descriptions of New Species of Forficulidc'e, in the Col-

lection of the British Museum (N. II.). (Linn. Soc. .Journ., Zool.
xxv. pp. 520-529, 189G.)

(03). Notes on Forficulidae, with Descriptions of New Species in the

Collection of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington.
(Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xi. p. 60, 1903.)

(04). A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. (Vol. i. 1904.)

Krauss, Dr. II. (92). Dermaptera oder Dermoptera ? Eiue nomen-

clatorische Eroerterung. (Wiener Ent. Zeit, xi. p. 164, 1892.)

(9-5). Beschreibung einer neuen Forficula aus Tunis, nebst

Bemerkungen ueber das Vovkounnen yon Forficula lucnsi,

Dohrn. (Entom. Nachr. xxi. p. 97, 1895.)
Leach, "W. (15). Article on Entomology, in Brewster's Edinburgh

Encyclopaedia, ix. p. 57 , 1815.
LiNN^us, C. (59). Systema Natune. (Ed. X., Holmife, 1759.)
Lucas, II. F. (47). Forficesila annulipes, sp. n. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

(2) V. p. Ixxxiv, 1847.)

(49). Ilistoire Naturelle des animaux articules de I'Algerie.

(Expl. Sci. d'Alg., Zool. iii. Orthopteres, 4 pis. Paris, 1849.)
MoTSCHULSKY, V. VON. (63). Essai d'un Catalogue des Insectes de I'ile

Ceylan. ii. Dermapteres. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou, xxxyi. II

p. 1, pi. XX., 1863.)
Olivier, A. G. (72). Introduction a I'Histoire naturelle. (Encyclopedie

methodique. Hist. Nat. yol. yi. Pari-^, 1772.)
Pallas, P. S. (73). lieise durcli verschiedene Provinzen des Russ-

ischen Reiches in den Jahren 1768-74, (St. Petersbur"-, II.

Anhang, p. 30, 1773.)
Rehn, James A. G. (05). Notes on Exotic Forficulides, or Earwios

with Descriptions of New Species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

xxix. p. .501, 1905.)
Saussure, Dr. H. de. (74). IlyTeiuecTBie bi TypKecTan-L; A. II. *e4'ic[u;o.

(Fedchenko's Trayels in Turkestan, Orthoptera. MoscoAy, 1874.)
Scudder, S. H. (70). Critical and Historical Notes on the Forfi-

cularifB. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xyiii. pp. 287 -.332, 1876.)
Semenov, a. p. (01). PyccKie uiubi po^oob Anechura, 'Scudd.

u Forficula (L.) Scudd., ii iixt. reorpa'tii'iecKoe pacnpe4li.ienie.

(Russian species of the genera Anechura Scudd, it Forficula

(L.) Scudd., and their geographical distribution). (Hora3 Soc

Ent. Ross. XXXV. p. 185, 1901.)

(02). Dermatopera KpiineaeHHbis H. A. 3apy4nbiMi iis'b nyTeuiecrnia

1900-1901 IT. no BocTOfnoii nepciii. (Dermatoptera brought by
N. A. Zarudny from his journey in 1900-1901 in Elistern
Persia). (Horae Soc. Ent. Ross, x^xxyi. p. 192, 1902.)
Serville, Atjdinet de (31). Reyue Methodique des Insectes de I'ordre
des Orthopteres. (Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. pp. 28, 1,34 & 262, 1831.)

(39). Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Orthopteres. Suites a Buffon

Paris, 1839.

30 LITBRATUEE.

Sharp, Dr. D. (95). The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. v.

(London, 1895.) (ForJicvUdce, pp. 202-216.)
Stal, C. (60). Fregatten Eugenies Rasa omkring Jorden. Insekten,

Orthoptera. (Stockholm, 1860.)
Stephens, J. Fr. (37). Illustrations of British Entomology, or a Synopsis

of Indigenous Insects. Maudibulata, vol. vi. (London, 1837.)
Terry, F. W. (05). Leaf Hoppers and their Natural Enemies. (Ent.

Div. Bull. no. 1, pt. 5. Report of Work of Experimental

Station of Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1905.)
Theobald, F. V. (96). On some Hop-Pests. (Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) vii.

p. 60, 1896.)
Verhceff, Dr. K. W, (02'). Ueber Dermapteren. I. Aufsatz. (Zool.

Anzeig. no. 665, p. 181, 1902.)

(02-). Ueber Dermapteren. II. Aufsatz. (S.B. Ges. Naturf. Fr.

Berlin, no. 1, p. 7,1902.)
Westwood, J. O. (39). (Riizel's Himalayas, pi. ix. fig. 12, 1839.)

(40). An Introduction to the Modern Classitication of Insects,

II. (London, 1840.)
- — (81). On the Earwig. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, i. p. 157, 1881.)
Xambeu. (03). Instinct de la Materuite chez le Chelidura dilatata,

Lafresnave, Orlhoptere du groupe des Forticuliens. (Le Natur-

aliste, Pcxris, ISjuin 1903, p. 143.)
Yersin, Alexandre. (60). Note sur quelques Orthopteres nouveaux

ou pen connus. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) viii. p. .509, pi. x.,

1860.)

CLASSIFICATION.

31

DERMAPTERA.

Table of Families.

1. Last dorsal egment of abdomen produced
between the forceps into a depressed and
dilated lobe, formed by a fusion with the
pygidiura. (Body very strongly de-
pressed ; antennae with over 40 segments;
elytra very weak at axillary angle,

exposing a very prominent scutellum.) 1. Apachyidae, p. 31
1.1. Last dorsal segment of abdomen not
strongly produced and forming no
prominent process.
2. Second tarsal segment simple, not
lobed, cylindrical.
3. Last dorsal segment with posterior
margin entire, not fused with the
pygidium, which is free.
4. Femora compressed and keeled, .
4.4. Femora not compressed or keeled
3.3. Last dorsal segment deflexed between
the forceps, fused with the pygidium,
which thus presents a vertical face
2.2. Second tarsal segment lobed

Pygidicranidae, p. 37.
Labiidae, p. 110.

Labiduridae, p. G7.
Forficulidae, p. 129.

Family I. APACHYID^.

Apachyidse, Verhaff, (02^) p. 200.

This family is well characterized.

The body is uniformly depressed, extremely so in the dominant
and typical genus Ajxichi/us, less so in DendroiJcetes ; the latter
only differing from Apacliyus in the somewhat less depressed body
and subquadrate pronotum . With the exception of these two points
the common characters of the family, to save repetition, are given
in the characterization of the genus Apachyus.

There are a few species confined to the tropical regions of
Africa, Asia, and jN'ew Guinea, but only three have as yet been
recorded from British India.

Owing to their remarkable appearance, they may be easily
recognized, and the few Indian species cannot be confused.

Table of Genera.

1. Body very strongly flattened; pro-
notum elliptical Apachyus, Serv., p. -32.

1.1. Body less strongly flattened; ]iro-

notum nearly square Dkndroiketes, Burr, p. 36.

32 APAOHTID.!).

Genus APACHYUS, Serville.

Apachyus, Serville, (31) p. 35.
Apachya, Serville, (39) p. 54.

Type, Forfinda depressa, Pal.-Beauv.

Entire body remarkably flattened and depressed. Antennae
long, with from 30-50 segments, 1st segment stout and long, 2nd
minute, remainder cylindrical or conico-cylindrical, 3rd long, 4th to
7th very short, the remainder gradually lengthening. Head rather
broad, triangular in front, truncate posteriorly, sutures distinct ;
eyes prominent. Pronotum elliptical, angustate anteriorly, the
sides convex and constricted quite near the posterior margin,
which is truncate. Scutellum coriaceous, acutely triangular.
Elytra ample and smooth ; costal portion very narrow ; humeral
fold very faint. Wings ample and long, the coriaceous part with
a nearly obsolete faint longitudinal ridge ; the folds of the mem-
branous part well exposed along the suture. Prosternum parallel,
widened posteriorly ; mesosternum ample, subquadrangular,
truncate posteriorly, the posterior angles rounded. Metasternura
ample, posterior margin sinuate. Eemora compressed, carinu-
late, fairly stout ; tibiae slender ; first tarsal segment short and
thick, second very minute, third long and slender, considerably
longer than the first. Pulvillus present between the claws.
Abdomen parallel-sided, very flat, generally smooth ; lateral tubercles
not visible. Last dorsal segment ample in both sexes, subquadrate.
Penultimate ventral segment produced posteriorly into a long
acuminate lobe in both sexes. Last ventral segment visible at
the sides of this pointed lobe. Anal process produced between
the forceps from the last dorsal segment into a flat lobe, rounded,
pentagonal or lanceolate. Forceps with the branches very similar
in both sexes, flat, arcuate or incurved at an angle, without teeth.

Eanrje. Tropical Asia, New Guinea and Africa.

In the nymph the anal process is lanceolate ; the sixth ventral
segment is produced to a pointed lobe, but still leaves the 7th and
8th segments visible, and the 9th is visible as a triangular area on
each side of the under surface of the anal process.

This genus is easy to recognize, as all the species are very
similar and the generic and family characters are very distinctive ;
the very strongly flattened body, the form of the organs of flight,
the elliptical pronotum, the anal process, and sickle-like forceps
are very noticeable.

Table of Species.

1. Aual process with side angles not very sharp ;
last dorsal segment granulose ; reddish

chestnut fecc, Borm., p. 33.

1.1. Anal process with side angles sharp; last
dorsal segment rugose ; colour deep choco-
late-brown pascoei, Kirby, p. 35.

APACHYUS.

33

1. Apachyus feaB, Bormans* ^ (Figs. 1, 2, & 93.)

^\o^r?. Jl^'^""'"*""' (^^^ P- -^3 ; ^"'-'V (05) p. 27, (07^) p. 508,

c\3ZJ'7 /^'^'Vk r?''^^"', ^^'^' ^^^'^^^^*' ^b^«"^en reddish-
chestnut, shaded ^vIth black ; legs testaceous, ^^-ings stra^A'-coloul•ed

He r/ rf ? ?^""^'f ' '-'' ^^^^^'^"«' ^^- -«t dark chestnut.'
Head dark chestnut, mouth-parts paler. Pronotum dark chest-
nut, narrow and rounded anteriorly, the sides strongly convex

thnlZT ^"Tl '^' P°'''"°^' "^"^'Sin, which is" truncate:
thus the iormot the pronotum is a posteriorly truncate ellipse-
median sulcus distinct, sides somewhat incrassate. Scutellum'
dark chestnut; in the form of an isosceles triangle, the ape^
pointing posteriorly. Sternal plates pale yellowish. ElyU-a
broad and ample, somewhat convex and obhque posteriorly
smooth, dark chestnut. Wings ample, straw-coloured or testa-
ceous ; eoriaceous and membranous parts scarcely differentiated
Legs reddish testaceous Abdomen deep reddish chestnut, shaded

n ?I.^ ?Jl ""^f ^% '''''' '^-^'^^''^' ''''^^ ^ P^^'' «f «^^iooth spots
m the middle ot each segment. Penultimate ventral segment
of the c? hidden by the 8th, which has a faint median sulcus
and IS produced posteriorly into a rather short obtuse triangle not
reaching the anal process ; it is hidden in the $ by the 6th the
furrow IS obsolete, the hind margin produced into a very long narrow
acuminate lobe extending almost to the apex of the anal procesl
Las dorsal segment in the 6 ample, longer than broad, with a
shallow median depression ; rough, with a mass of small tubercles •
dorsal surface separated from the ventral by a row of minute
sharp black tubercles; in the $ somewhat shiter, but struZr:
and pattern similar. Anal process in the c^ pentagonal ; that is,

he sides are at first convex, slightly ema^ginate at the base
Itself; outer angles marked by a short point, thence convergino-
to an apical point; the edge itself is shghtlv thickened and
studded with minute tubercles; under surface smooth with a
shallow median suicus ; upper surface somewhat smoother than
the last dorsal segment ; m the $ lanceolate, that is, more strond v
emarginate at the base itself so that the sides form' Tsha p a"! e
near the base, beyond which they converge to form an acSe
angle; edges studded with minute sharp t^ubercles, espSa ly ?
the angles. Forceps with the branches deep red, darker at the
apex with minute pittmgs ; in the d regularly arcuate in the
basal hird, hen bent inwards at an obtuse angle and very
distinctly thickened the inner margin straight and Lter marg n
gently arcuate, rather blunt at the apex itself ; in the $ the

1 Whenever a species is marked with an asterisk, it indicates that the tvn«
ZsZ::sZ!''''' "'""^' '' '''' ^"^^^^ ■' '^' -^-^^^« -S-^y that a S3 ntj^:

34 APACHYID^.

branches are regularly curved and arcuate, sickle-sliaped, very
slightly thickened at the apex itself.

Length of body (without anal process) . . 40 mm. 29-39 mm.
„ forceps (with anal process) . . 5-7 „ 4-7 „

Bhutan : Maria Basti (Paris 2Ius.) ; Sikkim (Lid. Mus., coll.
Burr); AssAM (Brit. 3Ius.) • BuRMA : Karen-ui, Keba District,
3000-3700 ft., May to Dec, 4000-4500 ft., Jan. (Genoa Mu^.,
Brii. Mus., coll. Burr) ; ToNKiN (coll. Gadeau, coll. Burr).

Type in Genoa Museum.

Larva.

The author has examined three nymphs, one of which, being
considerably larger than the others, may perhaps be in the penulti-
mate instar. In this specimen the anal process is simply a long
acute triangle, the tenth ventral segment only visible as a trian-
gular area on each side of the base of the anal process, as in the
imao-o ; the ninth ventral segment is obtusely rounded posteriorly ;
the other segments have the posterior border truncate, except the
basal three, which have it sinuate. The radiate structure of the
wings is visible on the metanotum, which is deeply but roundly
emarginate posteriorly ; the mesonotum is truncate posteriorly
and anteriorly, the sides convex ; the forceps are gently arcuate
and do not overlap. The total length of the body to the apex of
the anal process is 38 mm.

The two undoubted nymphs measure respectively 36 mm. and
37 mm. ; the form of the mesonotum is the same as in the larger
specimen, but the lateral convexity is more pronounced and
distinctly suggests incipient elytra ; the radiating wings are
distinctly visible on the metanotum, showing the first dorsal
segment beyond it.

The form of the anal process is almost that of the adult female.

The ventral surface of one agrees with that of the larger
specimen — that is, the eighth segment is convex posteriorly,
only it is obtusely triangular rather than rounded. This specimen
has therefore the full complement of dorsal segments behind
this convex one, and is therefore probably a male.

In the other specimen the eighth ventral segment, also the seventh,
is gently rounded, and the sixth is very distinctly produced in the
form of a triangular lobe passing over the seventh to the edge of
the eighth ; the specimen is therefore probably a female, and in
the imago this triangular lobe completely conceals the seventh,
eighth and ninth segments. In both these specimens the ventral
part of the tenth segment is the same as in the adult.

I can find no other signs of sexual differentiation in either the
anal process or forceps, which decidedly resemble those of the

APACHYUS. 35

adult female. The full number of dorsal segments is also visible
in both.

We may therefore conclude that, as this lobed ventral segment
is far more acute and produced in the $ than in the d , it is more
pronounced in the last instar, and consequently shows the sex at
this stage better than any other part or organ.

Variation.

This species varies considerably in size. The following are the
dimensions of a number of specimens iu different collections from
various localities, measured from the mouth to the apex of the
anal process.

Burma (Genoa Mns.) 42 mm. 40 mm.

Tonkin (coll. Burr) 43 „ 41 „

" 31 „

Bhutan {Paris Mus.) 30 „

It is easy to recognize by its usually great size and the form of
the anal process and forceps.

2. Apachyus pascoei, Kirhy*

Apachyus pascoei, Eirby, (91) p. 521, pi. 20, fig. 1 ; (04j p. 3.

Very closely resembles A.fecp,, Borm., the description of which
applies well to this species, with the following points of distinction.
The colour is generally decidedly darker, being a deep chocolate-
brown ; the forceps are less coarsely pitted ; the abdomen is
shorter and decidedly broader in proportion. The last dorsal
segment is rugose rather than granulose, and the granules are far
more densely crowded ; finally the anal process is more angular,
owing to the fact that the projections at the edges, not only in the
middle but at the sides, are more marked, and so emphasize the
angles. J .

6

Length of body. . , 35 min.

„ forceps 8 „

Assam : Sylhet {Brit. Mus.).

Type iu the British Museum.

This species has always been sunk as a synonym of A. fece,
Borm., but a comparison of Kirby's type with authentic specimens
of A. fece from de Bormans' own collection shows the distinctions
as given above. It is consequently prudent to suspend judgment.
and leave the final decision to collectors on the spot.

d2

36 APACHYID^.

Genus DENDROIKETES, Burr.
Deudroiketes, Burr, (09') p. 321.

Type, Apacliyus cortichius. Burr.

Kesembles Apachyus generally, but body less depressed ; head
less flattened, occiput tumid. Antennae with about 30 segments ;
first long and thick, third long and cylindrical ; fourth and fifth
short and subcorneal, together not longer tlian third ; sixth and
ninth slightly longer, subconical ; the rest more elongate, nearly
cylindrical. Pronotum rectangular ; elytra and wings perfectly deve-
loped ; femora somewhat compressed ; tibia? slender ; tarsi slender,
first and third segments about equally long. Abdomen parallel -
sided, depressed and smooth. Last dorsal segment of S and $
ample, slightly broader than long, densely granulated ; penultimate
ventral segment of S convex, rounded and obtusely triangular,
punctate ; in $ punctate, produced into a long, slender, sharp-
pointed lobe. Anal process smoother, depressed, the margin itself
finely crenulated, rounded in c^ ; iu $ parallel-sided at the base
itself, then obtusely triangular. Forceps with the branches
depressed, finely punctulate ; in 6 unarmed, incurved ; in $
straighter.

Ilanr/e. Ceylon.

This genus was founded for a single Singhalese species Avhich
represents the passage from Apachyus to typical earwigs.

It resembles Apachyus in its main features, especially in the form
of the apex of the abdomen and the forceps, and in the penultimate
ventral segment of the female, but in the less depressed body,
rectangular pronotum, somewhat different tarsi, and penultimate
ventral segment of the male it approaches the normal earwig.

3. Dendroiketes corticiiiiis, Burr* (Fig. 3.)

Apachyus corticinus, Burr, (08^) p. 51.
Dendroiketes corticiuus, Burr, (09) p. 321.

Of small size ; general colour greyish fuscous ; antennae with
first three segments yellowish, the rest grey ; head smooth,
yellowish, the mouth-parts darker; sutures distinct. Pronotum
rectangular, nearly square, prozona tumid, median suture distinct,
metazona depressed, sides reflexed ; scutellum obtusely triangular ;
elytra narrow, not rounded at the shoulders, about twice as long
as the pronotum, smooth, greyish brown ; wings very prominent,
longer than the elytra, the scales of the same colour ; legs yel-
lowish, the femoi-a with darker shading ; abdomen depressed,
parallel-sided, yellowish brown, smooth. Last dorsal segment of
cJ and $ ample, reddish brown, a little broader than long, coarsely
scabrous, with a faint median depression. Penultimate ventral
segment of (^ punctate, decidedly convex, obtusely triangular ; of
5 produced into a long slender sharp-pointed lobe. Anal process
smoother, depressed and prominent, the edge finely crenulate ; in

DENBEOIKETES. 37

S rounded, iu $ parallel-sided at the base itself, then obtusely
triangular, with rather sharp points at each side. Eorceps de-
pressed, finely punctulate, deep red ; in d sickle-shaped, unarmed,
regularly arcuate ; in 5 with a blunt tubercle on the underside
near the base, rather thick, straight and parallel near the base itself,
then bowed inward at an obtuse angle, then straight, converging
to the points, which are abruptly attenuated and slightly hooked.

6 2

Length of body 8-5 mm. ] 0 mm.

,, forceps 1-5 „ 1-5 „

Cetlon : Peradeniya, in October (coll. Burr). One larva from
Ceylon (Vienna Mus.).

Type in the author's collection.

This species, the only known Singhalese representative of the
Apachyidce, may be easily recognized by the generic characters. It
was discovered by Mr. Green, who found a single pair.

Family II. PYGIDICKANIDJE.

The compressed and carinulate femora afford a convenient mesns
of separating this family.

Fig. 2. — Leg of Fygidlcrana siconensis, Dohrn.

The elytra are weakly attached — that is, the anal angle is
rounded, so that a triangular scutellum of var^'-ing size is exposed
at the base of the elytra when closed.

The antenna have numerous segments, the fourth and fifth
shorter than the third, which is long.

38 pygidicrajVid^.

The abdomen is cylindrical and generally narrower near the
base than at the apex, whieli is usually more or less dilated.

No known Indian members of the family are apterous, but
totally wingless forms occur in certain parts of the world.

Two subfamilies are represented in India.

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Antennae with 15-25 segments, the fifth

cylindrical, longer than broad. (Size [p. 38.

small or medium, build fragile.) .... I. Diplatyince,
1.1. Antennae with over 30 segments, the
fourth, fifth, aud sixth short, globular,
not longer than broad. (Size large or
very large, build robust and powerful [p. 53.

as a rule.) II. P>/gidicraiiince,

Subfamily I. DIPLATYIN^.

This subfamily contaius the single genus Dijilaiys, Serv., if we
agree to sink Cylindrofj aster, Stal.

Genus DIPLATYS, Serv.

Diplatys, Servilh, (31) p. 33.

Dyscritiua, Westioood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lo7idon, 1881, p. 601 (larva). —

Tt/2)e, D. longisetosa, JVestw.
Nannopygia, Dohrn, (68) p. 60. — Type, N. gerstfeckeri, Dohrn.

Type, Forficula macrocepJiala, Pal.-Beauv.

Body glabrous or hairy. Stature small and slender. An-
tennae with 16-20 rather thick segments, almost cylindrical ;
first long and thickened at the apex, second very short, third
longer, fourth about half as long as third, fifth a little longer ;
the remainder gradually lengthening. Head rather broad, pen-
tagonal, usually different in the sexes ; in the S globose,
smooth, and tumid, with obsolete sutures, or more often tumid
between the eyes and strongly depressed posteriorly, the two
parts often sharply separated by the transverse suture ; sutures
very distinct or obsolete ; posterior margin truncate or emar-
ginate, somewhat reflexed into an incrassate transverse ridge
which continues round the corners to the eyes ; a more or less
sharp ridge often runs from behind the eyes to the posterior
angles of the side ; sides of the head parallel or converging pos-
teriorly, in which case the head is lanceolate ; median suture
sometimes very distinct, sometimes replaced by a short keel ; in
the $ the head is generally simpler, more approaching quadrate,
smooth, not notably tumid or depressed, and somewhat broader.
Prouotum small, narrower than the head, sometimes a little
longer than broad, usually as broad as long, produced and narrowed
anteriorly with a short neck ; sides parallel or convex ; posterior
margin truncate, the angles rounded ; prozona usually tumid ;

UU'LATTS. SO'

sides and metazona flat ; in the $ usually more rounded and
broader ; the pronotum extends shghtly over the elytra. Scu-
tellum small and triangular. Elytra broad and ample, usually
long and convex or truncate posteriorly, M-ith no humei'al carina.
Wings generally long ; squamse generally pointed ; a triangular
membranous patch often exposed ; rarely abortive. Femora feebly
keeled ; first tarsal segment very long and slender, longer than
second and third united ; second very short, rather broad ; third
segment about half as long as first, a little broader; pulvilius
present between the claws. Abdomen in the 6 slender and cylin-
drical ; the segments distinctly separated ; lateral tubercles on
segments three and four generally more distinct in the $ than
in the 6 ; towards the apex a little broader, sometimes notably
so. Last dorsal segment of d" ample, smooth, tumid, truncate
posteriorly, sometimes very remarkably widened and quadrate.
In the 5 the abdomen is usually broader and more depressed,
not widened apically, but narrowed down the last dorsal segment
which is sloping, long, and veiy narrow. Penultimate ventral
segment in the d very ample, completely covering the last seg-
ment, quadrate, angles rounded, posterior margin truncate or
sinuate, or deeply emarginate. Pygidium not visible. Forceps
of c? stout, straight, conical and contiguous, usually depressed,
flat beneath and keeled above, dilated near the base to form a flat
dilation recalling typical Fovficula or merely forming a flat triangular
tooth, and then attenuate and arcuate so as to enclose an elliptical
area. In the $ simple, straight, very short, and contiguous.

Larvae depressed ; instead of forceps, having long segmented
caudal styles, resembling antennae ; number of segments varying
from about 15-30 ; segments cylindrical, gradually lengthening
after the second, the basal segment equalling in length the next
five or six segments. This long basal segment is the sheath of the
future forceps.

Eange. Tropical Asia, Africa and America.

This genus is one of the most interesting and also one of the
most difficult. In 'Das Tierreich,' de Bormans gave a table for
the half dozen species which he knew, based entirely upon colour
alone. It is consequently impossible to discriminate any species
by means of that work.

The inherent difficulty of the genus is complicated by the
sexual dimorphism ; it is, at present at least, only possible to
allocate females to their respective places by guesswork, as the
form of the head and pronotum is usually different in the female
from the same pai'ts in the male, and, of course, the anal parts
differ also. It is accordingly particularly desirable that no new
species of Diplatys be described from females only.

It is also probable that there may be two different types of
coloration in one species. It may eventually be proved that
D. gersto'clceri, \2Lr. caUdasa is really a yellow variety of the large
fuscous D. siva, and the same thing may occur in certain African
species.

40

PYGIDICRANID.E.

The name Di/scritina was proposed by Westwood (1881) for
the larval form, with long segmented cerci, which proved to be
identical with the insect described by Dohrn under the name
Ncmnopygia gerstcBckeri. This is, of course, a true Diplatys, so
Nannopygia must fall, although de Bormans describes Namio-
pygia gerstceclceri and Diplatys loagisetosa, Westwood, as separate
creatures in distinct genera.

Table of Species,

1. Forceps strongly depressed and dilated
near the base.
2. Last dorsal segment strongly dilated,
much wider than the waist ; broad
and flat part of forceps quite pro-
minent.
3, Elytra short, only li time as long
as broad, rounded at apex ; wings
abortive ; occiput not strongly

depressed gladiator, Burr, p. 41.

3.3, Elytra at least twice as long as
broad, narrow at apex ; wings

well developed; occiput depressed, falcatus, sp. n., p. 42.
2.2. Last dorsal segment not strongly di-
lated, but little wider than the waist;
dilated part of forceps very short,
scarcely visible from above.
3. Penultimate ventral segment roun-
ded, gently sinuate at hinder
margin; forceps stout, very gently

arcuate lefroyi, sp, n., p. 44.

3.3. Penultimate ventral segment nar-
rowed ; binder border produced
to a small truncate lobe ; forceps

more slender and arcuate angustatus, sp. u., p. 44.

1.1. Forceps gradually attenuate.

2. Penultimate ventral segment with
posterior margin distinctly excavate
or emarginate.
3. Penultimate ventral segment with

round emargination bormansi, sp. n.,p. 45,

3.3. Penultimate ventral segment with

one or more deep triangular

emarginations.

4. Penultimate ventral segment bi-

emarginate (small Singhalese

species).

•5. Colour red (/ersfcscJieri, Dohrn, p, 46,

5.5. Colour black ernesti, sp. n., p. 48.

4.4= Penultimate ventral segment with
three triangular emarginations
(large North Indian species) . . siva, Burr, p. 49.
2.2. Penultimate ventral segment entire or
gently sinuate.

DIPLATTS. 41

3. Penultimate ventral segment very

gently sinuate \ greeai, Burr, p. 50,

3.3. Penultimate ventral segment trun-
cate.
4. Last dorsal segment scai'cely
wider than the abdomen; forceps
trigono-conical.
5. Penultimate ventral segment
rectangular, the angles not

rounded rnfescens, Kirby, p. 5] .

•5.5. Penultimate ventral segment

with the angles rounded. . . . Jletcheri, sp. n., p. o'2.
4.4. Last dorsal segment decidedly
wider than the abdomen ; for-
ceps depressed liberatus, sp. n., p. 62.

4. Diplatys gladiator, Burr*

Diplatys gladiator, Burr, (05) pp. 28 & 29, (OG^) p. 319.

Pale testaceous or reddish ; elytra black. Antennae with
14 segments, pale straw-coloured ; third segment not very long,
fourth much shorter, and fifth a little shorter than the third,
all cylindrical. Head tumid between the eyes, not remarkably
depressed on the occiput, postocular keels nearly obsolete; sutures
not very distinct ; there is a faint small ridge on each side of the
median suture and parallel to it ; colour fuscous or reddish. Pro-
notum of S and 5 as broad as long, subquadrate, with rounded
sides and angles, truncate posteriorly, testaceous ; prozona tumid ;
metazona and sides depressed. Scutellum pale, larger in the $
than in the S • Elytra black, short and broad, convex posteriorly ;
in the $ the elytra slope away at the base and so expose a larger
scutehum than in the J. Wings abortive. Legs pale and
slender. Abdomen yellowish near the base, reddish or darker
near the apex ; cylindrical in the S , rather depressed in the $ ;
smooth lateral tubercles on the third and fourth segments distinct
in both sexes. In the S the eighth and ninth segments are wider
than the others but very short ; in the $ they are normal and
somewhat narrowed. Last dorsal segment in the c? very ample,
quadrate and smooth, the median sulcus nearly obsolete ; posterior
margin subsinuate, shghtly convex on each side over the forceps;
exterior angles depressed, prominent, and rectangular. In the $ the
last dorsal segment sloping, narrow, normal. Penultimate ventral
segment of d" as ample as the last dorsal segment, posterior margin
gently rounded, angles rounded. Forceps of the c? with the
branches very depressed and strongly dilated near the base itself,
forming a flattened but sharp tooth, at which point the two inner-
margins touch ; then suddenly and strongly attenuate and
arcuate, enclosing an elliptical area : in the 2 straight, simple,
and slender.

(S

Leugth of body 8-75 mm.

„ forceps 1-5 „

42 PYGIDICRANIDiE.

Bengal : Calcutta {Ind. Mus., coll. Burr).
Tyije in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Larva.

Antennae of same number of segments and form as adult.
Pronotum almost circular, ample, anterior and posterior margins
straight ; elytra present as free short rounded flaps ; legs very
slender, depressed and rather broad ; lateral tubercles very dis-
tinct ; lateral dorsal segment very small and narrow ; caudal
setae very long, with 20-30 segments, considerably longer
than the body ; basal segments very long, about equalling the
next seven segments together ; the segments all cylindrical, rather
long, gradually lengthening after the second. Head, elyti'a,
apical half of abdomen and cerci, except at the very base itself,
blackish, the rest of the body straw-coloured. Length of body
5*5 mm., of basal segment of cerci 1"7 mm., total length of cerci
7'75 mm. (The soft body is of course rather shrivelled.)

This is a very distinct species, being the only one known in
which the wings are abortive, and the elytra so short that they
are almost square ; the coloration is also distinctive ; in the
strongly dilated last dorsal segment of the male and the depressed
and dilated forceps, it approaches D. fakatus, but in that species
the inner margin of the dilated part is crenulate, and the forceps
are bowed so that the outer margin is sti'ongly arched ; in
D. gladiator the outer margin is almost straight.

it has hitherto only been record(jd from Calcutta, where
Dr. Aunandale found the larvae during hot weather under flower-
pots, resting on stones.

5. Diplatys falcatus, sp. n. (Fig. 4.)

Size relatively great. General colour reddish brown. Antennae
pale yellowish grey. Head blackish brown, broad, especially in
the S , depressed, sutures strongly marked, postocular carina
strong and sharp, occiput depressed. Pronotum of d suboval, a
little longer than broad, a little narrower posteriorly than an-
teriorly, the sides rounded; yellowish brown, M'ith indistinct
blackish markings ; in $ , the prozona bi-own, the metazona pale
yellowish, pentagonal, slightly longer than broad and narrowed
posteriorly ; anterior margin roundly convex, sides and posterior
margin almost straight. Scutellum yellowish, broader in the $
than in the J • Elytra ample, long and narrow, purplish black.
Wings long and prominent, creamy, the scale blackish. Legs
dirty yellowish, shaded or banded with brownish. Abdomen
reddish brown, with stiff' reddish bristles at the sides ; long and
slender and dilated posteriorly in the 6 , stouter and narrowed
posteriorly in the $ ; lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal

DIPLATYS.

43

segment of c? very large, ample and smooth, nearly square, much
broader than the abdomen, yellowish brown ; sides somewhat
converging posteriorly, posterior margin truncate ; in $ ample, but
narrower than the abdomen, truncate posteriorly. Penultimate
ventral segment of d" ample, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, the
sides straight and converging ; posterior margin gently sinuate,
with a triangular depressed area m the middle ; in 2 narrow,
acutely convex. Forceps with the branches iu the cT strongly
flattened throughout their length and almost sulcate above,
strongly dilated at the base itself, this portion ending abruptly in
a blunt tooth, as the branches are sharply attenuated near the
base and diverging, then strongly arcuate, so as to enclose a
slightly transverse oval area ; in the $ the branches are simple,
straight, contiguous, tapering.

6 2

Length of body 13-5 mm. 11 mm.

„ forceps 1 „ 1 „

Punjab : Simla Hills, Kasauli, about 6300 ft., 16.V.08 (Tnd.
3IUS.) ; Lower Burma : Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3.iii.08
{Ind. II us.).

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Pig. 3. — Apex of abdomen of male, showing penultimate ventral segment
and forceps, from beneath , of six species of Biplatys.

A. D.falcatus.

B. D. Irfroyi.

C. D. anrjiisfatus.

D. D. gersi(pchen.

E. D. ei-)iesfi.

F. D.flet chert.

This is a fine species, which most nearly approaches the African
D. macrocephala, but the penultimate ventral segment is of a
diflferent shape, and the forceps are very strongly arched.

Perhaps de Borraans included this species in his D. macrO'
cephala from Burma.

44 PTGIDICEANID.i:.

6. Diplatys lefroyi, sp. n. (Fig. 5.)

Eelatively large, General colour blackish brown, body reddish.
Antennae brown, yellowish near the base, blackish towards the
apes. Head black, the frous tumid and smooth, the transverse
suture obscure ; postocular keels sharp and distinct ; median
suture distinct only near posterior margin, which is depressed, as
also the occiput. Pronotum of d about as broad as long, irregularly
pentagonal, with rounded angles ; anterior margin roundly convex;
posterior roargin truncate, sides gently converging so that the
pronotum is somewhat narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ;
prozona black ; metazona yellowish. Scutellum yellow. Elytra
ample, smooth, black. Wings long, smooth, black. Legs yellow,
banded with blackish. Abdomen blackish red, gently widening
posteriorly. Last dorsal segment not very strongly dilated, about
half as wide again as the middle of the abdomen, rather longer
than broad, smooth, tumid, black with yellowish pubescence.
Posterior margin simple, gently sinuate in the middle, the sides
obliquely truncate. Penultimate ventral segment ample, rounded,
the posterior margin gently sinuate. Forceps with the branches
stout and trigonal, not very much depressed ; at the very base
itself the inner margin is produced into a depressed triangular
tooth, which is best seen from below, as it does not extend beyond
the edge of the last dorsal segment, and so is not easily visible
from above ; the branches are gently tapered, nearly straight or
gently incurved, the points scarcely hooked ; the interior margin
in the apical portion is denticulate ; the basal portion of the
forceps is pale yellow, the apical portion black.

6

Length of body 12 mm.

,, forceps ] "5 „

S. Bombay : Belgaum, 2000 ft., iv.OS (Pasa Coll.) ; Tratan-
CORE : E. side of Western Ghats, Madras frontier, Shencottah
{Ind. Mus., coll. Burr").

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species is related to D. falcatus. The dilation at the
base of the forceps is so short that it is not at first noticeable,
and thus the forceps appear to resemble those of D. bormansi.
The penultimate ventral segment also is different from that of
D. falcatus, being rounded or sinuate, thus approaching the African
D. macrocephala, but the last abdominal segment is very little
broader than the abdomen.

7. Diplatys angustatus, sp. n. (Pig. 6.)

Size small, general colour black. Antennae black with a yellowish
ring near the base ; IG segments, all cylindrical, third rather short.
Head black, tumid ; occiput depressed, with sharp postocular

DIPLAXiS. 45

carinse and a pair of small keels in the middle of the posterior
margin. Pronotum as broad as long, all margins gently convex ;
black, with a narrow yellowish posterior border. Elytra and
wings ample, black. Scntellum minute, black. Legs black, ringed
with white at the base of the femora, the knees and base of the
tarsi. Abdomen slender, black, the tubercles on second and third
segments very distinct ; gradually widening towards the apex.
Last dorsal segment tumid, but scarcely wider than the abdomen
and about as long as broad. Penultimate ventral segment broad at
the base but rapidly narrowing towards the apex, which is trun-
cate. Porceps with the branches depressed at the base itself and
so contiguous there ; then immediately and abruptly attenuate, the
branches very slender, elongate and arcuate, enclosing an ellip-
tical area. $ unknown,

S

Length of body 10-5 mm.

„ forceps 1*75 „

N. Bengal : Purneah District, Bhogaon, 30.ix.0S (0. A. Paiva,
Incl. 31 us.).

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species, based on a single male, approaches D. lefroyi in
the form of the forceps and the last dorsal segment, but is smaller
and more slender ; the forceps especially are far less robust. The
form of the penultimate ventral segment is perfectly distinctive.

8. Diplatys bormansi, sp. n. (Figs. 91, 91 a.)

Diplatys macrocephala, Borm. {nee Beauv.) (88) p. 433, (94) p. 372,

(OQi) p. 9 (text) (partim).
Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (04) pp. 279 & 284 (partim).
Diplatys bormansi, Kirhij, (04) p. 1 (nomen nudum).

Puscous varied with whitish, not very pubescent. Antennae
with 14-16 segments, basal two fuscous, the remainder greyish
testaceous. Head of J with transverse suture rather distinct, the
tumid frontal part very distinct from the depressed occiput ;
postocular ridges shorter than the diameter of the eyes, not very
sharp ; median suture fairly distinct, with one or two faint ridges
on each side ; in the 5 broader and flatter, the sutures more
faint, so that the somewhat tumid part passes gradually into the
depressed occiput ; postocular ridges rather more blunt ; black ; the
eyes very prominent, especially in the male ; eyes sometimes white.
Pronotum with median sulcus faint ; prozona tumid, brownish
black, occupying the greater part of the disc ; metazona narrow
and flat, white or yellowish, which colour extends forwards along
the flat sides to form a crescent ; trapezoidal, nearly rectilinear in
the 6 , the sides subconvex in the 5 , angles rounded in both
sexes, slightly narrowed posteriorly, about as broad as long, but
distinct] V broader in the $ than in the d*. Scutellum transverse

46 rTGIDICBANID.E.

in the S ; very small in the $ . Elytra smooth, ample, long, fuscous,
with a distiuct purple sheen ; with a few stifi' bristles ; some-
times with a pale transverse baud at the shoulders. Wings
ample ; squamae long and narrow, pale and with a central fuscous
spot. Legs pale, femora and tibiae with fuscous rings ; former
with distinct carinulse. Abdomen of c? slendei-, shining purplish
black, gently and slightly broadened towards the apex ; $ broader,
somewhat depressed, angustate posteriorly, with a short thick
yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segments of c? quadrate, smooth,
scarcely broader than the base of the abdomen ; in the $ sloping
and narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment of <S parallel-sided,
posterior margin rather deeply emarginate in the middle, with
broadly rounded lobes. Forceps with the branches not depressed,
stout, straight, subcontiguous, trigono-conical, acuminate and
very slightly hooked at the apex ; in the $ cylindro-couieal, short,
contiguous, straight.

Length of body 10 mm. 9 mm.

„ forceps 1 „ 0'75 „

Burma : Bhamo, April and August (coll. Burr, Genoa Mus.) ;
Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft. {coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

This species was confused by de Bormans with D. liberatus, Burr,
under the name of D. macrocephala, which is a very distinct
African species, and by the author of this work with D. nigrkejps
and D. greeni.

It differs from them all in having the penultimate ventral
segment of the male emarginate in the middle ; in D. liheraius this
plate is truncate ; in the true D. nigncejys from Hong Kong it is
somewhat convex in the middle.

Superficially it also resembles D. greeni.

It is impossible to determine which of the localities quoted
by de Bormans should be attributed to this species, and which
to D. bormansi without an actual examination of each spe-
cimen. Those quoted above are all represented in the author's
collection.

.9. Diplatys gerstseckeri, Dolim. (Pig. 7.)

Nannopygia gerstseckeri, Dohrn, (63) p. 60 ; Scudder, (76) p. 326 ;

Kirby, (91) p. 508 ; Bormans, (94) p. 372, (00-) p. 11.
Dyscritina lougisetosa, Westioood, (81) p. 601, pi. 22, figs. 1, \a-i;

'Green, (96) p. 229, (98) p. 383.
Diplatys longisetosa, Burr, (98) p. 388, pi. xviii, figs. 4, 5 & 16 ;

pi. xix, tigs. 9-14 ; Borm. (00') p. 10, fig. 6.
Diplatys gerstseckeri, Burr, (01) p. 74, pi. A, figs. 4 & 5, (05) pp. 279

&282.

DIPL ATI'S. 47

Diplatys gerstajckeri, var. calidasa, Burr, (04) pp. 279 & 282, (OG)

p. 387, (07=) p. 508.
Cylindrogaster rufesceiis, Burr {nee Kirhy)^ (00^) p. 48.

Small and slender ; general colour reddish tawny shading to
yellow with a few reddish bristles. Antennae with 15 segments,
typical, testaceous. Head : in the S not very tumid between the
eyes, this part passing gradually into the narrowly depressed
occiput, owing to the transverse suture being obsolete ; eyes
large, the postocular keels shorter than the eyes, a sharp hinder
border somewhat incrassate, the median suture short but distinct,
cutting the incrassate margin ; sides of the head converging
posteriorly : in the $ the eyes smaller and postocular keels rela-
tively a trifle longer and less sharp ; the head is somewhat
broader and less tumid but otherwise it resembles the J , only
the characters are weaker, sometimes nearly obsolete ; the colour is
yellowish testaceous, sometimes shaded with darker. Pronotum of
c5"as broad as long, subquadrate, posterior margin gently I'ounded ;
very slightly narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona ample,
tumid, metazona and sides flat ; yellowish or reddish testaceous ;
in the 5 similar, but somewhat broader. Scutellum minute.
Elytra reddish to golden yellow, sometimes shaded \^'ith fuscous ;
ample, long and broad, obliquely convex posteriorly, with a few
bristles on the shoulders. AViugs long, of the same colour as
the elytra. Legs yellow, very slender; posterior femora with
cariuulas almost obsolete. Abdomen reddish, in the (S slender and
cylindrical, slightly broadening posteriorly ; in the $ somewhat
depressed, a little broader apically. Last dorsal segment ample,
tumid and smooth, quadrate in the S , and slightly broader than
the abdomen ; in the § narrower, sloping and angulate posteriorly.
Penultimate ventral segment in the 6 ample, as broad as long,
the posterior margin deeply triangularly emarginate, tlie apex of
the emargination produced posteriorly into a short sharp equilateral
triangular lobe, so that the outline of the posterior margin forms
a W ; in the $ longer and narrower, angustate posteriorly.
Porceps of S with the branches short, depressed, narrow, tapering
and quite straight, slightly hooked at the apex itself ; in the $
similar, but shorter and more slender.

c? 2

Length of body 7-4-14-75 mm. 7*5-8 mm.

„ forceps 1-1-5 ,, 1-1-5 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft.. May to Dec.
(Genoa Miis.) ; Ceylon: Punduluoya (Brit. Mus., coU. Burr),
Maskeliya (coll. Burr).

Ti/pe in the Berlin Museum.

Although a female of one of Mr. Green's original specimens of
Dyscritina longisetosa has the head with the male characters almost
obsolete, whereas another female from Maskeliya has them fairly

48 PYGIDICRANIDiE.

well developed, there are probably not two species in the Island
of Ceylon, and the author therefore maintains his opinion that
Dyscritina Jongisetosa of Westwood and Nannopygia gerstceckeri of
Dohrn are identical.

9 a. Diplatys gerstaeckeri, var. calidasa, Burr.

This name was proposed for a few females, in the Paris
Museum, from Northern India, which resemble the females of
B. gerstceckeri in every respect but size. They are a great deal
larger, their dimensions being as follows : —

Length of body 12-12-25 mm.

„ forceps 1-1-25 ,,

It is possible that when the male is discovered it will prove to
be a yellow variety of the large D. siva.

Sikkim: Darjihng {Paris Mus.); Assam: Kurseoug {Ind.
Mus.).

Type in Paris Museum.

10. Biplatys ernesti, sp. n. (Fig. 9.)

Small and slender ; with long dense pale pubescence ; dark
fuscous brown. Antennae with 16 segments ; yellowish, rather
darker towards the apex, the second segment fuscous. Head
black, S \vith the tumid frons not entirely replete, passing fairly
sharply into the depressed occiput, but the transverse suture not
distinct ; postocular keels rather blunt, shorter than the promi-
nent eyes ; posterior margin with a short broad raised space in
the middle, divided by the short but distinct median suture ; in the
2 the tumid frons is replete, and passes gradually backwards,
reaching the posterior margin itself, so that the occiput is not
depressed ; the postocular ridges are short, blunt, and obtuse,
capped with a low sharp crest ; as usual in the genus, the
head is somewhat more quadrate posteriorly in the $ , and the
eyes a little smaller. Pronotum dark brown, about as broad as
long, decidedly convex anteriorly, gently narrowed posteriorly,
slightly longer iu the $ than in the S , the sides straight, the
posterior margin truncate, and the posterior angles rounded ; flat
margin very narrow. Scutellum brown, relatively large. Elytra
ample, broad, blackish brown, paler towards the shoulders. Wings
blackish brown. Legs long and slender ; femora distinctly crenu-
late, fuscous -, tibise pale, banded with fuscous ; tarsi pale. Abdo-
men nearly black, relatively not very slender, very gradually and
slightly broadening towards the apex in the c5' , almost parallel-sided
in the $ . Last dorsal segment of S quadrate, sloping, scarcely
wider than the abdomen ; narrowed in the 5 . Penultimate
ventral segment of S quadrate, ample, deeply emarginate on the
posterior border, the apex of the emargi nation produced again

DIPLATTS. 49

posteriorly into a short triangular lobe, so that the outline forms
a W ; in the 2 narrow, triangular. Forceps with the branches
very short, rather broad, depressed, straight and tapering in the d ',
in the $ shghtly longer, more slender.

c? 2

Length of body 6-75 mm. 6 mm.

„ forceps 0-5 „ 0-75 „

Ceylon : 'Peradeniysi (Green, coll. Bun-), Madulsima (Fletcher)-

Type in the author's collection.

In colour and in the gradually widening abdomen, this species
resembles D. greeni and D. bormansi, but is smaller than either and
more slender ; it differs from the former in the short depressed
forceps, from the latter in the somewhat different pronotuin and
shorter and broader forceps. It differs from both in the double
triangular emargination of the penultimate ventral segment of the
male, thus approaching D. gerstcecl-eri, which it also resembles in
form and build, but the middle triangular lobe between the two
excisions is much broader and less acute in this species than in
D. r/erst(ecJceri.

It is dedicated to Mr. Ernest Green.

11. Diplatys siva, Burr*

Diplatys siva, Burr, (04) pp. 278 & 283 ; (06) p. 387 ; (O?^) p. 508.

Large; glabrous ; reddish fuscous. Antennae with 15 segments,
typical, reddish fuscous. Head in the c? not very tumid on the
f rons, nor very depressed on the occiput ; transverse suture fairly
distinct and postocular ridges obsolete ; in the 5 the irons is still
less tumid, the transverse suture marked by a vague shallow
depression, and occiput normal. Pronotum : c? sub(iuadrate, convex
anteriorly, sides parallel and posterior margin gently rounded ; $
slightly broader and truncate posteriorly ; prozona tumid, ample ;
metazona flat and narrow in both sexes and median suture
distinct. Scutellum smaller in d" than in 2 . Elytra and wings
ample, smooth, fulvous brown, with a dense short yellowish
pubescence. Legs brownish, long and slender ; posterior femora
cannulate. Abdomen slender, not broadened postei'iorly. Last
dorsal segment of the cJ rectangular, short, transverse, not broader
than the abdomen, smooth, posterior margin oblique at sides,,
truncate in the middle ; in the 2 sloping and strongly angustate.
Penultimate ventral segment of the d ample, subquadrate, posterior
margin with three deep triangular emarginations, forming thus
two triangular lobes in the middle ; in the 2 narrow and rounded.
Eorceps : in the cS with the branches rather depressed, rounded
above, flat beneath, quite straight and unarmed, conical and tapering ;
in the 2 shorter, stouter and conical.

50 PIG1DICRA]S'ID^.

Length of body 14 mm. 13 mm.

„ forceps 1 "S „ 1 „

SiKKiM: Darjiling; Assam: Kurseong (^ njmph) {Ind. 3£us.);
United Pkovinces : Kumaun, Bhim Tal, on flowei's of stinging
nettles (Iiid. 3Iiis.).

Type in the Paris Museum.

This is one of the largest species of the genus ; it is distin-
guished by its size, fuscous colour, and the form of the penultimate
ventral segment of the male.

In a larva, the length of tiie basal segment of the cerci was
2-5 mm. ; the whole cercus 13 mm., composed of 15 segments ;
the body measured 10-5 mm.

12. Diplatys greeni, Burr.

Diplatys greeni, Burr, (04) pp. i>80 & 2So ; Kirhy, (04) p. 2.
Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (nee Kirhy, uec Borin.) (98) p. 389,

pi. xviii, tigs. 1-3 & pi. xix, figs. 6-8 & 15 ; (01) p. 76, pi. A,

tigs. 1-3; Bonnans, (00") p. 10 (partim).
Dyscritina longisetosa, Green, (96) p. 229 (partim).
Dyscritina, n. sp., Green, (98) p. 383.

G-eneral colour dark greyish brown, not very pubescent.
Antennae with 16 segments ^ greyish brown. Head dark reddish
brown, not very tumid between the eyes, this part passing
o-radually into the depressed occiput, as the transverse suture is
not very distinct ; median suture very short, with a few faint
blunt short ridges on each side ; postocular ridges sharp, about as
long as the diameter of the eyes. Pronotum a trifle longer than
broad, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, the sides straight and
posterior margin truncate ; median suture distinct ; prozona
tumid and occupying greater part of the area ; metazona flat,
very short, sides flattened and somewhat reflexed ; dark greyish
brown. Scutellum very small. Elytra long and broad, smooth,
reddish-brown, convex at the posterior margin. Wings long and of
the same colour (membranous part clearly hyahne). Legs with the
femora fuscous, the carinulse obsolete, just perceptible on the pos-
terior pair ; tibise and tarsi very slender, pale and typical. Abdomen
browii, with a bronze sheen ; gradually increasing in girth towards
the apex ; last dorsal segment large, scarcely broader than the
abdomen, tumid, smooth, quadrate, the median sulcus faint; postero-
external angles rectangular. Penultimate ventral segment ample,
quadrate, posterior margin slightly emarginate, with a short

1 Owing to the fragility of these organs, it is difficult to be certain what is
the normal number of segments even in living specimens : the antennae often
differ in this respect in the same individual. Green has counted as many as 17
and as few as 13 segments ; probablj 16 is the normal number.

DIPLATYS. 51

median sulcus. Forceps with the branches not quite contiguous
at the base, trigonal, very short, then suddenly and notably
attenuate, the apical half very slender, cylindrical and tapering,
gently incurved, thus enclosing an elongate elliptical area ; under
surface flattened.

S

Length of body 8-5 mm.

„ forceps 1 „

Ceylon: Puuduluoya (Brit. Mas., coll. Bwr), Peradeniya (coll.
Burr).

l^ype in the author's collection.

This species was formerly confused with B. hormansi. Burr,
from which it differs in the form of the penultimate ventral
segment of the male, which is gently sinuate, having in D. hormansi
a central round emargination. In D. greeni too, the forceps are
stout at the base, and convex, cyliudro-conical, quickly attenuate,
and slightly arcuate towards the apex ; in D. hormansi they are
trigono-conical and almost straight. D. greeni as a rule has no
white markings, which are commonly present in D. hormansi.

13. Diplatys rufescens, Kirhg.* (Fig. 7,5.)

Oylhidrogaster rufescens, Kirhy, (96) p. 524, pi. 20, fig. 2.
Diplatys rufescens, Kirhy ^ (04) p. 2 ; Burr^ (0"') P- 508.

Antennae yellowish, typical. Head with frons tumid and occiput
depressed, postocular keels sharp ; chocolate-brown. Pronotum
suboval, slightly longer than wide, well-rounded in front, the sides
convex and posterior margin truncate ; chocolate-bro-vn in colour
with an indistinct darker shade outlining the somewhat tumid
prozona. Scutellum wide and pale. Elytra reddish chocolate-brown.
Wings whitish, shaded with brown. Legs yellowisli, the femora
shaded with brown. Abdomen clear brick-red, siiiooth, decidedly
darker at the apex. Last dorsal segment decidedly wider than
the abdomen, smooth, nearly square, but not dilated. Penultimate
ventral segment of S ample, quadrate, feebly depressed in middle
near hinder margin. Forceps straight, contiguous, conical, tri-
gonal, the inner margin serrulate, apices slightly hooked. 5 un-
known.

6

Length of body 12 mm.

„ forceps ........ 1 „

Sikkim: Darjihng (7?»-i^. J/«s., Pcf/'ts J1/?(S.); ToNKijf.
Tijpc in the British Museum.

This species was wrongly considered by de Bormans as synony-
mous with B. cjcrstaickeri, from which it is quite distinct.

EL'

52 PYGIDICBANID^.

14. Diplatys fletcheri, sp. n. (Fig. 8.)

Of small or medium size, colour reddish brown, varied with
blackish. Antennae typical, greyish and yellow. Head dark
brown, the frous strongly tumid ; the occiput depressed and
postocular keels strong. Pronotum in J a little longer than
broad, convex anteriorly, the sides parallel, rounded posteriorly^ ;
in 5 a little shorter and broader, the sides gently rounded, the
hinder margin straight. Elytra reddish bx'ovvn. Wings whitish.
Legs reddish, shaded with brown. Abdomen reddish brown,
darker apically; last dorsal segment in S dark brown, square, smooth,
ample, distinctly broader than the abdomen M'hich widens gradually
to it; in 2 narrow and sloping. Penultimate ventral segment in c?
ample, broad, rounded, the hinder border straight, the angles well-
rounded ; in 5 narrow, lanceolate. Porceps in cj with branches
rather stout, short, trigouo-conical, the inner margin very crenu-
late, almost straight, the apex hooked ; in $ simple, straight and
conical.

6 2

Length of body 9-5 mm. 7 mm.

,, forceps 0"75 „ 0-5 „

CEYLOjf : Madulsima, 1.07 & 1.08 (T. B. Fletcher, coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

This f^pecies is founded on a pair sent me by Mr. T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher, from Ceylon ; the male is darker than the female, and
at first glance it looks like D. bormansi, or D. greeni, but the
simple penultimate ventral segment distinguishes it from the
former. The trigono-conical forceps are like those of D rufescens,
but D. Jletcheri differs in the well-rounded penultimate ventral
segment of the male.

The female, from the same locality as the male, is redder in
colour, but is referred with little hesitation to the same species,
though it is probable that females of D. cierstceclceri may be easilj''
mistaken for it.

15. Diplatys liberatus, sp. n. (Figs. 90, 90 a.)

Nannopvgia gerst8ecl<eri, Borin., (nee Bwr, nee Kirhy) (94) p. 372 ;
(04) p. 11 (partim).

Dark brown, varied with whitish. Pronotum narrow and long,
the sides straight, somewhat converging posteriorly. Abdomen
gradually widening posteriorly^ so that the last dorsal segment,
though not strongly inflated, is distinctly wider than the base of
the abdomen. Penultimate ventral segment broad, truncate, the
hinder margin entire. Forceps with branches short, depressed,
bowed, contiguous, tapering.

6

Length of body 10-5 mm.

,, forceps 1 „

DIPLATYS. — PYGIDICRA>rA, 53

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v-xii.

T7j2^e in the British Museum.

In the British Museum there is a single male, one of de Bormans'
originals, although he only records females.

It is quite distinct from D. gerstceclcerl from Cejdon, with which
de Bormans confused it. In appearance it resembles D. nigriceps,
but differs in the non-convex posterior margin of the penultimate
ventral segment and the rectilinear pronotum (which also separates
it from D. rufescens). In the short, broad, flat, straight forceps it
approaches the African forms, D. raffragi and D. tethiops, thus
differing also from D. jacohsoni.

The non-emarginate penultimate ventral segment of the male
distinguishes it from the allied U. bormanst.

Subfamily II. PYGIDICRANIN.E.

This subfamily comprises all the species which were formerly
included in the capacious genus Pggidicrana, which is now sub-
divided into five, all of which are represented in the Indian fauna.

They are large and powerful insects, some being among the
largest known earwigs. They all have a decided family likeness
and cannot be confused with the members of any other group.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Elytra ample ; scutellum small and narrow.

iJ. Pronotum oval ; (penultimate ventral [p. 53.

segment of male ample) Pygidicrana, Serv.,

2.2. Pronotum rectangular.

3. Penultimate ventral segment of

male ample and broad Dicrana, Burr, p. 60,

O.3. Penultimate ventral segment of

male narrow. [p. 61.

4. Head as wide as pronotum .... C'RANorYGiA, Burr,
4.4. Head narrower than the

pronotum Picrania, Burr, p. 63*.

1.1. Elytra short ; scutellum broad, almost or

quite as wide as the pronotum Pyge, Burr, p. 65.

Genus PYGIDICRANA, Servilh.

Pygidicrana, Serville, (31) p. 30.

Dicranopygia, Biirm., Germ. Ent. Zeitschr. ii. p. 79 (1840). — Type,
Pygidicrana Y-nigrum, Serv.

Type, Pygidicrana V-nigrum, Serv.

Size large. Antennse with over 35 segments, first segment long
and thick ; second very small, cylindrical ; third decidedly shorter
than first; the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh small, globular, hardly
longer than second, and scarcely longer than broad ; the rest
gradually lengthening and passing to cylindrical. Head depressed,

54: PYGIDICEA>^ID.^.

smooth; eyes prominent. Pronotum more or less ellipticai.
Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra ample, long, rather narrow,
depressed, not as a rule truncate at the apex, rounded at the
axillary angle, so as to expose the scutellum ; costal fold strongly
marked but not earinate, the costal area pressed inwards, very
distinct from the dorsal area. Prosternum somewhat convex on
the anterior margin, constricted posteriorly, Mesosternum about
as broad as long, posterior margin straight, the sides rounded.
Metasternum generally slightly longer than broad, the posterior
margin of the lobe more or less sinuate. Wings generally pro-
minent. Legs long ; femora compressed, keeled and rather broad
tibiae slender ; tarsi (in Indian species) long and slender, the first
segment longer than the third ; pad present between the claws.
Abdomen almost circular in cross-section in the male, somewhat
depressed in the female, narrowest near the base and somewhat
dilated apically in the inale ; broadest just beyond the middle in
the female. Last dorsal segment smooth and ample. Penulti-
mate ventral segment of male ample and broad, rounded at the
apex. Pygidium not prominent, but never fused with the last
dorsal segment. Forceps stout, depressed, of various forms :
always simpler in the female than in the male.

Bange. Australia, Asia, Africa, South and Central America.

The genus Pycjidicrana is now restricted to those species which
have a more or less oval pronotum, with broad and ample elyti'a,
and therefore a small scutellum. Even thus reduced, there are
half a dozen species known in India.,

Table of h<pecies.

1. Penultimate ventral segment of male with
a depressed groove or canal in the middle
of the posterior margin ; (dark fuscous,

varied with tawny lines and bands) .... ^ncffc, Guer., p. 55.
1.1. Penultimate ventral segment of male with
posterior margin entire.
2. Branche° of forceps of male contiguous,

not arcuate or bowed ralula, Dohrn, p. 56.

2.2. Branches of forceps of male arcuate or

bowed, often enclosing an oval or

elliptical area.

3. Branches of forceps of male not

elongate, strongly bowed, dilated on

inner margin near apex; (pronotum,

elytra and \\ings tawny ; legs

speckled) ^j« //»/?};?» wi>, Haan,

8.3. Branches of forceps of male elongate, [p. 57.

arcuate, not dilated, but toothed just
before apex.
4. Size very great (44-47 mm.) ; bands

of pronotum confluent behind .... eximia, Dohrn, p, 57.
4.4. Size less great (20-35 mm.) ; bands
of pronotum irregular or parallel.

PYGIDIOBANA. 55.

5. Size large (32-35 mm.) ; head
black with au irregular tawny

spot on the occiput '. mannoricrura, Sarv.,

5.5. Size medium (20-21 mm.) ; head [p. 58.

tawny with a blaclv border .... siamensis, Dohrn,

[p. 59.

16. Pygidicrana picta, Guerin. (Fig. 10.)

Pygidicrana picta, Guei: (38) p. 236, fig. 1 : Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ;.
Scudd. (70) p. 329; Bonn. (00") p. 18; Burr, (00) p. 48, (01 )•
p. 69, (00) p." 387, (08^) p. 384; Kirbi/, (04) p. 5.

Size medium. Antennae with 35 segments, light brown, except
the two basal segments which are testaceous. Head testaceous,
the mouth-parts blackish, occiput bordered with black, with a black
central longitudinal stripe which is sometimes broken in the
middle. Pronotuni subovate, slightly longer than broad, roundly
truncate posteriorly, testaceous, with two irregular broad blackish
bands whicb vary in detail but converge about the middle, being
broader anteriorly and straight posteriorly. Scutellum testaceous.
Elytra ample, rather short, with a narrow testaceous stripe near
the axillary and costal margins and a central stripe which may be
broad or narrow, entire or broken into a series of spots, but does
not extend much beyond half way down the elytra. Wings
testaceous with a fuscous band. Legs testaceous^ with narrow
fuscous stripes and sometimes with spots. Abdomen of c^ cylindrical,
gently widened posteriorly; of $ more depressed, nearly parallel-
sided ; blackish with a dense short pale pubescence. Last dorsal
segment of S ample, scarcely wider than the abdomen, subquadrate,
punctate, pubescent, the posterior margin rounded, posterior angles
rectangular. Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded in the c? ;
narrow, triangular, and apically rounded in the $ . Forceps with
the branches stout, trigonal, depressed ; in c? subcontiguous at the
base, rather elongate, gently arcuate, enclosing a narrow elongate
oval area, the inner margins crenulate ; meeting just before
the apex, at a rather strong, blunt, dilated tooth, beyond which
they are attenuate, converging, crenulate, acuminate and hooked at
the apex ; in the $ subcontiguous, straight, regularly acuminate,,
crenulate on the basal half of the inner mar<?in.

6

?

igth of body . . . ,

24 mm.

18-5-28 mm,

„ forceps . .

5-5 „

4-5- 5-25 „

S. India : Tinnevelli District, Kudiraimalai (Brif. Mus.) ;
Bengal: Calcutta {Ind. Mus.); Assam: Kurseong {Ind. M%is.,
Brit. Mus., Brussels 3his.) ; Bhutan : Maria Basti (Madrid Mus.) ;
Ceylon : Dedurin and Kurunegala ( Willey, December), Trincomali,.
May 1908 (Brit. Mus.).

Dr. Annandale tells us that this species is common in Calcutta
among dead leaves at the foot of trees. It belongs to the group

56 PYGIDICRANID^.

of P. marmoricrura, and resembles that species generally in
structure, but is somewhat stouter and smaller ; it is distinguished
by the variegated pattern of the anterior portion of the body.
The markings of the head, pronotum, elytra and femora vary
consideriibly in detail, but always conform more or less to the
pattern as described.

1 7. Pygidicrana valida, Dolim.

Pjgidicrana valida, Dohrn, (67) p. 344, S ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ;
Borm. (94) p. 375, (00^) p. 22; Kirhj, (04) p. 5; Burr, (08^)
p. 385.

Size large, stature powerful ; not very pubescent. Antennse
entirely reddish testaceous. Head black, with a broad central
yellowish spot. Pronotum oval posterior margin truncate, the
others and all angles rounded ; equally wide anteriorly and
posteriorly ; testaceous, with two broad black bands w hich unite
posteriorly and reach the posterior margin ; anterior margin
narrowly bordered with black. Scutellum small, testaceous.
Elytra ample, long, nearly twice as long as the pronotum, blackish,
with an oblique large yellowish spot on the disc near the shoulder.
Wings prominent, testaceous. Legs testaceous, with a very narrow
fuscous stripe on the femora. Abdomen dark reddish black, rather
depressed in both sexes, very sliglitly widened posteriorly in the
6 ■, parallel in the 5 ; with a tine, dense, short, yellowish pub-
escence and a few bristles. Last dorsal segment quadrate, very
finely granulate, angles rather sharp, posterior margin rounded
alike in the two sexes, a little wider in the 6 than in the $ , with a
faint lateral longitudinal keel. Penultimate ventral segment of S
broad, rounded ; of $ triangular, rounded apically. Forceps stout,
trigonal, and decidedly depressed ; contiguous along the inner
margin ; in the S broad and flat, the inner margin crenulate in
the basal half, which is neai'ly straight, but directed somewhat
towaras the right; then half way down, both branches bent
abruptly to the left, so that the inner margin of the right branch
is concave and that of the left branch is decidedly convex ; then
tapering and directed to the left, as far as the apex which is
hooked ; the outer margin of the right branch is convex at the
bend, that of the left branch decidedly concave ; in the $ the
forceps are straight and rather elongate.

6

2

Length of body . . . .

27-25 mm.

80-34-5 mm,

„ forceps . .

6-5-7 „

5-5-6 „

Madbas: Madura (coZZ. ^itrr) ; Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District,
3000-3700 ft., May-Dec. {Genoa Mus.); Tonkin {coll. Burr).

In the form of the forceps this species resembles Cranopygia
cumingi ; in colour, build, and general structure it resembles
P. imperatrix, from which it differs in the unarmed forceps.

PYGIDICEANA. 57

18. Pygidicrana pallidipennis, Haan. (Fig. 11.)

Forficula (Pygidicrana) pallidipennis, de Haan, (42) p. 240, pi. 23,

lio-. 8.
Pygidicrana pallidipennis, Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ;

Bonn. (88) p. 433, (94) p. 375, (00") p. 18 j Kirby, (G4) p. o;

Burr, {OS') p. 385.

Large ; general colour tawny, the abdomen and forceps blackish.
Antennae entirely tawny. Head tawny ; eyes, frons, and mouth-
parts blackish. Pronotum tawny, with a few dark dots.
Elytra darker tawny, somewhat paler in the centre of the disc.
Wings tawny. Legs tawny, the femora speckled with numerous
black dots. Abdomen shining reddish black, very finely
riigulose. Last dorsal segment more strongly rugulose, very
much wider than the abdomen, widened posteriorly ; posterior
margin rounded and incrassate in the middle ; externo-posterior
angles produced into a short rounded Fold. Penultimate ventral
segment broadly rounded. Forceps in S with the branches strongly
depressed, smooth, broad and nearly contiguous at the base,
diverging and rapidly narrowing, then abruptly bowed inwards at
an angle, thus enclosing a nearly equilateral triangular area ; then
strongly broadened and incrassate so that they meet ; thence
sti'aight, contiguous, attenuate aud unarmed towards the hooked
apex.

6

Length of body 27"o mm.

„ forceps 6"5 „

Burma : Kakhyen (Kachin) Hills, Aug.-Nov. ; Karen-ni, Keba
District, ;^000-3700 ft., May-Dec, 4700-5000 fc, March-April
{Genoa Mas.).

Occui"s also in Borneo, Sumatra and Java,

Tyjje in the Leyden Museum.

This fine species is easily recognized by the dark speckling on
the outer face of the pale legs.

19. Pygidicrana eximia, Dohrn.

Pygidicrana eximia, Dohrn, (65) p. 49; Scudd. (76) p. 328; Bonn.
(00-) p. 18, fig. 11; Kirhij, (04) p. o; Burr, (05') p. 27, (08')
p. 385.

Very large, black, with orange-yellow markings. Antennae
brown, the first two segments yellowish. Head black, with a
yellowish-bi'own, irregular spot in the centre. Pronotum oval,
a little longer than broad, yellowish with two black bands, which
converge and meet posteriorly. Elytra blackish, with a long oval
tawny spot occupying the greater part of the disc ; costal area
tawny in the basal half. Wings tawny. Legs tawny, sometimes
with dark lines. Abdomen black, elongate, parallel-sided in $ ,

58 PYGIUICRANID.i:.

gradually widened to\^ards the apex in the c? • Last dorsal
segment broad and ample, black, smooth, wider than the abdomen
in the J , as wide in $ . Penultimate ventral segment rounded
in d" , narrower in $ . Forceps with branches in the c5' subcon-
tiguous at the base, which is rather broad, flat and dentate ; then
gently arcuate, denticulate along inner mai*gin, with a tooth near
the apex ; in 2 contiguous, depressed and straight.

c^ 2

Length of body 33-36 mm. 36-39 mm.

„ forceps 11 „ 8 „

SiKKiM : Darjiling ; Madras : Berhampur (coll. Burr) ; Assam :
Khasi Hills, Bangkok, 1000-3000 ft., vi.05 (Pusa Coll), Sylhet
(Brit. Mus.).

Type in the Stettin Museum (?).

This fine species may be easily recognized by the build and
pattern of coloration.

20. Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serville. (Fig. 12.)

Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serville, (t!9) p. 20 ; Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ;
Smdd. (76) p. 328; Bormans. (00-) p. 19; Burr, (OO") p. 47,
(01) p. 69, (02) p. 478, (07^) p. 509, (08') p. 385 ; Kirhy, (04)

Forficula (Pygidicrana) marmoricrura, Haan, (42) p. 239.
Pygidicrana marmoricauda, Sharp, (95) p. 215.
Pygidicrana liugeli, S/iai-p, (95) pp. 202 & 215, fig. 102.

Size medium, relatively slender. Antennae with segments one
and two tawny, the rest greyish brown, with a thin darker band
at the base of each segment. Head fuscous with a large central
tawny spot (shaped like ++) which has a small fuscous dot in
the middle ; the actual detail of the spot varies considerably in
different specimens. Pronotum tawny, with two longitudinal
broad fuscous bands, sometimes interrupted in the middle, some-
times united posteriorly. Scutellum tawny. Elytra fuscous,
usually with an oblique oval yellowish spot on centre of the dis-
coidal surface. Wings prominent, tawny. Legs tawny, with
irregular fuscous bauds and markings on the outer surface of the
femora. Abdomen dark reddish black, relatively slender and
cylindrical in the cJ , rather \^ider and depressed in the $ . Last
dorsal segment of J ample, subquadrate, globose, sloping, and
slightly widened posteriorly, with a distinct median sulcus, almost
smooth, the posterior margin irregularly rounded, the middle
part rather flattened and incrassate ; in the $ similar but the
characters less marked. Penultimate ventral segment in c^" broadly
rounded ; in 2 narrow, triangular, with the apex rounded. For-
ceps with the branches in the <S elongate and depressed ; the basal
part dilated, thick and with its inner margin strongly denticulate ;

PYGIDICRANA, 59

then depressed and slender, elongate and gently ai'cuate, so as
to enclose an elliptical ai'ea ; in the apical quarter the branches
meet, are thickened and strongly toothed on the inner margin,
beyond which they are straight, contiguous, tapering, hooked and
crossed at the apex ; in the § the branches are long and straight,
unarmed, slender and contiguous, not depressed, almost cylin-
drical, the apices hooked and crossing.

d 2

Length of body 23-27'5 mm. 28 mm.

„ forceps 9-10-5 „ 7 ,

Ceylon (Bnt. Mm., Oxford Mus.)-, Bhutan: Maria Basti
{Paris Mns,).

The determination of the above specimens is not beyond
reproach. This species is common in Java, but it is doubtful
whether the true P. marmoricrura, of 8erville, occurs in India.

One specimen in the British Museum is a fragment, with imma-
culate elytra ; another is complete, but is a female ; it is probably
a distinct species.

Variation. — I have a specimen from the Tengger Mountains, in
Eastern Java, in which the elytra are of a uniform fuscous, owing
to the absence of the yellow discoidal spot, thus resembling P. cele-
bensis. The star-shaped spot on the bead varies considerably in
detail, but always resembles, more or less distinctly, a + + .
The dark bands on the pronotum sometimes unite posteriorly, thus
forming a dark V ; sometimes they are broken in the middle ;
they vary also in breadth. The black marbling of the outer
surface of the femora also varies considerably in detail but always
consists of two or three more or less broken blackish bands.

There is a single specimen, probably referable to this species, in
the Hope Collection, Oxford, labelled " Thwaites, Ceylon." It is
common in Java, and is to be found in most collections. In the
" Cambridge Natural History," Sharp (I. c.) incorrectly calls it
P. marmoricauda, and figures it under the name P. hugeli, calling
it a "nondescript form," but giving it a nomen nudum, with no
description beyond a ])assing reference to general characters.

21. Pygidicrana siameiisis, Dolmi. (Fig. 13.)

Pygidicrana siamensis, Bohrn, (63) p. 51 ; Scudd. (70) p. 329 ; Bonn,
(94) p. 375, (00-^) p. 19 ; Kirbi/, (04) p. 5 : Burr, (08''j p. 385.

Eelatively small. Antennje with two basal segments yellow:
the rest reddish testaceous. Head yellowish, mouth-parts blackish,
sides blackish with blackish markings on the posterior margin.
Pronotum ovate, nearly circular, truncate posteriorly, testaceous,
with two narrow stripes converging behind the prozona, almost
meeting in the middle and diverging posteriorly. Scutellum
small, testaceous. Elytra reddish brown, with a testaceous band

60 PYGIDICRAIS^IDJ'.

aloDg the costal margin ; a small testaceous spot at the shoulder
and a clear testaceous spot in the basal portion of the disc.
Wings 3'ellow, with an outer fuscous stripe. Legs testaceous ;
femora with two narrow black lines and a number of blackish dots.
Abdomen cylindrical, gently widened posteriorly, blackish brown,
with a dense close yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segment
of S subquadrate, exceedingly finely rugulose ; posterior margin
straight, the sides rounded, but slightly folded and not very
pronounced. Penultimate ventral segment of d" broad, posterior
margin straight, corners rounded. Eorceps with the brauches
strongly depressed, subcontiguous, and rather dilated at the base
itself, which is toothed on its inner margin ; then attenuate, elon-
gate, arcuate, enclosing an elliptical area, with the inner margins
creuulate and with a strong tooth before the apex.

6

Length of body 22"5 mm.

„ forceps 5*25 „

Burma: Pegu, Palon, Aug.-Sept. ; Karen-ni, Keba District,
4300-4700 ft., Febr.-March {Genoa 2Ii(s.); Penang ; Siam.
Tf/pe in the Stettin Museum (?).

Genus DICRANA, Burr.

Dicrana, Burr, (08') p. 387.
P^'gidicrana, Authors.

Type, Pijgidkrana frontalis, Kirby.

This genus differs from the preceding in the almost rectangular
pronotum, and the broad penultimate ventral segment of the male
distinguishes it from Cranopygia. It contains about half a dozen
little-known African species, and also a few Oriental ones. The
single known Indian species has strong affinities with Cranopygia
in the form of the last dorsal segment and of the forceps, but the
broad penultimate ventral segment of the male makes it necessary
to place it here. It is unlike the other members of the genus in
appearance.

llange. Asia and Africa.

22. Dicrana kallipyga, Dohrn.

Pygidicrana kallip^'gos, Bohrn, (G3) p. 53 ; Scudder, (76) p. 328 ;

Bol. (97) p. 283.
Pyg-idicraua callipyga, Bormans, (00'-) p. 21, fig. 13 ; Kirby, (04)

p. 5.
Pygidicrana kallipyga, Burr, (07^) p. o09.
Dicrana kallipyga, Burr, {06") p. 387.

Dark blackish brown. Antennae tawny. Head brick-red,

DICEANA. CBANOPYGIA. 61

depressed, smooth, sutures not very distinct, Pronotum black,
narrowly edged with yellowish, square, the angles rounded.
Scutellum black, nearly equilateral. Elytra black, granulose, weak
at the axillary angle, short, truncated apically. Wings abortive.
Legs orange-red. Abdomen black, widened gradually towards the
apex in the c? , nearly parallel in the 5 . Last dorsal segment
in d very broad, smooth, but riigulose in the middle, the sides
produced into strong crested folds; in 5 square, the exterior
angles produced into rectangular folds but less strongly than in
the c?. Penultimate ventral segment of c? broad and rounded;
in 2 triangular and rounded at the apex. Forceps with the
branches in (S very strong and broad, depressed, trigonal, subcon-
tiguoiis, the upper and outer edge near the base is somewhat
crested irregularly and asyrametricaJly sinuous, the right branch
more strongly bowed than the left, both curved upwards at the
tip ; in the 2 depressed, stout, trigonal and conical, contiguous,
depressed, gently hooked at the apex.

c^ ?

Length of body 20 mm, 18-20 mm.

„ forceps 5 „ 4 „

SiKKiM: Darjihng {Brit. Mus.); Madras: Kodaikanal (coll.
Bolivar), Guynol, Nilgiri Hills [Pusa Coll.], Utakamand {Brit.
Mus., coll. Burr).

T>i2^e in the Vienna Museum.

The strongly dilated and crested last dorsal segment and the
upcurved, stout, dilated forceps readily distinguish this species.

Genus CRANOPYGIA, Burr.

Cranopygia, Burr, (08') p. 389.
Pygidicrana, Authors.

Typb, Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn.

Pronotum subrecrangular, the angles themselves rounded.
Penultimate ventral segment in d" narrow, lanceolate, the apex
itself, rounded ; last dorsal segment in $ with the external angles
on each side furnished with a compressed crested tubercle.
Forceps of 6 depressed and contiguous. Otherwise agrees with
the preceding genera.

Range. Ceylon.

This genus contains two Singhalese species characterized by the
nearly square pronotum and narrow penultimate ventral segment
of the male.

62 PTGIDICRANID-i:.

Table of Species.

1. Forceps of S with a crested tooth
above ; elytra reddish, with dark
borders ; pronotum with two black

bands cumingi, Dohrn, p. 62.

1.1. Forceps of <5 unarmed above; elytra
dark; pronotum dark testaceous
with three pale lines niebieri, Dohrn, p. 63.

:23. Cranopygia cumingi, Dohrn. (Figs. 14 & 94.)

Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn, (63) p. o4; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Borm.

■^(00-) p. 21; Bun; (01) p. 71, pi. B. fig-. 26 ; Kirby, (04) p. 5.
Cranopygia cumingi, Burr, (08') p. 389.

Size medium. Antennfe with two basal segments dark, the rest
lighter reddish brown. Head black, with an ill-defined yellowish
transverse spot in the centre of the occiput ; in the male there are
distinct ocular keels. Pronotum longer than broad, nearly parallel-
sided, anterior and posterior margins convex, the angles rounded
orange-yellow, with two broad black longitudinal bands. Scutellum
yellowish, small, especially in the female. Elytra rather stout,
truncate apically, orange-yellow with a black border. Wings
abortive. Legs orange-yellow, with long bristles. Abdomen not
cylindrical, depressed in both sexes ; parallel-sided in the female,
regularly Midening posteriorly in the male; blackish, with yellowish
indistinct markings above near the base. Last dorsal segment
ample ; in the 6 transverse, very wide, very finely granular like
the rest of the abdomen, at each side raised into an irregular crest-
like fold extending down to the postero-exterior angles, postei'ior
margin rounded ; in the $ not wider than the abdomen,
not transverse, sides not crested, and posterior margin rounded.
Penultimate ventral segment of d rather narrow; in $ triangular,
rounded at the apex. Forceps with the branches in the J
broad and flat, armed near the base on the upper margin with a
strong nearly vertical triangular tooth ; regularly tapering, both
branches curved towards the left, the inner margins subcon-
tiguous, the apices hooked ; in the 2 depressed, contiguous and
straight.

6 2

Length of body 20-5 mm. 21 mm.

„ forceps 5-5 „ 4 „

Variation. — The elytra are sometimes entirely black, with a faint
reddish tinge in the centre. The wings are sometimes visible, in
which case they are yellow, with a fuscous outer boi-der. The
variety with fully developed wings and uniform fuscous elytra is
also a little smaller. (Length of body 17-5 mm., length of forceps
3 mm.) Por it the name var. greeni is proposed.

Ceylon : Punduluoya (typ. form and var., coll. Burr); Watawella
(var., coll. Burr).

CRAXOPYGIA. PICRAIflA. 63

Type iu the Stettin Museum (?) ; type of r/reeni in the author's
collection.

Mr. Green found this insect in the adult state in May, and
from September to November, and larvas in June and July.
It is found under stones and loose bark, and often comes into
buildings.

24. Cranopygia nietneri, DoJim. (Fig. 15.)

Pvgidicrana nietneri, Dohni, (03) p. 53 ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Bonn.

'(00'^) p. 21 ; Bun; (01) p. 70; Kirhy, (04) ix 5.
Cranopygia nietneri, Bun; (08') p. 389.

Stature medium ; colour dark testaceous. Antennte dark testa-
ceous, typical, with 31 segments ; each segment is fuscous basally
and yellowish apically. Head reddish yellow, rather tumid,
sutures distinct ; eyes black. Pronotum almost as broad as the
head, rounded anteriorly, truncate posteriorly, the angles rounded,
sides parallel ; dark fuscous, with whitish median line and borders.
Scutelium rather long, fusco-testaceous. Elytra rather short,
blackish. Wings abbreviated. Sternal plates yellow. Legs tes-
taceous, slender ; tarsi very slender. Abdomen reddish, slender
at base, widening gradually towards the apex ; with a dense fine
yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segment red, smooth, large,
quadrate; the external angles are compressed into a blackened
crest which is produced posteriorly to a point ; posterior margin
black, convex, truncate in the middle. Penultimate venti-al seg-
ment narrowly rounded at the apex. Eorceps with branches
yellowish, darker at the margin, blacker at the tips ; subcon-
tiguous at the base, depressed and wide through the first half of
their length, then abruptly attenuate and arcuate, the right branch
more so than the left and armed with a strong blunt tooth in the
middle of the curve.

c?

Length of body 17 mm.

„ forceps .... 8 „

Ceylon : Peradeniya (Brit. Mus., coll. Dolirn, coll. Burr), Diya-
talawa, 12.ix.08 {Fletcher):, Watawella (C'o?Ze«).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

Somewhat resembles Dicrana Icallipyga., but differs in the colora-
tion, the weaker armature of the last dorsal segment, and the less
curved almost horizontal forceps.

Genus PICRANIA, Bxirr.

Picrania, Burr, (OS^) p. 390.
Pvgidicrana, Authors.

Type, Forficesila liturata, Stal.

Agrees generally with the preceding genera, but the head is
narrow, being scarcely as broad as, and never broader than, the

64 PYGIDICEANID.^.

pronotum ; the elytra are short ; the tarsi long and slender ; the
abdomen narrow and nearly parallel-sided.

Range. Ceylon ; S. Africa.

The type of this genus is P. litiirata, Stal, from South Africa
but P. aufjustata, from Ceylon, is placed here provisionally.

25. Picrania angustata, Dohm.

Pygidicrana angustata, Dohm, (63) p. o4 ; Borm. (00-) p. 23 ; Burr,

'(01) p. 71; Kirhj, (04) p. 5.
Picrania angustata, Burr, (OS-") p. 390.

Small, dark, greyish, with yellowish markings. Antennso
greyish yellow. Head smooth, globose, dark reddish brown,
marhled with yellowish ; sutures distinct ; posterior margin
truncate, not emarginate ; not broader than the prouotuin.
Pronotum rather long, narrow, parallel-sided, pale yellowish tes-
taceous, with two broad fuscous bands and a narrow dark line
along the suture. Scutellum narrow, pale. Elytra short,
greyish fuscous, with an oblique yellow discoidal spot and a narrow
yellowish stripe along the basal half of the sutui'e and along
the costa. Wings short, yellowisli. Legs short, pale, testaceous;
femora rather broad, femora and tibiae with broken black lines.
Abdomen rather slender, gradually widening posteriorly, dark
reddish brown, marbled with yellowish ; the whole apparently
grey owing to a short greyish pubescence. Last dorsal segment
not pubescent, not inflated, very finely rugulose, deep chestnut ;
posterior margin truncate, obliquely truncate at the sides. Penul-
timate ventral segment of the 6 narrow, truncate posteriorly, the
sides oblique ; of the $ trianq;ular, the apex rounded. Forceps
of S with the branches deep red with an orange spot near the base
above and beneath, depressed, rather slender, remote at base,
elongate and gently arcuate, with onn or two teeth on inner margin
about the middle and a stronger one near the apex ; in the 5
broad, finely rugulose, trigonal, subcontiguous throughout their
length, gradually tapering, erenulate along the inuer margin ;
apices hooked.

c?

$

ength of body

. 22 mm.

16 mm

„ forceps . . .

. 5 „

3-5 „

Ceylon {Brit. Mus., Berlin Mus.).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

The approximately equal width of the head and pronotum, the
narrow parallel-sided body, the gently arcuate and remote forceps,
readily distinguish this species. It is so far only recorded from
Ce>lon and appears to be rare. There are Dohrn's types, two
females in the Berlin Museum, and one male in the British
Museum.

PYGE. Qo

Genus PYGE, Bun:

Pyge, Bun; (08') p. 390.
Pjgidicrana, Authors (partim).

Type, Pygidicrana modenta, Borm.

Body narrow. Pronotum nearly square. Scutellum very
broad, transverse, almost or quite as broad as tbe pronotum, with
a median sulcus. Elytra short, excavate at the axillary angle so
as to expose the scutellum ; the costal fold sometimes keeled.
Wings rudimentary. Legs short ; tarsi short, rather thick ;
the third tarsal segment as long as, or a trifle longer than, the
first. Last dorsal segment ample. Penultimate ventral segment
of the c? narrow, roundly acute ; branches of forceps in the J
short, contiguous and depressed.

Range. Asia and Australia.

This genus is well characterized by the abbreviated elytra, with
weak axillary angle, thus exposing an ample and broad scutellum.
There is sometimes a distinct keel on the costal fold of the elytra,
and the wings are abortive, sometimes represented by a pair of
leathery flaps showing beneath the shortened elytra.

The species are confined to the Oriental and Australian regions,
but do not appear to be common. They are of relatively small size,
and the colour is usually dull brown or black. The forceps are
depressed, subcontiguous and asymmetrical.

About half a dozen species are known, of which two are
recorded from Burma.

Table of Species.

1. Scutellum as broad as pronotum ; last [p. 65.

dorsal segment of J not crested modesta, Borm.,

1.1. Scutellum narrower than tbe pronotum;

last dorsal segment of J with angles [p. 66.

crested ophthahnica, Dohru,

-0. Pyge modesta, Bormans.* (Fig. 76.)

Pygidicrana modesta, Bonnans, (94) p. 375 (00-) p. 21 : Burr,

(02) p. 477; Z/%, (04) p. 5.
Pyge modesta, Burr, (08') p. 391.

Antennae typical, tawny, with 2S-30 segments. Head smooth,
pubescent, sutures distinct ; dull brown, with a reddish spot near
each eye. Pronotum a little nari-ower than the head, rounded
anteriorly and posteriorly, the sides parallel. Scutellum black,
aimple, nearly equilateral. Elytra short, dull brown, feeble at the
axillary angle, thus exposing the ample scutellum. Wino-s
abortive. Legs yellow ; tarsi rather short and slender, the first
and third segments equally long. Abdomen blackish i-ed, smooth,
gradually widening in the S to the apex, which is twice as
broad as the base ; in the 5 almost parallel-sided. Last
dorsal segment of the S ample, smooth. Penultimate ventral
segment of the S rounded but narrower towards the apex, where

1"

66 PYGIDICEANID^.

there is a small emargination ; in the $ more strongly narrowed^
with no notch at the apex. Forceps : in the d" with branches stout,
broad, trigonal, contiguous, asymmetrical, the left branch longer,
arched outwards and hooked in\Aards at the apex, both arched to the
left ; in the $ the branches are straight, trigonal, subcontiguous ;
the inner margin is finely serrulate in both sexes.

6 2

Length of body 17'5 mm. 19 mm.

„ forceps .... 3-3-3 „ 4 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft,, v,-xii. (B7nt.
Mus., Genoa IIks., coll. Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

The powerful and strongly curved asymmetrical forceps dis-
tinguish this species.

27. Pyge ophthalmica, Dohm. (Fig. ITj.)

Pygidicraua ophthalmica, Dohrn, (63) p. 55, (67) p. o44 ; Scudder,
"(76) p. 328 ; JBormans, (88) p. 433, (94) p. 375, (00' ) p. 22 ;
Kirhy, (04) p. 6.
Pyge ophthalmica, Bun', (08') p. 391.

Body pubescent. Antennae testaceous. Head black, indistinctly
marked with yellowish, and two small yellowish spots between
the eyes. Pronotum granular, dark brown, varied with yellow ;
sides square, the angles rounded. Scutellum decidedly narrower
than the pronotum. Elytra varying in breadth, but always narrow ;
brown, shaded with yellow above, granular. Legs yellowish,
marked with black. Abdomen brown, widened towards the apex.
Last dorsal segment of the 6 ample, square, smooth, the sides
marked by a crested ridge of tubercles separating the dorsal from
the ventral surface. Forceps subcontiguous, depressed, trigonal,
stout, hooked at apex, inner margin dentate near the base; the
right branch more strongly bowed than the left.

S

Length of body 15 mm.

„ forceps 4 „

Burma : Senmyingyan ( Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasseeim ( Genoa Mtis.) ;
Madras : Madura {coll. Burr).

Type in the Stettin Museum (?).

Originally described from Moreton Bay in Australia ; it is very
doubtful whether de Bormans's Burmese specimens are really to be
referred to the same species.

The above description is drawn from a male from Toowoomba
in the British Museum, agreeing well with a poor specimen from
Dohrn's own collection.

Another specimen in the author's collection from ' Madura '
has no yellow spots on the head and the pronotum is orange-
yellow, with tM'o irregular black markings on the prozoua. The
coloration is very variable.

LABLDUEID^.

Family III. LABIDURID^.

This family is well marked by the form of the pygidium. The
essential feature is, however, rather difficult to describe and to
illustrate ; the last dorsal segment is produced and folded down
between the branches of the forceps, so that the end of the body,
viewed from behind, has the appearance of a vertical triangular
plate, apex downwards ; this is the pygidium, and it consequently
does not assume the complex and varied forms of the same organ
in. other groups, in some of tlie Lahiida'. and Forficulida;, for
instance. It is practically invisible from above ; the fusion with
the last doi'sal segment is sometimes so complete that no suture
or ridge is visible.

This is an extensive family comprising several well marked sub-
families, of which six are represented in India.

Tcible of Subfamilies.

1. Body very strongly depressed and

flattened 1. Palicince, p. 67.

1.1. Body not strongly flattened.

2. Metasternum with posterior margin [p. 69,

sinuate: (body covered withbristles). 2. Echinosomatina',
2.2. Metasternum with posterior margin
truncate.
3. Mesosternum rounded posteriorly . 3. Psalince, p. 73.
3.3. Mesosternum truncate posteriorly.

4. Antennae with at least 25 seg- [p. 90^

ments. Elytra well developed. 4. Labidurince,
4.4. Antennae with not more than 15

segments ; apterous forms. [p. 102.

5. Last dorsal segment truncate. 5. Parisolabince,
5.5. Last dorsal segment with

posterior margin emarginate [p. 105.

and bilobed 6. Brachylahince,

Subfamily I. PALICIN^.

This subfamily comprises at present a single monotypic
genus which is very different in many features from the other
members of the Lahklurida'. In general appearance and the
strongly depressed body it so closely resembles the Sparattino'
that the only species was described as a Platylabia. In the
Labidurine antennae, and in the form of the tarsi, it approaches
Mecomera, but the form of the pygidium, which is adpressed

r2

-68 LABIDURID.^.

and fused with the last dorsal segment, shows beyond doubt that
it must be ranked in the Lahiduridcp.. A new genus and new
subfamily are consequently required for its reception.

Genus PALEX, n. g.

Entire body strongly flattened. Antennae with 19-20 segments,
the first long and subeonical, second minute, third long and cylin-
drical, fourth globular, fifth and sixth ovate, the latter a trifle longer,
seventh cylindrical, longer, but shorter than third, the remainder
cylindrical, gradually lengthening. Head smooth and depressed.
Pronotum subquadrate, but convex anteriorly. Prosternum
parallel-sided, scarcely constricted ; meso- and metasterna about as
broad as long, more or less rounded, and truncate posteriorly.
Elytra perfectly developed but rather short, rounded at the apex ;
feebly developed at the axillary angles, thus exposing a small
scutellum ; no keel. Wings short but usually visible. Legs not
very long ; femora broad and compressed ; tibice short and
slender; tarsi slender, first segment short, the third longer than
first and second united. Abdomen strongly depressed ; no lateral
tubercles. Last dorsal segment ample, simple. Penultimate
ventral segment quadrate, triangular. Pygidium short, broad,
adpressed, vertical, fused with dorsal segment and with no marked
suture. Porceps remote at the base, broad, nearly straight at
first, then bowed.

This curious genus has no resemblance whatever to any other
known Labidurine form, but owing to the build, coloration and
strongly flattened body, may be easily confused with the
Sparattince.

The single known species, which is therefore the type, occurs
in the Oriental Kegion.

28. Palex sparattoides, Bonnans. (Fig. 77.)

Platylabia sparattoides, Bonti. (OQi) j). 459 ; Kir/>tj, (04) p. 22.

Brown or blackish, very strongly depressed. Antennte with
20 segments, brownish, yellowish, paler towards the apex ; basal
segment darker ; third segment cylindrical ; fourth only about
half as long as the third ; fifth a little longer than the fourth ; rest
longer, cylindrical. Head depressed, posterior margin sinuate.
Pronotum with anterior margin decidedly convex, sides straight,
posterior margin straight, angles rounded ; reddish brown. Elytra
brown, coriaceous. Wings of same colour and texture as the elytra.
Legs yellowish. Abdomen strongly depressed, chestnut, slightly
widened towards the apex ; lateral tubercles absent. Last dorsal
segment ample, in the c? quadrate, posterior margin truncate, flatand
smooth ; a little narrower in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment
in the 6 ample, rounded, very gently emarginate in the middle of
\)Osterior margin. Pygidium: in the d" scarcely prominent, trans-
verse, with a vertical face ; in the $ slightly larger, witn a minute

PALEX. 69'

tubercle at each angle. Forceps : in the (S with branches remote at
the base, trigonal at the base itself, quite straight in the basal half,
tapering, then abruptly bent inwards at a right angle, the points
overlapping, the apical half thus forming a line parallel to the
posterior margin of the last dorsal segment and at right angles with
the main axis of the insect ; about half way down the straight
part there is, on the inner margin, a short tooth : in the 5 the
branches are elopgate, very gently sinuate, almost straight,
incurved at the apex, with a sharp depressed tooth on the inner
margin in the basal third, and strongly creuulated as far a»
this tooth.

c? ?

Length of body 7*5-9 mm. 9-10*5 mm.

„ forceps 1-1*5 ,, 2*25-3*5 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (colL
Bu7'r,JBnt. JIiis.); PuloPenaxg; Sumatra ((?e?ioa if ms.) ; Java;
AjfNAM (coll. Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

Although originally described by de Bormans, from Pulo-
Penang and from Sumatra, the pair in the author's possession
were from Pea's collection and came to him through de Bormans ;
yet the latter never quoted this species from Burma. The only
specimens from Karen-ni, May to December, quoted by de Bormans
are referred by him to Platijlahia major, and perhaps, owing to
the inconspicuous pygidium, he regarded them as identical with
that species in 1894, but separated them in his later work in
1900.

The form of the forceps is quite characteristic and they are not
likely to be confused with anything else.

This species is totally distinct from any other known Labidurine
earwig ; but it has so strong a resemblance to the genera Platij-
labia and Sparatta, that the structure of the pygidium must be
carefully examined.

Subfamily II. ECHIN0S0MATIN.51:.

Pronotum transverse, decidedly broader than long, elytra
complete, with no lateral keels, entirely concealing the scutellum.
Pemora not compressed or keeled. Abdomen short, broad, rather
dilated, body clothed with short stiff bristles ; forceps short,
cylindrical, remote at base in male, arcuate and unarmed.

This subfamily includes only the old genus EcJiinosoma, which
has close affinities with the Labidurhuc.

The short, thick-set body, densely clad with stiff hairs and
many obtuse thick bristles, gives these earwigs a very distinctive
appearance.

70 LABIDURID^.

Genus ECHINOSOMA, Serv.
Echinosoma, Serv. (39) p. 34.

Type, Forfieula afra, Pal.-Beauv.

Stout and small or medium-sized insects, the whole body covered
with shoi't stiff bristles and long yellow hairs. Antennae with about
30 segments ; third segment long and cylindrical, nearly as long
as the first, the rest very short, fifth and sixth each a trifle
longer than fourth, the rest gradually lengthening, the apical
segments approaching cylindrical, fourth, fifth and sixth together
scarcely longer than third. Head broad, flat and smooth. Pro-
notum transverse, as broad as the head, subrectangular, hinder
angles broadly rounded. Elytra broad, truncate, bristly. Wings
generally prominent, bristly. Scutellum concealed. Prosternum
broad, scarcely narrowed posteriorly ; mesosternum broad ; meta-
sternum broad, the lobes slightly produced, the hinder margin
gently sinuate. Legs short ; femora thick, not keeled. Abdomen
short, broad. Last dorsal segment : in the cJ smooth, transverse ;
in the $ somewhat narrower. Pygidium : in the (S almost con-
cealed ; in the $ forming a short blunt tubercle. Foi'ceps with
the branches in both sexes remote at the base, short, cylindrical,
unarmed and arcuate, more strongly bowed in S , gently curved
in $.

Range. Asia, Africa, Papua.

The members of the genus are easy to recognize owing to their
short, rather thick-set build, the simple sickle- shaped forceps of
the male, and especially the short, thick bristles with which they
are densely clothed.

About 14 species are known, inhabiting all the tropical countries
of the Old World. The discrimination of the different forms is
difficult, as the specific characters are not very well marked, and
the coloration varies within certain limits. Only two species are
known from India and these are easy to distinguish. They occur
chiefly in rotten wood.

Table of Sjyecies.

1. Antennse with first segmeut light yellow ;
segments of apical half of antennae
slender, subcyliudrical or ovate ; size [p. 70.

medium (12-14 mm.) sumatranum, Haan,

3.1. Antennfe with first segment dark yellow
or brownish : segments beyond seventh or
eighth short, thick, pyriform or snb-
conical ; size small (G-8 mm.) parvidum, Dohrn, p. 72.

29. Echinosoma sumatranum, Haan. (Pig. 17.)

Forficnla (Echinosoma) sumatranum, Haan, (42) p. 241.
Echinosoma sumatranum, Dohrn, (63) p. 65; Scudder, (76) p. 310;
Dubr. (79) p. 352 Bonn. (SS^ p. 433, (94) p. 377, (00'-) p 28 ;

ECHINOSOMA. 71

Burr, (OQi) p. 89, (02) p. 478, (05') p. 28, (073) p. 510 ; Kirby,
(04) p. 8.
Echinosomca westermanni, Dohrn, (63) p. 60 ; Scudder, (76) p. olO
Duhr. (79) p. 352 ; Borm. (00-) p. 28 ; Kirby, (04) p. 8.

Pronotiim broader than the head, depressed, transverse, anterior
margin gently convex, angles rounded ; sides broadly reflexed ;
prozona somewhat tumid, and with a strong sulcus ; metazona
depressed, varying in colour from a uniform pale yellow to almost
black, with a few dark markings. Elytra ample, rugulose and
densely clad with dark bristles ; brown or blackish, sometimes with
a small red spot in the middle. A\'ings usually prominent, but
occasionally short and scarcely protruding, pale yellowish, with a
dark spot at the tip. Legs pale yellowish, the femora and tibiae
usually ringed with blackish. Abdomen dark brown to black,
densely puuctulate and densely bristly. Last dorsal segment in the
S transverse, with a median impression, posterior margin trun-
cate, tumid over the roots of the forceps ; in the $ similar but
narrowed. Pygidium: in the c? rectangular, very short and very
broad ; in the $ conical. Forceps : in the d with branches remote
and roundly trigonal at base, smooth, stout, nearly straight basally,
then gently arcuate ; in the $ remote at base, straight at first, then
arcuate, but less strongly than in 6 •

c? ?

Length of body 9-14 mm. 10-14 mm.

„ forceps 1*5-2 „ 1-5-2 „

Bhutan: MariaBasti(P«r«s3/Ms.); Sikkim (/wc?. J/ms.) ; Assam:
Khasi Hills, Sibsagar {Ind. Mus.); Burma: Metanja in April,
Teinzo, Katha, in November, Bhamo in July, Shwegu in October,
Palon in August and September (G-V/io«Ji«s.); Ceylo'S (Brit. Mus.).
Widely distributed and abundant throughout the Oriental
Eegion, extending as far as New Guinea and Northern Australia.
A careful examination of numerous specimens, offering many
differences of pattern, from all parts of India, Burma, Annam,
Tonkin, Siam, the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, fails to
reveal any structural distinction, and consequently £. wester-
manni, Dohrn, is sunk, as being based merely on coloration or
wing-development. Tlie burden of proof lies with the advocates
of separation. Perhaps the intensity of coloration depends upon
the age and condition of the specimen when caught.

The following variations are represented in the Burr col-
lection : —

I. Genei'al colour ranging from light brown (Java) to almost
entirely black (Annam).
II. Labrum blackish (Tonkin, Java, etc.) or yellow (Annam,

Tonkin, Java).
III. Pronotum uniform pale yellow (Java); more generally
black, with yellowish markings at the sides and pos-
teriorly.

72 LABIDUIIID.I.

IV. Elytra light brown or deep black (usual) or with a
small not perfectly distinct red spot on the disc near
the suture.
V. Wings abbreviated, slightly developed or promiuent.

VI. Tirown ring of femora faint or absent, especially in the
anterior pair.

There is presented nearly eveiy stage in the transition between
each of these varieties ; that is why, in the author's opinion, it is
necessary to sink E. westermmmi, Dohru (labrum yellow, wings-
short, anterior femora not I'inged).

30. Echinosoma parvulum, DoJim.

Ecliinosoma parvuluiu, iJo/ini, (63) p. 66; Bonn. (00") p. 29; £nrr,,
(01) p. 77; Jvirbij, (04) p. 8.

Size small; colour dark brown, with dense, stiff, dark pubescence,,
and numerous thick reddish bristles. Antennae with 19 segments,
the first thick and dark yellow, second minute and pale yellow ;
the rest grey-brown ; third rather elongate and perfectly cylin-
drical ; fourth globular ; fifth, sixth and seventh subcylindrical
and a little longer than the fourth : the rest pyriform, but
none equalhng the third in length. Head dark brown, broad,
depressed, with a few thick bristles ; eyes prominent, mouth-
parts yellowish. Pronotum decidedly transverse and a trifle
wider posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona somewhat tumid and
metazona flattened ; sides broadly reflexed, all angles rounded,,
sides very slightly convex, dark brown, with a few scattered
thick bristles. Sternal plates smooth, yellow. Elytra of the same
colour, texture and clothing as the pronotum, the shoulders scarcely
developed, truncate posteriorly ; in the short-winged form short,
scarcely longer than the pronotum ; in the long-winged form quite
double as long as the pronotum. Wings either abortive (short-
winged form) or long and ample (long-winged form), in which
case they protrude very prominently, the scale being even longer
than the elytra, of a lighter brown colour, especially near the base
and the suture, where the Avhitish membranous part is descernible ;
densely clothed with short bristles. Legs yellow, the femora
ringed with brown near the base. Abdomen broad and rather flat,
nearly pai^allel-sided, ^itli a dense and close pubescence, and rows
of yellowish, thick, short bristles ; ventral surface red, smoother.
Last dorsal segment in the d strongly transverse, about three
times as broad as long, of the same colour, texture and hairiness
on the rest of the abdomen, truncate posteriorly ; in the 2 similar,
but longer and narrowed posteriorly, the margin subsinuous.
Penultimate ventral segment : in the ^ transverse, with a median
depression, posterior margin with a round median emargination
with thick yellowish pubescence ; in the 5 posterior margin
straight. Pygidium: in the J rectangular, very short and very
broad ; in the $ short and conical. Forceps with the branches in

ECHINOSOMA. 73:

the c? remote at the base, smooth, deep red, stout, and rather
broad at the base, very slightly diverging at first, then strongly
arched in a semicircular curve ; in the $ short, contiguous, straight,
stout, conical, with a very blunt tooth near the base.

^ 2

Length of body 6-8-5 mm. 7-8 mm.

forceps 1 „ 0-75-1 „

The larv£e resemble the female in the form of the abdomen
and forceps ; the colour is light brown, with darker longitudinal
bands.

Ceylon : Peradeniya, in August and November (coll Burr).

Type in Berlin.

This species has hitherto been known only from Dohrn's
description of the female. Mr. Green found it commonly at
Peradeniya, in rotten Avood ; a larva was taken in a termite's
nest.

Of the specimens sent by Mr. Green, there is one male of each
form, and four females of the short-winged form, which would thus
appear to be commoner, though Dohrn's type is evidently winged.
De Bormans incorrectly describes the first antenual segment as
brown.

Ow-ing to its small size, strongly bowed forceps and thick
pyriform antennal segments, it is easy to recognize.

Dohrn describes the sixteenth antennal segment as yellowish^
but this uncertain character is of no value.

Subfamily III. PSALIN.E.

The dominant genus of this subfamily is Amsohbis, but Psalis
IS chosen as the typical genus because it is the oldest. It has
many features in common with the Labidunnce, with which group
it is closely allied.

It is exceptional for the forceps to be slender or remote at the
base, whereas the reverse is the case in the Labidurince.

In this group we find a gradual transition from the fully
winged Pscdis to the entirely apterous Anisolabis.

Fig. 4. — Antenna of Psalis dolrni.

The glandular folds of the third and fourth abdominal segments,
which are absent in Labidnra, are often present in Anisolabis ;
and Eehn (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1903, p. 301) has

74 LABIDURIDJE.

shown that in the Neotropical species, l-'salis americana, Pal.-
Beauv., these folds are present in the larvae and nymphs, but
disappear when the creature attains maturity. This is evidence
in favour of the view that these organs are useless as generic
characters.

The possession of fully developed elytra is the chief distinction
between Psalis and AnisoJahis, so that immature specimens of
the former are easily mistaken even for adult specimens of the
latter genus.

The Psalime are generally thick-set, dark-coloured earwigs,
with stout forceps.

Table of Genera.

1. Elytra perfectly developed ; (abdomen
subparallel-sided ).
2. Antennse with 12-22 segments; sides

of abdomen with no glandular folds . Psalis, Serv., p. 74.
2.2. Antennae with 20-30 segments ; sides [p. 78.

of abdomen with glandular folds . . Labidurodes, Dubr.,
1.1. Apterous forms; elytra entirely wanting
or rudimentary.
2. Abdomen dilated from the base to the

apex. (Elytra absent.) Gonolabis, Burr, p. 79.

2.2. Abdomen subparallel-sided, or slightly
dilated about the middle.

3. Iillytra entirely wanting Anisolabis, Fieb., p. 80,

3.3. Rudimentary elytra present Borellia, Burr, p. 87.

Genus PSALIS, Serv.

Psalis, Serv. (31) p. 34.

Carcinophora, Saidd. (76) p. 291. — Type,C robusta, Scudd.

Type, Forficula americana, Pal.-Beauv.

Body stout ; antennae with 12-22 segments ; basal segment very
long and conical ; third segment cylindrical, half as long as the first ;
third and fourth short, no longer than broad ; fifth a little longer ;
sixth and others gradually lengthened, the sixth nearly as long as
the third. The segments are nearly cylindrical, but in the Indian
species they are almost clavate. Head convex, smooth and shining.
Pronotum nearly as broad as the head, subquadrate, widened
somewhat posteriorly (especially in Old World species) ; posterior
margin convex. Mesosternum convex ; metasternum with the
lobe produced between posterior coxae, truncate. Elytra and
wings smooth, well developed, the former with no carina. Legs
rather short, stout. Abdomen broad and depressed, last doi'sal
segment quadrate in both sexes ; sides of the sixth, seventh,
eighth and ninth segments acute ; no glandular folds in adults.
Penultimate ventral segment of the c? broad, obtuse, rounded ;
in the $ roundly triangular ; pygidium indistinct. Porceps with

PSALIS. 75

branches conical, stout, subcontiguous, gently curved in the d ;
contiguous in the $ .

Range. Asia, Africa, America.

This genus was confused by the older authors with Lahidura.
De Bonnans remarks that it ap])roaches nearer to AnisolaUs, and
this is correct, for it is practically the same thing but with fully-
developed organs of flight.

The genus Carcmophora, Scudd., only differing from typical
Psalis in the absence of wings, cannot stand, and must be absorbed
in Psalis.

Table of Sj)ecies.

1. Wings perfectly developed ; forceps of
male not contiguous at base ; (colour
shining chocolate, vaiied with yellow-

^^") femoralis, Dolirn, p. 75.

1.1. Wmgs abortive; forceps of male con-
tiguous at base.
2. Elytra rectangular, showing no scu-
tellum.
3. Colour brilliant shining reddish
black, with blue sheen on elytra,

which are truncate posteriorly. . dohml, Kirby, p. 76.
3.3. Colour reddish black, with no blue

sheen ; elytra oblique posteriorly, h'froyi, sp. n., p. 77.
2.2. Elytra strongly cut away at the
axillary angle, thus being tri-
angular ; exposing a small scu-
tellum cnstetsi, Bonn., p. 77.

31. Psalis femoralis, DoJim. (Fig. 18.)

Labidura femoralis, Boltrii, (63) p. 321 ; Scudder, (76) p. 522 (nee

Dubr.).
Psalis femoralis, Bonn. (88) p. 434, (94) p. 378, (00^) p. 38 ; Burr,

(01) p. 78, pi. B, fig. 3, (08-^) p. 29 ; Kirby, (04) p. 13.

Stature small but robust ; general colour deep chestnut-brown,
varied with yellowish and often with a bluish sheen. Autennje
greyish yellow, the basal segments paler. Head shining deep
dark brown. Pronotum chocolate-brown, shining, the sides some-
what paler, longer than broad and broadeued posteriorly ; anterior
and lateral margins straight; posterior margin subcouvex, the
angles rounded. Elytra shining chocolate - brown, truncate
apically, with a faint bronze sheen. Wings long, pale yellowisli
at the base, of the same colour as the elytra at the apex. Le^s
pale yellow, the femora banded with dark brown. Abdomen deep
chocolate-brown, smooth and shining. Last dorsal segment quad-
rate in both sexes, faintly rugulose posteriorly in the d" , with a
median depression and a faint tumid tubercle over the insertion

76 LABIDUBID^.

of the forceps. Forceps : in the J flat beneath, convex above, stout,,
tapering, subcoutiguous, straight, gently incurved at the apex,
denticulate near base on inner margin ; in the $ straight, conical,
contiguous.

Length of body .... 8*5-9 mm. 10 ram.
„ forceps.. l'25-l-5 „ 1*75 „

Burma : Metanja, viii. ; Teinzo, v. ; Bliamo, vi.-viii. ; Katha,
ii.-vi. ; Rangoon, v. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft.,
v.-xii. {Genoa Sf Brit. J/its.) ; Tenasseeim : Thagata, iv. {Genoa
Mas.); Ceylon: Punduluoya, Gralagedara, Pei-adeniya {Green\
Amhegammoa {Willeij, coll. Burr), Diyatalawa {coll. Burr) ; Tonkin
{Brit. 4' Paris Mus.).

Type in the Stettin Museum (?).

This species has no strong resemblance to any other, its shiny
deep colour being very characteristic. Its nearest resemblance,
perhaps, is to the African species of the genus. The bronze sheen
is much more striking in some specimens than others ; this may
be due to the age of the specimens, or perhaps the sex, season or
locality in which they were caught.

32. Psalis dohmi, Kirhy.^ (Fig. 19.)

Namiopygia dohrni, Eirby, (91) p. -508; Bonn. (00*) p. 11.
Labiduva femoialis, Dubr. (79) p. 353 (nee Dohrn).
Carcinophora caeruleipennis, Borm. (00-) p. 40.
Carcinophora dohrni, Burr, (01) p. 328, pi. B, fig. 8 ; Kirby, (04)
p. 15.

Small ; black, shading towards reddish black posteriorly, smooth,
shining, with an oily lustre. Antennse with 17 segments ; the
first three are yellowish, the rest greyish, except second and third
(probably varying) before the apex, which are pale. Head very
convex and smooth, shining black. Pronotum of same colour,
someuhat longer than broad and broadened posteriorly. Elytra
rather short, but longer than the pronotum, truncate at the apex,
brilliantly shining with a bluish bronze metallic sheen. Legs
pale testaceous, the femora strongly banded with black. Abdomen
intensely deep chocolate blackish-brown, with brilliant oily lustre,
of the same form as Psalis. Last apical segment as in Psalis.
Forceps : in the S short, stout, trigonal, subcontiguous, tapering,
attenuate and hooked at the apex ; in the 5 practically identical.

62

Length of body 10-12 mm.

„ forceps 2-2*5 „

Ceylon : Galle, Kandy {coll. Bolivar), Peradeniya in May-
Oct. {coll. Burr), Ambegammoa ( Willey, coll. Burr) ; Tkayancobe :

PSALIS. 77

North side of the Western Ghats, Tenmalai (lad. Mus , coll
Burr). ^ '

T)ipe in the British Museum.

This handsome little earwig can only be coufused with the
follomng species. Its deep black colour, brilliant oily lustre, and
blue sheen on the elytra are very distinctive, although'the latter is
not always very strongly marked, at least in old specimens

A record from Somerset, in Northern Australia, must almost
certainly refer to a distinct species.

33. Psalis castetsi, Borm.

Carcinophora castetsi, Borm. apud Bol (97) p. 284; Borm. m^)
p. 41 ; Kirhj, (04) p. 15. ^ '

Pitch-black, punctulate ; three basal segments of antenna? dark
ye lowish; mouth-parts yellowish; pronotum with very narrow
pale side border. Elytra short, truncate, excavate at axillary
angle so as to expose a minute scutellum ; abdomen typical-
forceps unarmed, typical. '

6 9

Length of body 9-5 mm. 11 mm.

„ forceps .... 1-75 „ 2

Madeas: Trichinopoli, Kodaikanal {coll. Bolivar)
_ According to deBormans this species differs from 'the preceding
in the axil ary excavation of the elytra, which thus expose a
minute scutellmn ; he also states that these organs are much the
same as m the European Pseudochelklura sinaata.

34. Psalis lefroyi, sp. n. (Fig. 20.)

Of medium size, sturdy build, and deep reddish chestnut colour
Antennae blackish, the apical segments white. Head shining
blackish red. Pronotum black, slightly wider posteriorly thaS
anteriorly, a little longer than broad, almost rectangular-
posterior margin straight, very narrowly bordered with yellow'
the sides reflexed ; prozona not tumid. Elytra blackish brown'
ample, obliquely truncate at the apex. Wings abortive (in the
type). Femora yellowish, with a broad black ring; tibL and
tarsi yellowish Abdomen deep reddish chestnut, almost black,
smooth. Last dorsal segment in the d smooth, transverse, genth'
narrowed posteriorly. Forceps in d and o red, the branches
subcontiguous, stout, trigonal, conical, straight.

Length of body 9 ^im. 7-5^mm

„ forceps 1-75 ^^ 2

Bombay : Mahim, 2i^ii.04, "feeding on plantain roots" (Pusa
<^oll.) ; Bengal : Pusa (Pusa coll.). ^

Type in the author's collection.

78 LABIDURID.i).

Dedicated to the Imperial Entomologist, Mr. Maxwell Lefroy,
who has contributed some interesting material.

This species is described from a single pair in poor condition.
In general appearance it resembles P. femoralis, but differs in
the pronotum, which is almost rectangular, in correlation with the
abortive wings ; the forceps are contiguous and the femora ringed
with black. The head is also larger.

It might be confused with P, dohrni, but it is a more power-
fully built and much broader insect ; the abdomen is decidedly
broader and shorter and the elytra relatively shorter and truncate
obliquely, that is the posterior margin is not quite at right angles
to the median suture. The colour is less deep, redder and
browner, and there is no blue tinge on the elytra.

Probably the specimens recorded by the present writer from
Ceylon under the name of Anisolahis brunneri, (01) p. 377, and
from the Purneah District, (05'') p. 389, are nothing more or less
than immature specimens of this species. They have certainly
nothing to do with the true Anisolahis bninneri of Dohrn, from
Australia, which is now a well-known and totally distinct species.

Genus LABIDURODES, Duhr.
Labidm'odes, Dubr. (79) p. 355.

Type, Labidurodes robustus, Dubr.

Allied to Psalis, but differs in having from 20-30 segments in
the antenujB, and in having well-developed glandular folds at the
sides of the second and third abdominal segments.

Range. Pour species have been described, occurring in New
Guinea, Siam and Madagascar, but more material is required to
place this genus in a satisfactory condition.

35. Labidurodes robustus, Duhr.

Labidurodes robustus, Dubr. (79) p. 356 ; Bonn. (00") p. 39; Kirby,
(04) p. 15 ; Burr, (05^) p. 28.

Large and powerful. Head and pronotum shining black.
Antennas brown, with 27 segments. Elytra and wings well
developed, shining brownish black. Pemora short, brown ; base
of tibia brown ; apex of tibia and tarsi yellowish. Abdomen and
forceps shining dark brown. Porceps of the S with branches
not contiguous, robust, trigonal in basal third, then rounded with
the points strongly incurved ; the trigonal portion has three strong
crenulations.

6

Length of body 23 mm.

„ forceps 6 „

? Lower Burma ; Tavoy {Ind. Mus.).

G0>'OLABIS. 70

This species is known only through Dubrouy's description.
It is recorded from the Ply Eiver, New Guinea. An immature
specimen in the Indian Museum, from Tavoy, is attributed to it,
with considerable hesitation.

Genus GONOLABIS, 5nrr.

Gonolabis, Burr, (00") pp. 48 & 53; Borjn. (00') p. 451; Ei'rbi/r
(04) p. 15.

Type, Anisolabis javana, Bormans.

Entii'ely apterous. Antennae ^\•ith less than 20 segments, third
cylindrical, fourth and fifth globular, the rest longer, subpyriform.
Head smooth. Pronotum square, as broad as the head or broader.
Sternal plates as in Anisolahis. Elytra entirely wanting. Femora
rather thick ; tibiae and tarsi compressed, the latter very slender;
second segment very short. Abdomen in the c? narrow at the
base, gradually broadened, attaining the greatest width at the apex.
Last dorsal segment of the c? broad and rectangular ; of the 5
broad, but narrowed posteriorly. Forceps of the c? stout, remote
at base, arcuate strongly ; of the $ conical, contiguous, straight.

Range. Asia, Africa, Australia.

By the removal of certain non-Indian species, characterized by
a strongly narrowed prosternum, this genus is now restricted to
Old World forms. The genus is related to Anisolahis, but has
fewer antennal segments ; the gradual widening of the abdomen
from base to apex is very characteristic.

36. Gonolabis electa, sp. n, (Fig. 21.)

Small ; shining dark chestnut-brown. Antennae brown, basal
segments paler, with 14-15 segments; third cylindrical, elongate,
fourth and fifth globular, the rest gradually lengthening, passing
from subcylindrical to ovate. Head tumid, smooth, shining, dark
blackish brown. Pronotum as broad as the head, square or very
gently widened posteriorly, flat, shining brown, the sides paler.
Mesonotum short, about t^vice as broad as long. Entire thorax
smooth, shining, deep brown. Legs testaceous, femora with darker
shading. Abdomen of the same colour, gradually dilated in the c?
from the base to the apex, which is about 1| times as wide as
the base. Sides of the sixth to ninth segments produced back-
wards to sharp points in the S only. Last dorsal segment : in
the <S rectangular and about twice as broad as long, smooth and
shining, with a faint median depression, posterior margin trun-
cate ; over the roots of the forceps there is a slight tumid
elevation, outside which is a depressed triangular area, so that
the segment is bounded externally by a slight longitudinal fold or
ridge which is continuous with the line formed by the points of the
sixth-ninth abdominal segments ; in the $ trapezoidal, strongly

•80 LABIDIJEIDJE.

narrowed, otherwise formed as in the c? , except that the external
depression and ridge are absent. Penultimate ventral segment in
the c? ample, very broadly rounded ; in the 2 similar but less
broadly rounded, more pronouncedly convex. Pygidium of cS and
$ not protruding. Porceps with the branches in the c5" remote
at the base, very stout and trigonal, the upper keel corre-
sponding to the slight tumidity of the last dorsal segment, the
outer surface being depressed in correspondence with the similar
depressed area on the last dorsal segment, the outer ridge corre-
ponding with the line of the points of the sixth-ninth abdominal
segments and lateral ridge of the last dorsal segment ; the branches
are straight at first, tapering rapidly; at about half their length they
become abruptly attenuate, cylindrical and strongly bowed inwards ;
the maximum breadth is over double the length. In the $ the
branches are contiguous, stout, trigono-conical, straight and taper-
ing, the inner margin crenulate.

6 ^2

Length of body 6-5-7 mm. 6-7 mm.

„ forceps 1 ,, 1 r?

Maximum breadth of abdomen : 2-5 mm.
Minimum „ „ 1-5 mm.

Ceylon : Peradeniya, A-pr'il' {Green, coll. Burr); Java {coll.
Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

Easily recognizable by the apically dilated abdomen. It is re-
lated to G. javana, Borm., and G. sumatrana, Bonn., but is smaller,
more shining, and the abdomen much more strongly dilated.

Genus ANISOLABIS, Fieber.

Anisolabis, Fieber, (53) p. 257.

Forcinella, Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxiii. p. 226 (1862).
Bracliylabis, Dohrn, (64) p. 292(partim). — Type, Forficula niaritima,
Bon.

Type, Forficula maritima, Bon.

Body convex, rather elongate, generally stout. Head convex,
longer than broad. Antennae with from 15 to 25 segments, formed
as in Psalis, but the form and size varies within certain limits.
Pronotum rectangular, almost or quite square ; mesonotum trans-
verse ; metanotum with posterior border sinuate. Elytra entirely
absent. Legs rather short, wide. Sternal plates rather narrow,
longer than broad. Metasternum somewhat produced between
posterior coxae ; the lobe generally truncate at the apex.
Mesosternum rounded posteriorly. Abdomen depressed, rather
broad, attaining its greatest breadth at about two-thirds of its
length ; lateral tubercles sometimes distinct, sometimes obsolete.

ANISOLABIS. 81

The sides of the sixth and seventh segments of the male are
convex, often produced into a sharp point, striate, rugulose or even
carinate ; this feature is present on a feebler scale in the female.
Last dorsal segment in the S ample, subrectaugular, but broader
than long, less broad than the preceding segments ; in the 2 similar,
but somewhat narrower. Penultimate ventral segment of cT ovate
or roundly triangular ; broader in the $ . Branches of forceps in

Fig. 5. — Sternal plates of Anisolabis maritima, Bon.

the S of two types : (1) contiguous or subcontiguous, stout, nearly
straight, tapering, or (2) remote, straight at first and strongly and
abruptly bent inwards, the right branch often more strongly than the
left. In the $ the branches are contiguous, straight, stout, tapering.

Range. Cosmopolitan.

After the removal of those forms now separated into Borellia-
and the sinking of a number of names as synonyms, there are still
about two dozen species left in this genus, occurring in all parts of
the world. Their discrimination is often difficult, and it is-
absolutely necessary to know the male before a species can be
characterized or satisfactorily determined.

Some species seem to have a very restricted distribution, though
two, A. maritima and A. annulijjes, have become cosmopolitan.

Immature specimens of various species of Psalis are often placed
under this genus in collections, and sometimes may have beea
described as species.

Table of Sj^ecies.

1. Posterior margin of metasternal lobe
romided ; size great ; (forceps subcon-
tiguous, straight ; legs and antennae

unicolorous) colossea, Dohrn, p. 82.

1.1. Posterior margin of metasternal lobe
truncate ; size medium or small.
2. Branches of forceps of c? remote at the
base, strongly curved.
3. Thorax with faint median line ;
forceps of (5 abruptly bowed, with
a rectangular internal projection
on the right branch ] maritviut, Bon., p. 83^

82 LABIDUEID.E.

3.3. Thorax with distinct median line ;
forceps of J gently arcuate, with

no rectangular projection kudagcB, Burr, p. 84.

2.2. Branches of forceps of ^ subcontiguous

or contiguous, nearly straight, curved

at the apex.

3. Sides of 6th-9th abdominal seffmeuts

of cJ with longitudinal keel along

the striations. (Antennae and

legs banded ; size small) annulipes, Luc, p. 84.

3.3. Sideslof 6th-9th abdominal segments
of (S striate, rugulose but not
carinate. (Size large ; head red ;
legs long, clear yellow-brown) . . dubronii, Kirby, p. 85.

Head red ; legs banded ; cJ unknown gaudens, Burr, p. 86.

37. Anisolabis colossea, Dohm,

Forcinella colossea, Dohm, (64) p. 286 ; Dubr. (79) p. 357.
Anisolabis colossea, Bonn. (94) p. 379, (00-) p. 47 ; Kii-hy, (04) p. 19.
Anisolabis colossea, var. minor. Burr, (02) p. 479.

Size varying from 20 to 50 mm. in length. Build robust ;
colour red-brown passing into blackish. Antennae brown with 4th
and 5th segments almost globular, the rest pear-shaped. Pronotum
quadrate, with a transverse depression. Prosternum truncate
posteriorly. Metasternum long and narrow, lobe well produced
between posterior coxae, and rounded. Mesosternum narrow,
rounded posteriorly. Abdomen smooth, bro;id and flat ; sides of
last two or three segments of c? & 2 convex, slightly rugulose. Last
dorsal segment of S rectangular, broader than long, with a median
impression, rugulose posteriorly ; in $ somewhat narrower. The
penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded. Porceps in both
S and 5 with branches subcontiguous at the base, stout and
robust, trigonal, broad, gradually tapering, with the inner margin
crenulate, perfectly straight as far as the apex, where the points
are slightly incux'ved.

Length of body 20-51 mm. 30-43 mm.

„ forceps 6-8-5 „ 4-8 ,,

Burma : Pegu, Palon, viii./ix. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-
3700 ft., iv., xii. {Genoa Mus.).

Type. Undefined, in Paris, Vienna or Stettin.

T'his earwig appears to be the commonest in Australia where it
attains an immense size ; the variety minor, however, is recorded,
from New South Wales, and it is the form which de Bormans records
from Burma. It is probable that the Burmese specimens belong
really to a distinct species. The forceps of the large specimens are
capable of giving a severe nip, and even of drawing blood from the
human finger.

ANISOLABIS. S3

38. AnisolaMs maritima, Bon, (Fig. 22.)

Forficula maritima, Bonelli, apud Gene, (32) p. 224.

Forficula (Labidura) maritima, Fischer, (53) p. 68, pi. 6, fig. 4 a-d.

Forficesila maritima, Serv. (39) p. 27.

Forticula (Forficesila) maritima, Haan, (42) p. 240.

Forcinella maritima, Dohrn, (G2) p. 226.

Brachylabis maritima, Dolini, (04) p. 293.

Anisolabis maritima, Fieb. (o3) p. 257; Scudder, (76) p. 303;
Brunner, (82) p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 2; Borm. (88) p. 435, (94) p. 379
(00-) p. 45 ; Kirby, (04) p. 17. ' v ; i'

The references in literature to this species are very numerous.
Tlie above are the most important.

Black. Antennae and mouth-parts yellow. Thorax dull black
smooth, with a few impressed points. Legs uniform yellow!
Abdomen rather broad, all the segments recurved at the sides
in the J, the sides regular and in some specimens forming a
longitudinal keel ; in the $ the sides are merely convex and
smooth. The whole of the abdomen is sparsely covered with
impressed points. Last dorsal segment of (S rectangular, parallel-
sided, broader than long, with a median impression, the posterior
margin straight; similar in the $, but somewhat narrower.
Branches of the forceps in the c? remote at the base; in the
basal third stout, straight, trigonal and somewhat dilated, especially
the right branch ; asymmetrical, the left branch being gently and
regularly incurved and tapering, while the right branch is abruptly
curved inwards, so that the apical third of the branch is at rif^ht
angles to the longitudinal axis of the insect ; the outer margin
presents a regular curve ; the inner margin is curved in a semicircle
and shows a rectangular projection at the basal third where the
attenuation is sudden. In the $ the branches are symmetrical,
subcontiguous, trigonal, nearly straight, unarmed, and tapering.

Length of body 15-23 mm. 21-23 mm.

forceps 3-3-5 „ 3-5-4-25 „

Burma : Kakhyen Hills, viii./ix. ; Teistasserim : Mt. Mulaivit
3300-6300 ft. (Genoa 3Ius.). ^ '

This species, apparently indigenous to the Pal^arctic
Eegion, has been transported by shipping to all parts of the
world and has quickly naturalised itself wherever possible.

Its usual haunts are the banks of rivers and coasts of seas
but it sometimes occurs on mountains at a considerable elevation'
as in the above noted instances in Tenasserim ; and de Bormans
records it from Mount Lebanon. It probably occurs also in the
mainland of India in suitable localities.

Although generally considered a stable species, A. maritima
varies within certain limits, as Scudder first pointed out. That
author refers to two males from South Carolina, with forceps

g2

84 LABIDURID^.

simple as in the female ; occasionally the antennae have a pale
ring. The posterior margin of the last dorsal segment of the
male varies from almost smooth to rugose.

39. Anisolahis kudagae, Burr* (Fig. 23.)

Anisolabis kudagse, Burr, (01) p. 320, pi. B, fig. G ; Ktrbt/, (04)
p. 19.

Of medium size. Shining black, passing from deep chestnut^
through reddish black to deep black. Antenna? dark brown,
basal and apical segments reddish. Thoracic plates with a well
marked median line. Legs varying from light red to reddish
black. Abdomen broad, from red to reddish black, shining, with
exceedingly fine punctulations ; sides of apical segments convex,
very finely striated in the c?, smooth in the $. Last dorsal
segment in the cJ rectangular, broader than long, with a distinct
median impression and a more or less indistinct tumid elevation
on each side, over the insertion of the forceps a distinct oblique
compressed crest on each side ; in the 5 narrowed and simple.
Forceps with branches in the c5' remote and trigonal at the base,
the upper ridge becoming obsolete in the basal third; rather
depressed, tapering and bowed inwards, the apical third strongly
so ; the right branch is curved more strongly than the left and
lies aboAe it, but the asymmetry is not nearly so marked as in the
last species. In the $ the forceps are subcoutiguous, straight,
tapering ; the inner margin is finely crenulate in both sexes.

6 $

Length of body 12'5-15*75 mm. 15 mm.

„ forceps 2-3 „ 3*5 „

Ceylon : Kudaga, Hutton, vii. (coll. Burr), Maskeliya at
light, Hakgala and Patipola in April and December {coU, Biirr).

Tijpa in the author's collection.

This species somewhat resembles A. maritima, but the forceps
are more regular and less abruptly curved, the median line of the
thorax is distinct, and the last dorsal segment has tumid elevations
and folds that are absent in that species.

The specimen from Maskeliya, sent by Mr. Green after the
publication of the original description, is somewhat smaller
than the type, and much lighter and redder in colour. It is
found under stones and logs.

40. Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas. (Fig. 24.)

Forficesila anuulipes, Lucas, (47) p. 84.

Forcinella annulipes, Dohrn, (64) p. 290.

Forficula (Labidura) anuulipes, Fisch. (53) p. 69, pi. 6, fig. G a-c]

Anisolabis annulipes, Sctidd. (7G) p. 302 ; Brunner, (82) p. 8 ; L'orm.
(88) p. 485, (94) p. 378, (00-) p. 48; Burr, (01) p. 321, (05')
p. 28, (06) p. 388, (07-) p. 209 ; lurbij, (04) p. 18.

ANISOLABIS. 85

Forcinella hottentotta, Dohrn, (G7-) p. 344.

Anisolabis bormansi, Scudd., Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxv. p. 5, pi. i,

%. 1 ; Bonn. (00-) p. 49.
Forcinella antoni, Dohrn, (64) p. 289.
Anisolabis antoni, Borm. (00") p. 49.
Forcinella azteca, Dohrn, (62) p. 226.
Anisolabis azteca, Scudd. (76) p. 302 : Borm. (00^) p. 49.
Anisolabis antennata, Kirbi/, (91) p. 517.

The references given above are the more important in the
extensive literature and synonymy of this species.

Medium sized, black, shining. Head black ; antennae with
basal segment reddish ; the rest greyish brown, except the two
penultimate segments which are whitish, Prouotum as broad
as the head, sometimes paler in colour, quadrate ; elytra eii.tireiy
absent. Abdomen with sides more or less parallel, with no
tubercles upon the sides of the second and third segments ; sixth
to ninth segments in the (S with sides acute-angled, striate and
carinate. Last dorsal segment larger than the others, slightly
impressed in the middle. Legs testaceous, the femora banded
with black, as are also the tibice ; the depth and intensity of this
banding varies very considerably. Branches of the forceps in the
(5 subcontiguous at the base, stout, strongly incurved, the right
branch crossing above the left at the apex ; in the 5 the branches
are straight, conical, subcontiguous.

Length of body 11 mm. 12-14 mm.

„ forceps 2 ,, 3-35 ,,

Bengal : Calcutta (Ind. Mus.), Purneah District (Ind. Mus.) ;
Muzaffarpur, Behar, Sitamarhi and Pupri (Pusa coll.) ; Pusa
{Pasa coll., coll. Burr) ; Bombay : Karachi (Paris Mus.), Bombay
(coll. Bormans) ; Madras : Trichinopoli (coll. Bolivar) ; Burma :
Metanja, viii. ; Teinzo, v. ; Shwegu, x. ; Bhamo, vii./viii. ; Man-
dalay, xi.; Eangoou, v./xii. ; Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft.,
vi./xii. ; Karen-ni, Greku Distr., 4300-7400 ft., ii., iii., v. (Genoa
Mus.) ; Ceylon : Punduluoya, Hutton, Kala Wewa, Madulsima
(coll. Burr).

A universally distributed species, vei'y abundant in the wild
state and also under artificial conditions.

41. Anisolabis dubronii, Kirhy* (Pig. 97.)

Anisolabis lasta, Borm. (nee Gerst.) (SS) p. 435, (94) p. 379,

(00-) p. 46 (partim).
Anisolabis dubronii, Kirhy, (03) p. 68, (04) p. 19 ; Burr, (03)

p. 270.

Colour entirely dark reddish black except the head and legs.
Head ferruginous, the sutures indistinct ; mouth-parts blackish,
palpi testaceous ; antennae with 21 segments, typical of the genus,
-dark brown. Pronotum subi'ectangular, longer than broad, slightly

86 LABIDrEID.15.

broader posteriorly than anteriorly, anterior and posterior margins
straight, angles rounded, slightly tumid, the sides very shghtly
elevated. Mesonotum subquadrate, simple, nearly as long as broad.
Metanotum transverse, posterior border roundly emarginate. Legs
uniformly testaceous. Abdomen extremely finely punctulated,
almost smooth, the lateral tubercles very faint; sides of sixth to
ninth segments rugulose and striate. Last dorsal segment large,
square, also extremely finely punctulated, A^ith a very faint median
longitudinal line. Penultimate ventral segment also very finely
punctulated; obtusely triangular, rounded at the posterior margin,
exposing the lateral corners of the last segment ; the rest of the
venter quite smooth. Pygidium not apparent. Forceps with the
branches stout, trigonal, blackish red, darker towards the apex,
unarmed except for a few fine deuticulatious on the inner margin ;
the right branch is strongly curved in above the left which is
much less strongly curved. $ unknown.

6

Length of body 20-25 mm.

,, forceps 4 ,,

Tenasserim : Mt. Mulaiyit, 3300-6300 ft., in April (Brit. Mus.,.
coll. Burr).

Type in the British Museum.

This handsome species is quite distinct from the E. African
A. Iceta, with Mhich de Bormans confused it ; from other Indian
species it may be recognized by its large size, red head, clear and
long legs, and the form of the forceps.

42. Anisolahis gaudens, Burr.*

Anisolabis gaudeus, Bim; (04) p. 291 ; (08-) p. 30.

Size medium; black, shining; antennae with 15 segments, blackish,
the basal two red ; segments four and five nearly globular ; head
clear brick-red, smooth; thorax and abdomen typical, black, shining,
the thorax with a median impression ; last dorsal segment scarcely
narrowed, smooth. Legs short, yellow, the knees black. Forceps
stout, depressed, subcontiguous, convex above, straight, tapering,
houked at the extreme apex. S unknown.

Length of body 7 mm.

„ forceps 3 ,,

Bhutan : Pedong (Paris Mus.).

Type in the Paris Museum.

The value of the original description is vitiated by the error
which was made in mistaking the sex of the type. Attention
is now called to this, so that collectors may look out for the male,
in order that the species can be ranged in its correct position and
its true affinities be determined. The brick-red head recalls
A. duhronii, but the banded knees constitute a difference.

BORELLIA. 87

The Paris Museum possesses another female, from Bhutan
(Maria Basti), which resembles the type of A. gaudens, except
that the head is black. Further material is urgently required to
solv'e the question.

Genus BORELLIA, Burr.
Borellia, Burr, (09) p. 325.

Type, Forficesila moesta, Serville.

This genus differs from Anisolalns, Fieb. (q. v.) in the
presence on the mesonotum of small rudimentary elytra. These
are not generally contiguous at any point, aud are' usually soldered
to the mesonotum.

Range. Cosmopolitan.

Table of Sjiecies.

1. Elytra uarrow at the base, exposing' the
mesonotum like a scutellum, dilated
towards the apex aud contiguous at the
end of the suture, covering- the base of

the metauotum (/rceni, Burr, p. 87,

1.1. Elytra narrow, only covering the sides
of the mesonotum.

2. Femora ringed with black stdli, Dohrn, p. 88.

2.2. Femora not ringed aimandalei, Burr, p. 89.

43. Borellia greeni, Burr. *

Anisolabis greeni, Burr, (99) p. 257, (01) p. 319; Kirbfj, (04)
p. 19.

Of medium size ; the whole body exceedingly minutely punctu-
lated and with a few long hairs ; black, the legs brick-red, the rest
black, except the four apical segments which are pale. Pronotum
rectangular, with a median impression. Elytra narrow at base,
exposing a broad, short, transverse area of the mesonotum ; then
suddenly and strongly dilated, so that the inner margins meet along
the suture and cover the apical half of the mesonotum. Legs brick-
red, the knees somewhat darker or all black. Abdomen deep
reddish black ; last dorsal segment somewhat narrowed in both
sexes, with a faint median impression, with two faint tubercles
on posterior margin in the c? • Penultimate ventral segment tri-
angular, the apex rounded. Forceps alike in both sexes, subcon-
tiguous, stout, trigonal at base, rapidly tapering, straight, curved
at the apex, more so in the c? than m the $ ; inner margin with
a very faint tooth in the middle.

S

2

Length of body . . , ,

. 11 •5-23-5 mm.

1 7 mm

,, forceps .

2-3 „

3-25 „

88 LABIDURID^.

Ceylon : Punduluoya, v. & x., under stones and in bungalows
(coll. Burr), Madulsima, 13.viii.08 {T. B. Fletcher), Kala Wewa,
12.xii.08 {Willey ; coll. Burr) ; NiLGlEI Hills {Brit. Mus.).

Type in the authors collection.

The form of the elytra is the characteristic of this species.

The specimens taken by Mr. Green at Punduluoya are the typical
form, as originally described, with bright brick-red legs affording
a contrast to the jet-black body.

The specimens taken by Mr. Fletcher at Madulsima are very
different in appearance, as they are distinctly larger and the legs
and antennae are entirely dull black. The males attain a maximum
length of body (without forceps) of 23"5 mm., the forceps 3 mm
In three of these males, the elytra are almost obsolete and
their outline can scarcely be detected ; this may be an anelytrous
variety or, more probably, the specimens are not fully mature.

The dimensions of the various forms are as follows : —

Typical specimen from Punduluoya : o X

Length of body ll*o-13 mm. 17 mm.

„ forceps 2 „ 3-25 „
Black specimens from Madulsima :

Length of body 15-75-23-.5 „ 19-23 „

„ forceps 3-3'5 „ 3-5-4 „
Anelytrous specimens from Madulsima :

Length of body 15"5-17 ,,

„ forceps 3 „

These differences are not of sufficient importance to justify the
establishment of a distinct species, and it is safer to regard these
big black specimens from Madulsima as a local race or variety.

44. Borellia stall, Bohm.

Forcinella stall, Bohm, (64) p. 286,

Anisolabis stSli, Scudd. (76) p. 308; Borm. (88), p. 435, (94)

p. 378, (00-) p. 45 ; Burr, (02^ p. 479, (08^) p. 30; Kirhy, (04)

p. 19.

Small, black, shining ; antennae with basal two segments red,
the rest black, except the two or three apical segments, which are
whitish. Pro-, meso- and metanota typical. Elytra present as
small ovate flaps on the side of the mesonotum ; they are as long
as the mesonotum, but much narrower than long. Legs testaceous,
the femora and tibiae ringed with blackish. Porceps of c? with
branches not contiguous at the base, trigonal in basal half, straight
at first and robust, tapering and cylindrical in the apical half,
sharply curved in the apical third, the right branch curved more
strongly than the left and above it ; in the $ the branches are

BOBELLIA. 89

robust, trigonal, straight, tapering, cylindrical towards the apex
and gently hooked there.

d 2

Length of body 8-9 mm. 9-10 mm.

,, forceps .... 1-2 „ 1-2-5 ,,

Bombay: Bombay (coll. Bormans), Karachi (Paris Mus.);
Madras : Pondicherry (Paris Mus.) ; Ceylon : Diyatalawa in
August, Trincomali in July (coll. Burr).

Type in Stockholm.

Widely distributed through the Malay Archipelago and else-
where in the Oriental Region, this species occurs also in Mada-
gascar (Nossi-be), the Comoro Is., and Pemba, off the east coast
of Africa,

Superficially, it resembles the ubiquitous Anisolahis annulipes in
size, colour and form, but may be at once distinguished by the
presence of narrow, but perfectly distinct, lateral flaps on the
mesonotum, the abbreviated rudiments of elytra. Immature
specimens of these two species are probably indistinguishable.

The specimens from Ceylon are a httle larger than tfie typical
form (length of body, 13-5 mm.), the legs are of a uniform
yellow colour, and the head is rather larger and more tumid.

45. Borellia annandalei, Burr. *

Auisolabis annandalei, Burr, (06) p. 389, (07-) p. 209.

Head reddish, smooth and shining, darker in the centre ; sutures
fairly distinct. Antennae with 10-17 segments, typical, the basal
segments testaceous, the rest dark greyish brown. Pronotum
ample, subquadrate, somewhat broader posteriorly than anteriorly,
all borders straight, hinder angles rounded ; disc somewhat tumid,
but metazona scarcely more flat than prozona ; median suture
fairly distinct ; sides distinctly reflexed ; dark fuscous, varied
M'ith testaceous, especially on the borders ; slightly longer than
bi'oad. Mesonotum smooth, ample, transvei'se, bearing the elytra.
Metanotum normal, posterior border sinuate. Elytra present
as small, elongated, testaceous, oval flaps on each side of the
mesonotum ; as long as the mesonotum and about one-quarter
as broad. Legs yellowish testaceous, the femora and knees some-
times marked with a narrow black band, which is often obsolete.
Prosternimi oblong, scarcely attenuate posteriorly. Abdomen
dark reddish black, shining, very finely punctulated ; somewhat
flattened and broadened towards the apex (in the manner of typical
Anisolahis maritima, Bon., (S ) ; sides of the segments, as seen from
above, slightly recurved ; as seen from the side, pointed posteriorly
and bearing a small longitudinal keel. Last dorsal segment ample,
broader than long, very finely punctulated, with a deep median

90 LABIDUKID^.

impression ; hinder border roughened and truncate. Penultimate
ventral segment very large, broad and ample, well rounded poste-
riorly, entirely covering the last ventral segment. Last ventral
segment almost entirely covered by the preceding, visible at the
corners, where a longitudinal small keel is present. Pygidium
scarcely visible, very small, short, blunt and rounded. Forceps
with the branches remote at the base, stout and trigonal in the
basal half, crenulate on the inner margin, straight ; in the apical
half strongly attenuate, smooth, unarmed and incurved ; the right
branch is a little more strongly curved than the left. 5 unknown.

6

Length of body 10-12-5 mm.

„ forceps l'75-2 ,,

Bengal : Comilla, Purneah District {Tnd. 3Ius.) ; a doubtful
specimen from Ceylon: Halaoya ( TF?7?<??/ ; coll. Burr).

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species is stouter and broader than B. sicili, the legs
are not banded and the colour is paler, more inchned to reddish.
It also attains a larger size.

Subfamily IV. LABIDURIN^.

This is the typical group of the Lahidurida>, and is represented
in every part of the world where earwigs occur.

Fig. 7. — Antenna of Labidura.

Fig. 6. — Sternal plates of Labidura
riparia, Pall.

Table of Genera.

1. Sides of abdomen furnished with
varying number of spines, hooks or

crests FoRCiPULA, Bol., p. 91.

1.1. Sides of abdomen smooth Labidura, Leach, p. 95.

rOECIPULA. 91

Genus FORCIPULA, Bol.

Forcipula, Bolivar, (97) p. 283.
Labidura (partim), Bohrn and authors.

Type, Labidura qtuulrispinosa, Dohrn.

Large or niedium sized insects with the general characters of
Labidura, but certain abdominal segments are furnished with
spines, crests or ridges at the sides ; the keels of the elytra are
present at the shoulder only, not reaching posterior margin, or
almost obsolete. The forceps of the male are long and slender,
often as long as the body, undulating and often constricted in
the middle ; those of the female are stouter, straight and toothed
before the apex.

liaufje. This genus is represented in the tropical parts of Africa
and America, but attains its maximum development in the Oriental
Region.

live species are known in India. They have a characteristic
appearance, and may be recognized at a glance.

Table of Sjiecies.

1. Segments 3-6 of abdomen of c^" with

two spines on each side decohji, Borm., p. 91.

1.1. Certain abdominal segments of S with
one spine on each side.
2. Segments 3-5 of S with spines .... frisjnnosa, Dohrn, p. 92.
2.2. Segments 3-6 of c? with spines.

3. Elytra nearly smooth : basal portion

of J forceps straight and parallel, imgnax, Kirby, p. 93.
3.3. Elytra granulated ; basal portion of
d" forceps bowed.
4. Colour dark chocolate ; spines [p. 94.

simple qiiadrispinosa, Dohrn,

4.4. Colour lurid ; spines rising out of
compressed keels ; (forceps very
long) lurida, Bol., p. 94.

46. Forcipula decolyi, Borm** (Fig. 25.)

Forcipula decolyi, Borjii. (OLV) p. 444; Burr, (04) p. 289, (Oo'V
p. 27, (013) p. 388, (07-^) p. 207 ; Jurbi/, (04) p. 9.

Dark chestnut-brown. Antennae and legs ochre-yellow ; elytra
rather short ; wings abortive. Abdomen typical, segments three to
six with double spines in the d ; the upper spine is much larger
than the lower ; the spines on segments three to five large, those
on second and sixth much smaller ; the milling on the posterior
borders stronger on the hinder segments. Last dorsal segment
srnooth, square, with a median depression. Forceps of the d"
trigonal at the base, then cylindrical, gently arcuate, constricted

92 LABIDUKIDA..

about the middle, then straight, parallel, hooked and crossing at
the apices, sometimes with a tooth on the inner margin. Forceps
of 5 trigonal as far as the middle, nearly straight, typical of
the genus.

Assam : Sibsagar {Ind. Mus.), Kurseong, at 5000 ft. (Brit, Mus.,
Ind. Mus., coll. Burr) ; Nepal : Soondrijal {Ind. Mus.).

Also known from New Guinea (Borm.).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

The double spines and abbreviated wings render this a very
distinct species. De Bormans gives the wrong segments in
enumerating the spines. The milling of the segments is always
stronger towards the sides and on the second segment shows the
beginning of development into the spines ; on the sixth segment
the spines are feeble, and show obsolescence back to the milling.
The spines are blunt and recurved.

Relative to this species, Dr. Annandale makes the following
note : " . . . . imder stones at edge of mountain streams,
practically in the vt^ater. When forced towards the stream, they
swam rapidly on the surface, but they did not enter the water of
their own accord. Their position must have rendered them liable
to be submerged or washed away by sudden floods."

47. Forcipula trispinosa, DoJirn. (Fig. 26.)

Labidura trispinosa, Dohrn, (63) p. 310.

Forcipula trispinosa, Bonn. (00") p. 30 ; Kirby, (04) p. 9 ; Burr,

(04) p. 289, (053) p. 27, (07-) p. 207.
Labidura moro.>a, Kirby, (91) p. 513 ; Borm. (00") p. 36.
Forcipula morosa, Kirby, (04) p. 9.

Of medium size ; general colour black, with dense yellowish
pubescence. Antennae typical, tawny. Head black. Pronotum
black, the sides tawny, square. Elytra exceedingly finely punctu-
late, neai'ly smooth ; black, with yellowish pubescence. Wings
smooth and black, the tips yellowish. Legs uniform tawny.
Abdomen deep blackish chestnut, exceedingl}^ finely punctulate,
posterior border of each segment milled ; sides of segments three
to five in the S with a distinct sharp slender spine ; in the $ with
two spines but no tubercles. Last dorsal segment squai'e, smooth,
with a deep median impression ; posterior mai'gin truncate in S ,
simple but milled in $ , with a blunt tubercle over the root of
each branch of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment square.
Forceps long, with branches in the S remote at the base, trigonal,
straight for about two-thirds of their length, with a long sharp spine
on the inner margin about the middle of the straight part ; at two-
thirds of their length they are bent in and armed with a second
sharp tooth ; beyond this they are sti'aight to the points, which
are hooked inwards. In the $ the branches are subcontiguous,
stout, trigonal, gradually tapering and 8traight, the inner margin
crenulate, and a small sharp tooth just before the apex which is
hooked.

There is a form, occasioned by stunted growth or defective

FORCIPULA. 93

nourishment, in which the wiugs are not developed ; the forceps
are nearly straight, merely gently undulated, the teeth obsolete,
the first abdominal spine almost or entirely obsolete. To this we
may give the name minor, though it is hard to say whether it is
an ill-developed form of this species or of F. imgnax.

Length of body. ... 20 mm. 21 mm. 10-14 mm.
„ forceps.. 12 „ . 6 „ 5-5-6 ,,

SiKKiM {Inch Mas.) ; Nepal : Chitlong, Pharping {Ind. Mus.) ;
United Provinces : Kumaun, Bhim Tal {lad. Mus., coll. Burr) ;
Bengal: Calcutta, at light (/nr?. Mus.).

Var. minor, nov.

Nepal : Soondrijal {Ind. Mus.) ; United Provinces : Kumaun,.
Bhim Tal {Lid. Mus., coll. Burr).

Type in Vienna Museum.

According to Dubrony, this species occurs in Abyssinia, but
the record refers to an African species, F. gariazzi, Borelli.

48. Forcipula pugnax, Kirhy.* (Fig. 27.)

Labidura pugnax, Kirby, (91) p. 510, pi. 12. fig. 1 ; Borm. (94)

p. 377.
Forcipula pugnax, Borm. (00^) p. 443, (00-) p. 30 ; Burr, (04) p. 287,

Size large; colour deep chestnut-brown or blackish, with^a
close yellowish pubescence. Antennae tawny. Head black. Pro-
notum square, black, with yellow borders. Elytra dark chocolate-
brown, exceedingly finely punctulate, pubescent. Wings of the
same colour, smooth. Legs uniform tawny. Abdomen blackish
brown, finely granulose, hinder borders of the segments milled ;
sides of segments 3-6 in the J armed with recurved spines ; the
one nearest the base is the biggest and they regularly decrease
posteriorly. Last dorsal segment of J smooth, with a median
impression, truncate posteriorly. Forceps of S «'ith branches
remote at the base, reddish, trigonal, straight for about two-thirds
their length, then abruptly bent inwards, with a blunt tooth on
the inner margin at the angle of the bend, then straight, simple,
hooked at the points.

6
Length of body. . . . 20-5 mm.

„ forceps.. 12-14-5 mm.

Punjab : Kangi*a Valley {Brit. Mus.) ; Bhutan : Maria Ba^ti
{coll. Burr) ; AsSAM : Kurseong {coll. Burr) ; Burma : Eangoon,,
v.-vii. {Genoa Mus.).

Type in the British Museum.

This species is closely allied to F. trispinosa ; it only differs in
its browner colour, in having four abdominal spines instead of
three, and in having no tooth in tlie middle of the forceps, and
only a blunt one at the angle.

94 LABIDURID-E.

49. Forcipula quadrispinosa, Dohm. (Fig. 28.)

Labidura quadrispinosa, Lohrn, (63) p. 311 ; Bonn. (88) p. 434,

(94) p. 377.
Forcipula quadrispinosa, Bol. (97) p. 283 ; Bortn. (00-) p. 30 ; Burr,

(01) p. 323, (04) p. 289, (05^) p. 27, (073) p. .510.

Large ; blackish chocolate. Antennae tawny. Head black.
Pronotum square, black, sides tawny. Elytra rich chocolate-
brown, very dark, finely granulose, not pubescent. AVings
resemble the elytra. Legs tawny, often with darker shading.
Abdomen black, finely granulose, hinder margins of the segments
milled ; sides of segments 3-6 armed with thin spines. Last
dorsal segment square, smooth, with a median impression, the
hinder margin truncate. In the $ the spines are absent and the
last dorsal segment is somewhat narrower. Forceps with the
branches remote at the base in the d , trigonal, slender and
elongate, bowed so as to enclose an elliptical area, nearly meeting at
about two-thirds of their length at which point there is sometimes
a blunt tooth; the apical tliird straight and the point hooked.
In the 5 the branches are subcontiguous, stouter, straight, crenu-
late along the inner margin near the base, with a strong blunt
tooth on the inner margin near the apex.

6

5

Length of body . . . .

17-22 mm.

22 mm

„ forceps . .

9-10 „

5 „

SiKKiM {Ind. Mus.) ', Bhutan : Maria Basti {coll. Burr) ;
Bengal: Calcutta (Brussels Mus.); Madras: Tranquebar (cqU.
Dohm); Travancore, Tenmalai (Annandale; Ind. Mus., coll. Burr);
Ceylon (coll. Dohm) ; Btjema : Bhamo, viii., Katha, ii./vi.
(Genoa Mns.).

Occurs also in Siam, Cambodia and Annam.

TyjJe undefined, in Paris or Berlin.

50. Forcipula lurida, Bol. (Figs. 29 & 92.)

Forcipula quadrispinosa, var. lurida, Bol. (97) p. 283 ; Bortn. (00^)

p. 31.
Forcipula lurida, Eirbi/, (04) p. 9.

Resembles typical F. quadrispinosa, but is entirely lurid in
colour, with a reddish oblique keel on the sides of the segments
2-5 (fide Bolivar, 3-6?) of the abdomen of the males, the keels
being produced into a tooth, which is crenulate beyond the middle.
Forceps very long.

6

Length of body 23 mm.

„ forceps .... 22 ,

LABIDURA. 95

Madras : Madras {Oxford Mus.\ Trichinopoli {coU. Bolivar).

A larva of Forcipula, sp., from Peradeniya, Ceylon (coll. Burr),
may perhaps be referred to this species.

Kirby is probably right in elevating this form to specific rank,
as apart from the coloui*, the abdominal spines are of a different
shape.

Genus LABIDURA, Leacli.

Labidm-a, Leach, (1815) p. 118.

Forficesila, Serville, (39) p. 39. — Type, Forficula riparia, Pall.

Type, Forficula riparia, Pall.

Body rather elongate and depressed. Antennae with from 20 to
36 segments; third segment near'y as long as the first, the fourth
and fifth short, as long as the second ; sixth to ninth each a
trifle longer, all cylindrical, the remainder gradually lengthening,
but even the apical segment is barely as long as the third. Pro-
notum more or less quadrate. Elytra always well developed, with a
carina usually well developed, but sometimes obsolete before
reaching the posterior margin. Wings well developed or rudi-
mentary. Scutellum concealed. Prosternum constricted before
the posterior margin which is truncate. Mesosternum quadrate,
truncate posteriorly. Metasternum not produced beyond the
posterior coxae, truncate. Legs rather long, slender ; first tarsal
segment long and cylindrical, longer than the second and third
united. Abdomen elongate, rather depressed, with no lateral
tubercles or spines. Last dorsal segment of cJ large, subquadrate;
narrower in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment of J narrowed,
subtruncate at the apex ; in the 5 bluntly triangular. Pygidium
concealed. Forceps of J with branches remote at base, elongate,
rather slender, variously armed ; in the 5 subcontiguous, straight.

liange. Cosmopolitan.

This genus includes several species, but owing to the great
range of variation of the typical species, the number of names has
been enormously multiplied.

The genus falls into two groups ; one including the larger
species, riparia Pall., and beugalensis, Dohrn ; the other, the smaller
species, lividipes, Duf., tenuicornis, Borm., and nepalensis., Burr.

Once it is admitted that the innumerable varieties from all parts
of the world are but different races of one and the same species,
the discrimination offers no difficulty.

It is important to bear in mind the fact that the presence or
absence of wings, or rather their development or abbreviation, is
of no value whatever as a systematic character. In L. riparia,
specimens with abbreviated wings are very frequent, but this does
not serve to separate them, any more than the varying intensity
of the coloration.

96 LABIDUETD^.

Tahle of Species.

1. Size small (7'5-13 mm.) ; pronotum

somewhat longer than broad, rounded

posteriorly ; colour dark blackish grey.

2. Forceps of S dilated in basal half on

inner margin nepalensis. Burr, p. 96.

2.2. Forceps of J cylindrical lividipes, Dufour, p. 97.

1.1. Size larger (14-25 mm.) ; pronotum

subquadrate, truncate posteriorly with

angles rounded; colour tawny, reddish

chestnut, varied with blackish.

2. Forceps of (S with two strong teeth

on inner margin hengalensis, Dohrn, p. 98.

2.2. Forceps of J unarmed or with one

tooth riparia, Pall., p. 99.

51. Labidura nepalensis, Burr.* (Fig. 30.)
Labidura nepalensis, Burr, (07'-j p. 208.

Stature small and slender ; colour dull black ; last dorsal seg-
ment and forceps reddish black ; antennae greyish ; legs testaceous,
femora and tibiae banded with blackish. Antennae typical of
genus, 21 segments. Head smooth and convex, sTitures obsolete ;
pronotum some\\hat longer than broad, anterior border straight,
posterior border rounded ; prozona somewhat tumid, metazona
flattened. Elytra long, truncate, granulate, carina sharp and well-
defined; dull black. Wings long, same texture as elytra. Legs
slender, typical. Sternum brown, typical. Abdomen dull chocolate-
black, with a pale sparse pubescence, which is denser and longer in
the 2 , apparently smooth, exceedingly finely punctulated, no lateral
tubercles. Yenter dark brown, smooth, with fine yellowish pubes-
cence ; penultimate ventral segment of S obtusangular, truncate
apically ; rounded in $ . Last ventral segment almost hidden in both
sexes, only the exterior angles visible. Last dorsal segment of S
rectangular, reddish ])lack, with a longitudinal median sulcus, and
a blunt tubercle on each side at posterior border ; in $ attenuate,
with median depression. Pygidium in c^ or $ not apparent.
Forceps with the branches of the S trigonal and stout at the base,
inner margin depressed into a sharp flattened plate along one-
third of its length ; this part terminated with a small sharp tooth,
the edges contiguous, then strongly attenuate, unarmed, gently
incurved, the underside of each branch deeply furrowed ; in the
$ simple, straight, conical.

6 2

Length of body 7-5-9-75 mm. 8-5-11 mm.

„ forceps.... 3 ,, 1-75-2 „

IS'epal : Soondrijal ; Pharping {R. Hodgari, Inch JLis.).
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

LABIDURA. 97

This is one of the group of smaller species, including L. lividipes
and L. temiicomis. It is well characterized by the fattened and
dilated forceps, resembling many species of Forjicula.

It is interesting to note that two species very similar to this
occur preserved in Baltic amber of Oligocene age.

52. Labidura lividipes, Dufour. (Fig. 31.)

Forficula lividipes, Dufour, (28) p. 340.

Labidura lividipes, Bonn. (00") p. 36; KiTb\^, (03) p. 66, (04)

p. 11 ; Burr, (01) p. 318, (02) p. 479, (05') p. 28, (06) p. 388, (07^J

p. 209, (07^) p. 510 ; Annandale, (06) p. 391.
Labidura clufourii, Scudd. (76) p. 322; Brunner (82) p. 7; Borm.

(88) p. 434. (94) p. 378 ; Burr, (00-) p. 49, (01) p. 316.
Forticesila meridionalis, Serv. (39) p. 26.

Forficula (Labidura) meridionalis, Fisch. (53) p. 67, pi. vi, fig. 3 a-c.
Forficula meridionalis, Fieb. (53) p. 255.

Forficula pallipes, Dufour, (nee Fnbr.) (20) p. 316, pi. 96, fig. 7.
Labidura pallipes, Dohrn, (63) p. 317.
Forficesila vicina, Lucas, (46) p. 5, pi. l.fig. 2.
Labidura vicina, Dohrn, (63) p. 318 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 12.
Labidura lividipes, subsp. vicina, Borm. (00") p. 36.

Small, dark chestnut or blackish grey; antennae with 25 segments.
Head black, smooth, convex. Pronotum somewhat longer than
broad and somewhat broadened posteriorly : anterior margin
straight ; posterior margin rounded, the sides convex ; dark chestnut,
with a pale yellowish or sometimes bluish border. Elytra yellowish
brown, leathery, with complete keel. Wings of the same colour,
developed or abbreviated. Legs dark greyish, the knees and tarsi
generally yellowish. Abdomen almost smooth, blackish ; last
dorsal segment of J transverse, ample, with an obtuse tubercle over
the insertion of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment obtuse,,
truncate at the apex. Forceps of c5" vvith branches remote at the
base, rounded, straight at the base itself, then bowed inwards at
an angle, the branches themselves being straight, not arched ; in
the apical third on the inner margin there is often a strong tooth,
this is sometimes absent ; in the $ the branches are straight,
cylindi'ical, simple and contiguous.

cT $

Length of body 7-11 mm. 6-5-10 mm.

„ forceps.... l*5-3-2„ 1-5-2 „

Bengal: Purneah District, Calcutta (Ind. Mus.): Pusa (Pusa
coll., coll. Burr) ; BOMBAY (Ind. J\Jt(s.) ; Madras : Trichinopoli
(coll. Bolivar) ; Ceylon : Punduluoya, Chilaw in October, at light,
Peradeniya, Kala Wewa (Buda-Pesth Mus.), Ambegammoa, Batti-
calloa, Galle, Aluttnuwara, Trincomali (coll. Burr) • Burma :
Teinzo in May, Kyonk-Myaung in May, Bhamo in June, Katha
in June, Sheunaja in June. Eangoon, June to December, Kokarit,
January and November (Genoa Mus.).

E

98 LABIDUEID.i;.

This species is easy to recognize by its relatively small size and
grey colour ; the bend of the forceps is quite distinctive. The
presence or absence of the tooth on the inner margin of the
forceps of the male is not a sufficiently important character to
justify a separate name, and vicina of Lucas is accordingly sunk as
a synonym.

This species is widely distributed throughout Southern Europe,
Africa (as least as far south as Pretoria), and tropical Asia.

In India it seems to be as common as it is M'idely distributed ;
it is the subject of an interesting note by Dr. Annandale (see
ante, p. 15).

It is often found in rotten wood in company with EcJiinosoma
( Green).

53. Labidura "bengalensis, Dohm. (Fig. 32.)

Labidura bengalensis, Dohm, (G.3) p. 309 ; Duhr. (79) p. 3-53 ;
Borm. (00-) p. 16; Burr, (00-) p. 49, (01) p. 317, (05^) p. 27
(06) p. 388, (072) p. 207 ; Kirby, (03) p. 64, (04) p. 9.

Psalis bengalensis, Scudd. (76) p. 327.

Dark chestnut -brown. Antennse greyish yellow. Pronotum
brown, often A\ith a yellowish margin ; elytra dark chestnut-
brown, often with a red band along the suture. Wings and legs
yellowish. Forceps of S with the branches strong, keeled above,
remote, with a strong tooth on the inner margin near the base and
another about two-thirds down their length ; beyond the second
tooth the inner margin is denticulate to the apes, the branches are
gently curved inwards ; in the 5 near, but not coutiguous, almost
straight, denticulate all along the inner margin.

Length of body 32-45 mm.

„ forceps 7-10 „

Bengal : Calcutta (Ind. 3Ius., Brussels Mus.), Berhampur,
Chandpur, district of Tipperah (Tnd. Mus.) ; Madeas (Brit. Mus.) ;
Ceylon : Galle, Watawella and Butiwa ( Willey ; coll. Burr).

T)jpe undefined, in Vienna or Berlin.

Its powerful build and deep colour give this species a distinctive
appearance, which is difficult to express in words, but it can be
distinguished at a glance from L. riparia once it is known. The
forceps are differently curved and the teeth are more numerous.
The strong denticulation of the forceps of the female is very
distinctive, yet in some small specimens it is fully developed and
these resemble some forms of L. riparia.

LABIDUEA.

54. Labidura riparia, FnUas. (Figs. 33 & 34.)

[Tlie synonymy and literature of this species is very extensive. The
following' are the more important notices of synonyms and references,
which particular!}^ concern the Indian Fauna, or those which have
interest from beinjj: hitherto unrecorded. More complete synonymj' is
given by Scudder (76) and Kirby (03). In the latter paper, there are
impoixant observations upon the diftereut forms and their distribution.]

Forficula riparia, Pallas, (73) p. 50.

Labidura riparia, Dohrn, (63) p. 313 ; Scudd. (76) p. 3:23 (giving

full references up to 1876) ; Brunner, (82) p. 5 ; Bortnans, (88)

p. 434, (94) p. 378, (00') p. 33 ; Bun; (00-^) p. 40, (01) p. 316,

pi. B, tig. 4, (05=) p. 27, (06) p. 388, (07^) p. 207 ; Kirbi/, (03)

p. 64, (04) p. 10.
Forliculfi piiliipes, FaOr. (nee Diifour), (75) p. 270; Oliv. (72)

p. 468.
P Forticula dentata, Fabr. (75) p. 270.
Forticula gigantea, Fabr. (87) p. 24 ; Gene, (32) p. 8.
Labidura gigantea. Leach, {\o) p. 707; Stephens, (37) p. 8.
Foriicesila (Labidura) gigantea, Fischer, (53) p. 65, pi. 6, fig. 1.
Forticesila gigantea, Serv. (39) p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 2 ; Lucas, (46) p. 3 ;

Fieber, (53) p. 252.
Forficula (Forficesila) gigantea, Burm. (38) p. 751 ; Haan, (42)
^ p. 243.
Forficesila icterica, Serv. (39) p. 25.
Labidura icterica, Kirby, (03) p. Q^, (04) p. 11.
Labidura riparia var. inermis, Brnmier, (82) p. 5.
Labidura marginella, Costa, (39) p. 50, pi. 1, figs. 1-2.
Labidura mougoliea, Rehn, (05) p. 603, fig. 2 (n. syn.).
Labidura dubrouii, Borg, (04) p. 565 (n. syn.).
Labidura karschi, Borg, (04) p. 565 (n. syn.).
Labidura distincta, Rodz. Wieii. ent. Zeit. xvi. p. 153 (1897).
Forficula (Forticesila) bivittata, Burm. (38j p. 751.
Forticesila terminalis, Serv. (39) p. 25.
Uemogorgon patagonicus, Kirby, (91) p. 515, pi. 12, fig, 2, (04)

p. 12. ^
Labidura pluvialis, Kirby, (91) p. 512, (03) p. GQ, (04) p. 11,
Labidura granulosa, Kirliy, (91) p. 511, (03) p. 66^ (04) p. 11.
Forticula (Forticesila) gigantea var. japonica, Haan, (42) p. 240.
Forticula erythrocephala, Faljr. [wftcOlir.) (93) p. 4.
Forficula (Forficesila) suturalis, Burm. (38) p. 752.
Forficesila xanthopus, Stdl, (60) p. 300.
Labidura servillei, Dohr», (^63) p. 316 ; Borm. (00-) p. 35 ; Kirby,

(03) p. 66, (04) p. 11.
Labidura suturalis, Kirby, (03) p. 66, (04) p. 11.
Labidura clarki, Kirby, (91) p. 512, (03) p. 67, (04) p. 12.
Labidura riparia, subsp. pallipes, pluvialis, japonica, erythrocephala,

livida, Bonn. (00-) pp. 34-36.

Reddish testaceous, dark chestnut or tawny. Antennae
yellowish; head reddish. Elytra tawny, the suture banded with
reddish ; keel of elytra well developed, but often obsolete in

h2

100 LA.BIDUIlIDiE.

posterior half. Wings yellowish, well developed or rudimentary.
Legs long, yellowish. Abdomen tawny, the dorsal surface reddish.
Last dorsal segment ample, smooth, yellowish, quadrate ;
posterior margin armed with two acute points (often absent).
Penultimate ventral segment of c? obtusely triangular, the apex
truncate ; in $ apex rounded. Forceps tawny, darker towards
apex ; in the J the branches are remote at the base, elongate, gently
and regularly curved inwards, cylindrical, with a keel above near
the base ; towards the base on the inner margin there is often a
tooth, sometimes very strong, sometimes obsolete. In the 2
the forceps are subcontiguous, straight and denticulate along the
inner margin, especially near the base.

d 2

Length of body 14-24 mm. 14-20 mm.

forceps .... 3-25-12 „ 3-5 „

Sink : Karachi (Paris Mus., Brit. 3Jus., coll. Bxirr) : Uxitet>
Provinces: Dehra Dun, Kathgodam ; Sikkim: Darjiling (i-'am
Mus.) ; Bengal : Pusa, Berhampur, Calcutta, Comilla {Ind. IIiis.) ;
Oeissa : Balasor (Paris 3his.) ; Mysore : Bangalore (Ind. 3Ins.) ;
Bombay : (Paris Mus., Brit. Mtis., coll. Burr) ; Madras : Pondi-
cherrv {Paris Mus.) ; Ceylon: Ambegamraoa and Kala Wewa
(coll. Burr) ; BtJRMA : Teinzo in June; Kyonk-Myaung in April ;
Bhamo in July to August ; Senmyingyan in February ; from
Tenang to Mandalay in June; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-
5000 ft., January to April (Genoa Mus.).

Var. inermis, Briinner.

Bengal : Calcutta, Berhampur, Purneah District, Pusa (IncL
Mus.) ; Ceylon -. Hamhantota (very dark form, Fletcher).

This cosmopolitan species is exceedingly plastic, numerous
names having been given, as even the abridged synonymy will show.
Whether these forms are " species " or not is a matter of personal
opinion, or rather of convenience, but the names are now so
numerous that it is difficult to assign the correct forms to them.
The following are the main points of variation : —

(i.) Size. This \^'ill be seen from the dimensions given. The form
described by Kirby from Santarem (Amazons) has a total
length of 51 mm.

(ii.) Intensity of colour. The typical form of Pallas is evidently
the pale Palsarctic type ; when alive this is almost white, but
after death the specimen assumes that dirty ta^^•ny colour
with \\ hich we are so familiar from cabinet specimens. Some
from Japan, Russia, and the Philippines are nearly black, and
others from Australia are of a uniform pale tawny.

(iii.) Colour of the head. This varies from pale yellowish to
black.

(iv.) Colour of the pronotum. Varies from tawny to black, often
with a pale border or median reddish stripe.

LABIDURA. 101

(v.) Texture of elytra. These may be quite smooth or of a leathery

granulated texture.
(vi.) Keel of elytra may attain the posterior border, or scarcely

surpass the shoulder of the elytra,
(vii.) Colour of elytra. From tawuy to black ; in the latter case a

more or less narrow red baud is usually visible along the

suture ; the commonest form in collections is reddish-tawny

with a red band dowu the suture and a fuscous band down

the disc of the elytra,
(viii.) Development of wings. These are often prominent, often

scarcely protruding, and often abbreviated,
(ix.) Colour of wings. Eeddish-brown, pale tawny, or tawny with

a black spot,
(x.) Colour of abdomen. Tawny with indistinct dark dorsal stripe,

or dark reddish chestnut, with or without the dorsal stripe, or

almost uniform dull black,
(xi.) Armature of last dorsal segment. Two short sharp spines

generally present; occasionally only one; often both are

obsolete,
(xii.) Armature of forceps, d : a strong tooth may be present

about the middle or near the apex, or may be entirely absent.

5 : the basal denticulation varies in strength and is often

nearly obsolete.

As all these different foimis appear to occur irregularly in all
parts of the world, so that specimens from widely separated
localities are almost indistiuguishable, and extremes occur in the
same neighbourhood, specific rank should not be accepted for them
until it has been proved.

It is true that certain forms are more or less restricted to
certain areas. Thus Kirby has described as L. truncata the
Australian form, in which the male forceps are strongly denticu-
lated as far as a median tooth and there is a second tooth near the
extremity, the anal points are wanting ; but even in this form
there is colour-aberration, from uniform tawny to tawny and deep
black ; the wings are long or short. Specific rank is hardly justi-
fied, and yet it is undoubtedly convenient to know the Australian
specimens as the " tmncata form," as they have an undoubted
though ill-defined characteristic appearance.

Some South American forms have a very distinctive appearance.

A pale form, with no anal points and a small second tooth not
quite at the extremity of the forceps, is identified by Kirby with
L. icterka of Serville, from India, Ceylon and China.

A very common form in India is probably identical with
Brunner's variety inermis ; the size is small, the colour deep, the
head, pronotum and elytra being almost entirely black ; the anal
points are wanting; the forceps are relatively short and the
teeth are almost obsolete. Specimens agreeing with this form
occur in Japan and Java.

In the present state of our knowledge, for the purposes of this

102 LABIDUEIDiE.

work, it is convenient to regard L. icterica, Serv., Kirby's Asiatic
form, as a subspecies, variety or race of L. riparia, scarcely
deserving a distinctive name ; and the dwarfed, dark, unarmed
form, with no anal points, so common in India, as variety inermis^
Brunner.

Subfamily V. PARISOLABIN^.

This small group was formerly attached to the Brachylahhup,
with which it has several features in common, such as the long
slender tarsi, with long second segment, few antennal segments,
and almost rectangular meso- and metasterna.

The antennae are, however, longer than in that group, and this
shows affinity with the Lahichmna', as also the convex, subparallel
body, long tarsi, and absence of glandular folds. For these
reasons, as well as the fact that the metasternum is truncate, it
appears to be more nearly related to the Labidurina' than to the
Psalime.

Two genera are known ; one, Parisolahis, Yerh., contains a
single species occun-ing in New Zealand ; the other, Pseudisolabis,
with one species in New Zealand and two in India.

Genus PSEUDISOLABIS, Bm;:

Pseudisolabis, Burr, (08^) p. 254.

Type, P. ivcdl-eri, Burr.

Antennae with 15 segments, the fii-st long, strongly clavate;
second minute, cylindrical; third cylindrical, long, but not so
long as the first ; fourth minute and globular, not longer than
broad ; fifth longer than fourth, a little longer than broad ; the
rest gradually lengthening, but none equalling the third in length,
rather thick, "cylindrical, but the joints distinctly constricted. Head
not sharply triangular, rectangular posteriorly ; the occiput punctu-
late and pubescent ; the frons smooth and tumid ; the frontal
impressions obsolete. Pronotum subquadrate, the anterior and
posterior margins parallel and truncate, slightly broader posteriorly
than anteriorly and broader than long, a trifle broader than the
head; sides straight, gently diverging posteriorly. Mesonotum
transverse, parallel-sided, with no keels. Metanotum broader than
the mesonotum, the posterior margin gently sinuate. Prosternum
about double as long as broad, parallel-sided. Mesosternum trans-
verse, posterior margin truncate. Metasternum transverse, the
posterior margin truncate, Pemora rather thick, especially the
anterior pair ; tibiae and tarsi slender, second segment of latter

PSEUDISOLABIS. 103

rather long and slender, about half as long as the third, the first
about as long as the second and third united. Abdomen
rather depressed, gently dilated about the apical third and
very slightly narrower at the apex itself ; last dorsal segment
short, transverse, truncate posteriorly ; penultimate ventral
segment obtusely rounded ; last ventral segment visible as a pair
of triangular lobes just protruding. Forceps remote at the base,
trigonal at the base itself, tapering and short.

BaiKje. India and Xew Zealand.

This genus differs from Parisolahis in being much less depressed
and less dilated, and the last dorsal segment is by no means
narrowed. It approaches more nearly to Anisolabis thau does
Parisolabis, and represents the transition between the Bracliylahince
and the Psalitue.

In the form of the abdomen and the last dorsal segment Pseud-
isolabis approaches Anisolabis, but the antennae have fewer segments,
the second segment of the tarsi is longer, the posterior margin of the
metasternum is scarcely produced between the posterior coxoe, and
the metasternum is shorter, relatively much broader and truncate
posteriorly.

Two species occur in India ; a third, the type, occurs in New
Zealand.

Table of Species.

1. Shining black ; forceps strongly bowed . . hurri, Borelli, p. 103."
1.1. Dull brown ; forceps straight, only arched

at the apex tenera. sp. n., p. 104.

55. Pseudisolabis biirri, Borelli.**' (Fig. 35.)

Pseudisolabis burri, Borelli, (09) p. 1.

Rather small, smooth, scarcely pubescent and shining black.
Antenna) dark bro\^n, with 15 segments, third cylindrical, fairly
long, fourth very short, almost globular, fifth a little longer, subconi-
cal, sixth about equal to third, subconical, the remainder subcorneal.
Head tumid, smooth, black, shining, sutures almost obsolete.
Pronotum rectangular, decidedly broader thau long. Meso- and
metasternum transverse, with no trace of keel or elytra. Sternal
plates typical of the genus. Femora rather thick, black, yellowish
at the base and apex ; tibiee brown, yellow at the base and apex ;
tarsi yellowish, slender, typical of the genus. Abdomen dull
black, exceedingly minutely punctulated, hairless above (in the
specimens examined), with a few long slender bz'istles at the sides,
which in the sixth and seventh segments of the S are convex ; the
abdomen of the J is gently dilated to about two-thirds its length
and then slightly narrowed ; in the $ the dilation is shorter and
the narrowing a little stronger ; penultimate ventral segment of cj'
and 2 broadly rounded ; pygidium of <S not protruding, broad.

104 LABIDURID^

vertical, tumid in the middle ; in $ similar but very narrow. Last
dorsal segment of d very short and broad, somewhat inflated, with
a median depression, posteriorly depressed, the margin truncate,
subtuberculate over the insertion of the forceps : in $ similar, but
narrower. Forceps of 6 with the branches remote at the base,
verv obtusely trigonal at the base itself, almost immediately
cylindrical, straight and diverging for about two-thirds their
length, then strongly, but not angukrly, bowed inwards; in 2
subcontiguous, trigonal, short, tapering, conical, very gently
arcuate; in both sexes the forceps are black for about two-thirds
their length, the rest red.

Length of body 9 mm. 8 mm.

„ forceps 2 „ 1 „

iS'.E. Kashmir : on the road from Srinagar to Grilgit, altitude
about 6700 ft. (Turin Mus., coll. Burr).

Type in the Turin Museum,

This is an interesting species, being closely related to Ps. tvalkeri,
Burr, from New Zealand, with which it possesses many characters
in common.

It differs in the somewhat smaller size, deep black colour and
absence of dense pubescence (in the specimens examined) ; the
last dorsal segment is gently inflated throughout in P. tvalkeri, but
in this species it is depressed posteriorly and has a slight median
depression which is absent in P. tvall-eri, as are also the faint
tubercles over the roots of the forceps. The forceps differ in being
red at the apex and being only faintly trigonal, and that only at
the extreme base ; they are more strongly divergent, and strongly
arched inwards, not abruptly nor angularly bowed. The female
of P. ivaJJceri is unknown.

56. Pseudisolabis tenera, sp. u. (Fig. 36.)

Uniform dull red brown, with a few isolated bristles, but no
close pubescence. Antennae with 17 segments; the first clubbed,
third cylindrical and elongate, fourth very short, not longer
than broad, fifth a trifle longer, sixth a little longer, but
not so long as the third, all these are gently conical ;
the rest are about as long as the third, subcylindrical, all
dull brown, smooth. Head tumid, sutures obsolete. Pronotum
a little broader than the head, and distinctly broader than long,
rectangular, depressed ; median suture distinct in fore portion
only ; prozona not distinct from metazona ; sides reflexed, smooth ;
light dull brown. Mesonotum of the same colour, very short and
finely punctulate. Metanotum of the same colour and sculpture,
very short. Sternal plates smooth, light brown, the sides parallel,
transverse ; metasternum truncate. Legs dull brown ; second tarsal
segment nearly as long as the first. Abdomen subdepressed, dull

I'SEUDISOLABIS. 105

brown, very finely punotulate, svibparallel-sided, slightly narrowed
apically ; glandular folds not developed. Last dorsal segment more
than twice as broad as long, rectangular, posterior margin truncate
in the middle, the angles obliquely truncate, slightly tumid over
the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment transverse,
very broadly rounded. Pygidium typical, somewhat tumid beneath.
Porceps with the branches remote at the base, of circular cross-
section, straight at first, incurved at the apex, quite simple.

6

Length of body 11 "5 mm.

„ forceps To ,,

Punjab : Murree (colL Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

This species closely resembles P. burn but is narrower in build,
of a uniform dull red brown instead of shining black, and tlie
forceps are quite straight for the greater part of their length,
being only arcuate at the apex itself.

Subfamily VI. BRACHYLABIN^E.

The members of this family have all a very characteristic
appearance and close superficial resemblance to each other.

The old genus BracJiijlahis of Dohrn, as restricted by de Bormans,
has been revised and split up, and Verhoeff's Isolabicke incor-
porated. The genus Brach)/Iabis itself is not represented in the
Indian fauna.

The family is characterized by the total absence of organs of
flight, long slender legs and tarsi, even the second segment
being elongate, triangular head, cylindrical body, tapering at
the apex, paucisegmentate antennae, long narrow pi-osternum,
equally broad and lorig meso- and metasterna, broad and rounded
penultimate ventra' segment, and sinuate, concave last dorsal
segment, produce'^l into a short pointed lobe on each side ; the
forceps slender, cylindrical, tapering, unarmed and arcuate.

They are all very dark brown or nearly black insects. The
surface is usually very densely pitted and punctulate, and often
clothed with a dense pubescence, which is rapidly rubbed off and
lost in cabinet specimens.

A remarkable feature in some genera is the form of the eyes,
which are elliptical and unusually large, reaching backwards
almost to the posterior angles of the head, so that they are
situated laterally instead of anteriorly.

Table of Genera.

1. Eyes normal, that is, small and an-
terior ; mesonotum with tumid ridge, [p. lOG.
but no sharp keels Nannisolabis, Burr,

106 labiduridjE.

1.1. Eyes large, elliptical, and lateral. Meso-
notum with sharp keels.
2. Third seg-ment of antennae elongate,

twice as long as broad; fourth [p. 108.

longer than broad Metisolabis, Burr,

2.2. Third autennal segment scarcely

longer than broad, the fourth glo- [p. 109.

bular . . . Ctenisolabis, Verb.,

Genus NANNISOLABIS, n. g.
Brachylabis & Leptisolabis (partim), Bun- (olim).

Type, N. ivilleyi, Burr.

Small insects ; head tumid ; eyes small, anterior ; antennse with
short segments ; pronotum longer than Avide ; mesonotum with a
transverse depression surrounded by a blunt tumid ridge. Abdo-
men spindle-shaped, attenuate apically, especially in the $ .
Lateral tubercles of third and fifth segments distinct ; last dorsal
segment sinuate and produced on each side to a small pointed lobe.
Forceps simple, arcuate and tapering.

Range. Ce}'lon.

Though somewhat compressed at the shoulders, the ridge of the
mesonotum is not sharp. The following two species are the only
ones known.

Table of Sjpecies.

1. Pronotum parallel-sided, densely punc-

tulate philetas, Burr, p. 106,

1.1. Pronotum widened posteriorly, smooth .... vnlleyi, Burr, p. 107.

57. Nannisolabis philetas, Burr*'

Brachylabis philetas, Btm; (01) p. 322, pi. B, fig. 7 ; Kirhy (04>

p. 16.
Leptisolabis philetas, Burr, (08') pp. 252 & 253.

Size small ; colour black : the whole body punctulate, with
a few stiff hairs. Antennte with 9 segments, 2nd reddish,
7th and 8tb white, the rest black ; first long, second shorter, the
rest quite round, as broad as long, gradually larger, the ninth a
little smaller than the eighth, which is the largest. Pronotum
broader than the head, elongate, the sides parallel and raised :
mesonotum narrow, strongly impressed anteriorly, the posterior
part being therefore slightly elevated, the sides keeled and the
anterior angle slightly broader than the pronotum ; metanotum as
broad as the mesonotum, and exposing only a small part of the
first abdominal segment. Legs long ; tibiae and tarsi testaceous ;
femora testaceous, with a strong broad black band ; first tarsal
segment longer than the second and third together. Abdomen
cylindrical, the lateral tubercles very distinct on the second and

NAXMSOLABIS.

107

third dorsal segments ; last segment very small in both sexes.
Forceps very short, slender ; in the cS the branches are remote at
the base, slightly incurved, meeting at the apex, unarmed ; in
the 2 subcontiguous, almost straight, crossing at the apex.

Length of body 6 mm, 7-5 mm.

„ forceps 1-25 ,, 1 „

Ceylon : Punduluoya, d and 5 in coita (coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

The types are unfortunately broken, and only fragments
remain. The mesonotum is preserved, and this, with the
description and figure, leaves no room for doubt as to the generic
position of the species. It differs from N. willeyi in the form and
structure of the pronotum.

58. Nannisolabis willeyi, sp. n.

Small ; general colour dark reddish brown. Antennae with 13
segments, brown, the apical segments paler ; all segments, except
the first, very short, only the apical two or three being slightly
longer than broad ; first segment about as long as third, fifth
and sixth united. Head smooth, tunid, sutures distinct; eyes
small, normal, anterior, Pronotum red-brown, smooth, decidedly
longer than broad and widened posteriorly ; median line distinct ;
sides strongly reflexed. Mesonotum with a transverse depression
in anterior portion, surrounded by a short raised ridge which is
somewhat compressed at the anterior angles, but is not sharp.
The mesonotum is finely punctulate, Metanotum broader than
the mesonotum, of the same colour and sculptui'e, the posterior
margin strongly concave. Legs long and slender, dirty yello\\' ;
the femora with indistinct darker shading. Abdomen red-
brown, darker basally, finely punctulate, with a fine golden
pubescence ; lateral tubercles of third and fourth segments very
distinct ; decidedly «ider in $ than in the S . Last dorsal seg-
ment transverse in c? , smooth, posterior margin nearly straight,
slightly produced on each side over the forceps ; in 2 similar but
narrower. Penultimate ventral segment of J' broad and rounded,
more so in $ than in the S . Forceps of 6 remote at base, cylin-
drical, straight at fii-st, strongly arcuate in the apical half ; in $
contiguous, gently arcuate from the base and overlapping.

Length of body 8 mm. 6*5 mm.

„ forceps 1 ,, 1'5 „

Ceylon: Patipola, 1907 (coll. Barr), Hakgala, l.ii.06 (Dr.
Willey ; coll. Burr).
Type in the author's collection.
This species is alhed to N. pldletas, but is a little larger. The

108 LABIDUEID^.

prouotum is longer and differs in being quite smooth and
distinctly widened posteriorly. The femora are blackish in
iV. 2^hiletas^ but this is an untrustworthy character. The present
species is peculiar among the BracJu/lahina' in having the pronotum
quite smooth and also in its red-brown colour.

Genus METISOLABIS, n. g.

Brachylabis, Bolivar, Burr (oliDi).

Type, Brachylabis voelzkowi. Burr.

Agrees generally with the preceding genus, but the segments
of the antennae are longer, not globular, all beyond the second
being at least a little longer than broad ; and the eyes are large,
elliptical, and nearly reach the posterior angles of the head ; the
mesonotum is keeled. From the following genus it differs in the
long antenual segments, agreeing in the structure of the eyes and
mesonotum.

Range. India and Madagascar.

Two species are known to occur in India.

TahJe of Species.

1 . Legs uniform reddish ; abdomen with
lateral tubercles on fourth segment
only ; keels of mesonotum strongly

converging posteriorly bifoveolata, Bol., p. 108.

1.1. Femora banded with "black; abdomen
with lateral tubercles on third and
fourth segments ; keels of mesonotum
gently converging posteriorly candeUi, Burr, p. 109.

59. Metisolabis bifoveolata, Bol.

Brachylabis bifoveolata, Bolivar, (97) p. 285, pi. 10, fig. 1; Bonn,
(00-) p. 53; Kirbi/, (04) p. 16 ; Burr, (08^) pp. 250 & 251.

Pitch-black, entirely punctulate, and with reddish pubescence ;
basal segment of antennae reddish, the rest up to the twelfth
black. Mesonotum heart-shaped, with lateral keels. Legs reddish
testaceous. Third abdominal segment Mith no lateral tubercles ;
fourth segment with a strong blunt tubercle on each side ; the
fifth segment impressed at the sides. Forceps of S with branches
short, trigonal, gently curved.

Length of body 12-14 mm.

„ forceps 2 „

Southern India : Trichinopoli (coll. Bolivar).

Bolivar's description is brief but good, and so is bis figure.

METISOLABIS. — CIENISOLABIS. 109

Without seeing the insect it is easy to place it in its true position.
It differs from B. caudelU in the uniform reddish legs, in the
more strongly convergent keels of the mesonotura, which is thus
more strongly narrowed posteriorly, and in the absence of the
lateral fold on the third segment of the abdomen.

60. Metisolabis caudelli, Burr*

Brachyliibis punctata, i?o?-?«. (88) p. 436, (94) p. 37o, (GO") p. o3.
Bracliylabis caudelli. Burr (nee Duhr., nee Kirby), (OS-*) p. 251.

Colour, texture, form, and pubescence typical. Antennae with
15 segments, black with a pale ring before the apex ; the segments
rather long ; the third segment about twice as long as broad ; the
fourth more than half as long as the third ; the fifth quite as
long as the third, if not a trifle longer; almost cylindrical.
Mesonotum with the keels gently bowed at the shoulder and
gently converging posteriorly. Femora black, yellowish towards
the apex ; tibiae brownish yellow, tarsi pale. Abdomen typical,
third and fourth segments with lateral tubercles. Forceps stout
at base, rapidly tapering, gently arched, not contiguous in the S ,
contiguous in the 2 .

S 2

Length of body 11 mm. 12 mm.

,, forceps 1'5 „ 1 „

Burma : Teinzo, v., Prome, xii. (Genoa 4' Brit. Mus.); Meetan,
iv., Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. ; Pegu, Palon,
viii./ix. (Genoa Mtis., coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

Apparently common in Further India. This species was con-
fused by de Bormans with B. punctata, Dubr., from Java, but
that species has no keels on the pronotum and falls into Leptiso-
labis, Verh.

Genus CTENISOLABIS, Verh.

Ctenisolabis; Verh. (02^) p. 11.
Brachylabip, Burr (olim).

Type, Ct. togoensis, Verh.

This genus agrees with Metisolabis in the form of the eyes and
keeled mesonotum, but differs in the short, almost globular,
antennal segments. With Nannisolahis it agrees in the form of
the antennae, but has a keeled mesonotum and lateral eyes.

Range. Three species are at present placed in this genus ; one,
the type, Ct. togoensis, Verh., is African ; the other, Ct. nigra, Scudd.,
occurs in South America ; the third in Ceylon.

110 LABIID^.

61. Ctenisolabis fletcheri, sp. u. (Fig. 79.)

Small, black, puuctulate. Aiitennse with 13 segments, all short
after the first ; third about as long as broad, fourth and fifth
globular, the others slightly lengthening, but the apical seg-
ment is only a little longer than broad ; from the third towards
the apex all the segments become gradually thicker. Head
typical : the eyes large and prominent, but not reaching so near to
the posterior margin of the head as in some species. Pronotum
wider than the head and still wider posteriorly, distinctly longer
than broad, with a distinct neck in front, which carries the head.
Mesonotum ample, the keels distinct but blunt, bowed outwards
at first and arched gradually inwards, dying out just before
reaching the posterior margin. Metanotum ver}^ ample and very
strongly sinuate. Legs typical. Femora black, tipped with
reddish, tibiae and tarsi reddisli. Abdomen typical; tubercles
on third and fourth segments not very distinct, smooth spot on
fifth segment distinct. Last dorsal segment gently sinuate.
Penultimate ventral segment very ample, rounded. Forceps con-
tiguous, simple, overlapping.

Length of body 10 mm.

„ forceps 1 „

Ceylon : IVIadulsima, 13,viii.08 {T. B. FletcJier; coll. Burr).

Tifpe in the author's collection.

The keels of the mesonotum are very blunt and thus represent
a passage to Leptisolahis.

It may be distinguished by its generic characters from the only
species with which it is Hkely to be confused.

Family IV. LABIID.E.

This family contains a number of heterogeneous forms, and is
in great need of revision.^ A considerable number of species are
known, but relatively few are recorded from India, representing
five genera.

The discrimination between the smaller forms of Spongiplwra
and larger ferms of Labia is rather subtle, and the generic
characters must be examined with care.

Only one subfamily, the Labiince, is known to be represented
in India ; but it is quite probable that sonie member of the
Nesoyastrince may be discovered, probably towards the eastern
bounds of the area.

^ For this reason, the generic definitions in tliis family must be regarded as
purely provisional.

SPONGIPHORA. Ill

Subfamily I. LABIIN.E.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Body not stronj^ly depressed.
'2. Antennae with 15-20 segments; the
fourth about half as long as the
third, fifth also shorter than third.
3. Penultimate ventral segment of S

subrectangular ; tirst tarsal seg- [p. 111.

ment decidedly shorter than third. Spongiphora, Serv.,
'A.'-'). Penultimate ventral segmentample,
rounded ; tirst tar^ial segment

about equal to third Euotesis, n. g., p. 114.

2.i2. Antennse with 10-15 segment;?; fourth
and fifth almost or quite as long as
third; (penultimate ventral segment
of (S rounded ; first and second

tarsal segments about equal) Labia, Leach, p. 115.

1.1. Body strongly depressed.

2. Antennae with 10-15 segments ; third

and f iHutli rather long (as in Labia). [p. 1 24.

Abdomen with no lateral folds. . . . Platylabia, Dohrn,
2.2. Antenufe wath 15-20 segments. Ab-
domen Avith lateral folds on second [p. 127,
and third segments Sphingolabis, Borm.,

Genus SPONGIPHORA, Serville.

Spongiphoi-a, Serv. (31) p. 31.
Spongophora, Agasaiz, Nom. Zool. p. 439 (1846).
Psalidophora, Serv. (39) p. 29. — Type, Spongiphora croceipeniiis,
Serv.

Type, Sponglpliora croceipennis, Serv. (Brazil).

Anteunae with 15-20 segments ; the first long and pear-shaped ;
second quite small ; thu'd long, cylindrical, more than half as long
as the first ; fourth and fifth small, not half as long as third ; the
remainder gradually lengthening, hecoming more slender. Pro-
notum subquadrate, more or less rouuded posteriorly. Elytra
smooth, with no keels, perfectly developed. Wings well developed
or abbreviated. Prosternum parallel-sided. Mesosternum rounded
posteriorly, Metasternum truncate posteriorly, not produced
between the posterior coxfe. Legs not very long, the femora
rather thick ; first tarsal segment decidedly longer than the
third, the second cylindrical, not remarkably short ; tarsi strongly
pubescent beneath. Abdomen depressed, rather long, with distinct
lateral glandular folds. Last dorsal segment of S rectangular,
narrowed posteriorly in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment rect-
angular in c? , shghtly narrowed in § and more or less rounded.
Forceps in S with branches remote at base, depressed, rather
slender and elongate ; in $ subcontiguous, straight, lon<T,
unarmed.

Serville replaced his original name, Sjjonriiphora, by Psalido-
pliora because the latter is more appropriate ! Psalidophora was

112 . labiidtE.

accepted by Dohru and all authors until Scudder restored the
former name, uith the amended orthography proposed by
Agassiz ; de Bormans retains the original spelling.

There is a strong resemblance between the smaller species
of this genus and the larger ones of Labia, and in the smaller
species the generic characters are often difficult to observe.

Table of S2)ecies.

1. Pygidium hidden ; (elytra uniform brown ;
forceps of (J with 2-3 teeth on inner

margin) lufea, Borm., p. 112.

1.1. Pygidium prominent.

2. Elytra and wings unicolorous ; pygidium [p. 112.

trapezoidal, narrowed, truncate at apex, nitidipennis, Borm.,
2.2. Elytra and wings sfjotted ; pygidium

broad, lanceolate, bifid at apex with [p. 113.

pointed lobes , semijlava, Borm.,

62. Spongiphora lutea, Bormans**

Spongophora lutea, Bonn. (94) p. 386.

Spongiphora lutea, Bonn. (00-) p. 60 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 30.

Shining brown ; antennae with 15 segments ; pronotum as
broad as the head and a trifle longer. Elytra short, hardly
longer than the pronotum, rounded posteriorly. Wings abortive.
Last dorsal segment of both d and 5 rectangular, twice as broad
as long ; pygidium hidden. Forceps with the branches stout ;
in the 6 long, remote at the base, nearly straight, with three teeth
on each side on the inner margin ; in 2 shorter, subcontiguous,
unarmed.

6 2

Length of body 6-8 mm. 6-5-10 mm.

forceps .... 2-5-3 „ 2-2-5 „

Burma -. Palon, in August and September ; Karen-ni, Geku
Distr., 4300—1700 ft., in Februarv and March ; Karen-ni, Keba
Distr., 3000-3700 ft., from April to December, 4000-4300 ft.
(^Genoa 3Iiis.).

Type in the Greuoa Museum.

This species is very distinct. The rather stout build and yellow
colour render it easy to recognize ; the wings appear to be
always abbreviated.

63. Spongiphora nitidipennis, Bonnans.* (Fig. 80.)

Spongophora nitidipennis, Bonn. (94) p. 382.

Spongiphora nitidipennis, Bonn. (00') p. 454, (00-) p. 58 ; Kirby,

(04) p. 30.
Chnetospania Jupiter, Bun-, (00'^) p. 94 (n. syn.) ; Kirby, (04) p. 22.

Size medium ; general colour dull brown, pubescent. Antennae
brown, with 15 cylindrical segments, the fourth nearly as long as

SrONGIPHOllA. "^ 113

the third. Head depressed, rather broad; eyes prominent.
Pronotum longer than broad, sides parallel, gently narrowed
posteriorly. Elytra and wings ample; the latter paler at the
base. Legs brown ; tarsi paler, long and slender, first and third
segments equally long. Abdomen dull brown, finely rugulose.
Last dorsal segment of (S ample, smooth, nearly square ; narrow
in $ . Pygidium of c? forming a prominent rectilinear plate,
narrowed towards the apex which is truncate ; in 2 square,
faintly emarginate at apex. Porceps of c? remote at base,
depressed, long and nearly straight, sometimes with a strong
depressed triangular tooth near the base and several small teeth
beyond ; in 5 not contiguous, straight, short at base then
tapering, denticulate.

d 2

Length of body .... 8-12 mm. 10-5-11-5 mm.
„ forceps . . 3*5-8 „ 35-6 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba Distr., about 3000 ft. (Genoa JTus.).
Occurs also in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.
2i/pe in the Grenoa Museum.

Easy to recognize by the uniform dull brown colour and the
form of the pygidium and forceps.

04. Spongipliora semiflava, Borm. (Pig. 37.)

Spongophora semiflava, L'.onn. (94) p. 385.

Spongiphora semiflava, Bonn. (00^) p. 59 ; Klrby, (04) p. 30.

Small ; antennae with 15 segments, brown, paler near the base.
Head dark brown. Pronotum brown, trapezoidal, widened
posteriorly. Elytra ample, brown, with a long discoidal yellow
band and clothed with short stiff bristles. Wings brown, with a
large yellow spot. Base of femora brown ; rest of legs yellow.
Abdomen blackish chestnut. Pygidium of S broad and flat,
rapidly narrowing towards the apex which is bifid, with sharp
lobes. Porceps of S with the branches testaceous, remote at
the base, long and straight, rather depressed, the inner edge
near the base is dilated in the form of a flattened plate • in the
$ shorter, contiguous at the base, nearly straight.

Length of body S mm. 8 mm.

„ forceps .... 3-5 ,, ]-75 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. ; Karen-
ni, G-eku Distr., 4300-4700 ft., ii./iii. {Genoa Mas.) ; Thagata, iii.,
Bhamo, viii. {coll. Burr).

Also recorded from Sarav\"ak.

Tt/pe in the Genoa Museum.

Apart from the distinctive coloration, the form of the pygidium
of this species renders it unmistakable.

114 LABIID.I.

Genus EROTESIS, u. g.

Ttpe, Sjwnrjiphora sphiiuv, Burr (Sarawak).

Antennae with about 20 segments, slender and cylindrical ;
third segment rather short, the fourth much shorter ; fifth a
little shorter than, or about as long as, the third ; the sixth
a little longer, the rest gradually lengthening. Pronotum rather
long and narrow, gently widened posteriorly. Head depressed,
smooth. Elytra well developed, long and smooth. Wings well
developed. Prosternum long and parallel-sided, scarcely con-
stricted. Mesosternuni and metasternum truncate. Abdomen
depressed, nearly parallel-sided, second and third segments with
distinci; pliciform tubercles. Legs slender ; tarsi rather short and
broad, the first and third segments about equally long, second
segment small and cylindrical. Last dorsal segment of both d"
and 5 iimple, quadrate. Penultimate ventral segment broad and
well rounded in both sexes. Forceps of c? with branches slender,
remote at the base, elongate and arcuate ; in the $ straight and
simple.

liange. Oriental Region.

This genus is evidently allied to Sponciipliora, but differs in the
well-rounded penultimate ventral segment of the male and the
shorter first tarsal segment.

65. Erotesis decipiens, Kirh>f*

Labidura ? decipiens, Kirhy, (91) p. 511.

Labidurodes decipiens, Bonn. (00^) p. 39 Kirby, (04) p, 15.

Orange-red and yellowish. Antennae wdth 21-22 segments,
brownish. Head yellowish, shading to reddish above. Pronotum
narrow, with a vague dusky median band and clear yellow sides.
Elytra yellow, with the dusky band of the pronotum continued
down the suture to the tip of the wings, which are otherwise
yellow. Legs yellowish. Abdomen reddish ; pliciform tubercles
of the third segment very distinct. Last dorsal segment with
four tubercles in the middle of the posterior margin and a few
smaller ones at the sides, Porceps of 6 with branches remote
at the base, slender, gently and i-egularly arcuate and meeting at
the apex ; there are two or three small but sharp teeth about the
middle on the inner margin and a stronger one just before
the apex.

6

Length of body 11 mm.

„ forceps 3 „

Assam {Brit. Mus.).
Type in the British Museum.

Kirby first placed this species, with a query, in Lahidura, but it
is more nearly related to tSpongipliora ; in appearance it resembles

LABIA. 115

Proreus simulans and P. hulelcingi, and also, as de Bormans
suggested from the description, Apterygida erythrocepTiala -, it
also recalls Elaunon bipartitus. For this reason it is important
to examine the tarsi, as the simple cylindrical second segment
will at once remove all idea of its identity with any of the
above-named species.

Perhaps the doubtful Apterygida cingalensis, Dohrn, should be
referred here.

Genus LABIA, Leach.

Labia, Leach, (15) p. 118.

Copiscelis, Fieb. (5o) p. 2b7.—Type, Forficula minor, Linn

Type, Forficula minor, Linn. (Palisarctic and Ethiopian).

Small insects. Antennae with 10-15 segments ; the first long
and pear-shaped, the second very small, the third long, almost as
long as the first, fourth nearly or quite as long as the third,
the rest gradually lengthening, cylindrical or cylindro-conical.
Pi'onotum as broad as the head. Elytra always, wings usually
well developed; former with no keel. First tarsal segment
hardly longer than the third, the second very small ; the tarsi

Fig. 8.— Tarsus of Labia pygidiata, Fig. 9.— Antenna of Labia airvicauda,
Diibr. Motsch.

not strongly pubescent beneath. Abdomen depressed, some-
times rather widened in the middle. Last dorsal segment
transverse. Penultimate ventral segment rounded in both sexes.
Pygidium prominent or concealed. Forceps various, but generally
remote at the base in the (S , elongate or short, nearly straight
or strongly curved, unarmed or toothed ; in the $ simple, short,
straight.

Range. Cosmopolitan.

About fifty species, from all parts of the world, are at present
included in this genus ; but it requires subdivision, and some
members at least will be removed to other groups. A good many
species are unrecognizable owing to insufficient description.

i2

116 LABIID.E,

Tahle of Species.

1. Forceps ot J contiguous. (Pygidium

hidden.) nigrella, Dubr., p. 117.

1.1. Forceps of <S remote at base.

2. Branches of forceps of S short and
strongly curved. Pygidium not pro-
minent.
3. Forceps of S strongly arched at

apex, not dilated luzonica, Dohrn, p. 117.

3.3. Forceps of r^ dilated near base, then [p. 118.

bent inwards at a right angle .... curvicaiida, Motsch.,
2.2. Branches of forceps elongate.
3. Pygidium long and narrow.

4. Pygidium tongue-shaped or lanceo-
late miicronata, Stal, p. 11 9.

4.4. Pygidium broad at base, long, nar- [p. 120.

rowed apically, and truncate. . . . pilicornis, Motsch.,
3.3. Pygidium short and broad.

4, Pygidium star-shaped pygidiata, Dubr., p. 122.

4.4. Pygidium not lobed.

5. Pygidium square ridens, Borm., p. 121.

5.5. Pygidium narrowed posteriorly,

the apex sinuate arachidis, Yers., p. 123.

The following supplementary key may be useful : —

1. Small, unicolorous species.
2. Brown or chestnut, with dilated and [p. 118.

bowed forceps curvicaiida, Motsch.,

2.2. Reddish yellow, with ring - shaped

forceps in S luzonica, Dohrn, p. 117.

' 2.2.2. Testaceous ; pygidium narrowed pilicornis, Motsch.,

1.1. Variegated species. [p. 120.

2. Elytra banded.

3. Elytra with pale transverse shoulder

stripe nigrella, Dubr., p. 117.

3.3. Elytra with a longitudinal band .... mucronata, Stal, p. 119.
£.2. Elytra unicolorous.

3. Pygidium of J short and broad ;
elytra always short, usually black,
sometimes brown, smooth; wings

always absent arachidis, Yers., p. 123.

3,3, Pygidium of S square or star-shaped ;
elytra long, dark ; wings usually
long.
4. Pronotum yellow ; wings blackish ;

legs yellow ridens, Borm., p. 121.

4.4. Pronotum brown ; wings with
yellowish band ; legs with darker
shading lyygidiata, Dubr., p. 122.

LABIA. 117

66. Labia nigrella, Dubromj* (Fig. 81.)

Labia nigrella, JDubr. (79) p. 370 ; Borm. (OO'J) p. 68 ; Kirbt/, (04)

p. 26.
Labia fasciata, Bor77i. (94) p. 387, (00') p, 71 ; Kirby, (04) p. 25.

Small ; blackish, not hairy. Antennae with 11 segments, all
leather short and thick ; third short, gently clavate : fourth much
shorter, oval, the rest gradually lengthening, fifth almost as long
as third ; first 5 or 6 yellowish, the rest dark. Head smooth,
tumid, black, the sutures indistinct ; eyes greyish. Pronotum
a trifle narrower than the head, truncate anteriorly, the sides
parallel ; posterior margin rounded, about as long as broad ;
blackish brown, with an irregular whitish border, broadening out
into a triangle in the middle. Elytra rather long and narrow :
dull brown, usually with a transverse greyish -white band across
the shoulders. Wings prominent, greyish. Legs short, blackish
brown ; the knees and first two tarsal segments rather paler.
Abdomen typical, chestnut. Forceps with the branches alike in
both sexes, but a little longer in the $ than in the d" , chestnut,
short, rather stout, trigonal, almost contiguous and straight as far
as the points, which are slightly curved inwards and upwards.

Length of body 5-5 mm. 5 mm.

„ forceps .... 0-5 „ 0-65 „

BuEMA: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (Genoa
JItis.) ; Tenasserim : Thagata, iv. (Brit. Mus., coll. Burr).

It also occurs in Java.

Type in the Genoa Museum,

This little earwig is easily recognizable by its simple form,
tumid and globose head, small build, greyish-black colour, the
very distinct transverse whitish stripe or broad spot usually
present on the elytra near the base ; the stripes on the elytra
in earwigs are almost always longitudinal. It has a superficial
resemblance to an ant,

67. Labia luzonica, Dohm.

Labia luzonica, Dohm, (64) p. 427 ; Bonn. (88) p. 439, (94) p. 386,
(00^) p. 70 ; Kirby, (04) p. 26.

Small, orange-yellow, pubescent. Antennae brown, with 15
segments ; third cylindrical, short ; fourth not longer than
bi'oad ; the others all short, scarcely longer than broad, cylin-
drical. Head tumid, smooth, chestnut ; the suture obsolete,
Pronotum orange, subquadrate ; the posterior margin convex.
Elytra ample, orange, darker along the suture. Wings of the
same colour, hairy. Legs short, golden yellow ; femora rather
thick. Abdomen dark reddish chestnut, hairy. Last dorsal
segment emarginate posteriorly, narrow. Forceps with the
branches unarmed in both sexes, deep reddish chestnut, short,

118 LABIID.'E.

«tout, and trigonal at the base ; in the c? subcontiguous, straight
and strongly tapering towards the points, which are strongly-
incurved ; in the $ straight, conical, contiguous.

Length of body 6'5 mm.

,, forceps 1 „

BuEMA : Bhamo, viii. {Genoa Mus.).

Occurs also in Borneo and the Philippines.

Eecognizable by its small size, simple form, and reddish-orange
colour.

It is included in the Indian list on the strength of the single
female reported by de Bormans from Burma ; but further
collecting will doubtless prove it to be fairly common in Further
India, and its distribution is probably more extensive, as it is an
indistinct little earwig which might be easily overlooked.

68. Labia curvicanda, MotscJndshj. (Fig. 38.)

Forficesila curvicanda, Motsch. (63) p. 2, tab. 1. fig. 1.

Labia curvicauda, Bohrn, (64) p. 428; Biibr. (79) p. 364; Bonn.

(88) p. 440, (94) p. 387, (00-') p. 70 ; Burr, (01) p. 325, (08")

p. 33 ; Kirby, (04) p. 26.
Platylabia guineensis, Bohrn, (67) p. 348 ; Bor7n. (00-) p. 75 ;

Eirby'iOA) p. 22.
Platylabia dimidiata, Bohrn, (67) p. 348; Borin. (00") p. 74 ; Eirhy,

(04) p. 22.
Platylabif. camerunensis, Borg, (04) p. 570, pi. 26. fig. 4.
Platylabia bibastata, Bory, (04) p. 572, pi. 26. fig. 5.
Platylabia dimidiata, Bohrn, var. guineensis Sf var. camerunensis,

Borelli, (07) p. 382.

Size small. Colour blackish brown or reddish chestnut, some-
times varied with yellowish. Antennae blackish or reddish brown,
with some segments pale or yellow ; first segment clubbed ; third
cylindrical, not very long ; fourth about equal to third, and a
little thicker ; fifth a little longer than fourth, the remainder
gradually lengthening ; ? 14 segments. Head rather tumid,
gently emarginate posteriorly, black or dark brown. Pi'onotuni
longer than broad, narrower than the head, convex anteriorly,
the sides parallel, rounded posteriorly; black, brown, or light
yellow. Elytra black or deep brown, with a purplish sheen,
pubescent. Wings prominent, of the same colour as the elytra.
Legs testaceous, the femora usually ringed with blackish. Ab-
domen reddish-chestnut or blackish ; rather elongate, depressed;
parallel-sided in the S , broad about the middle and narrowed
apically in the 5 . Last doi'sal segment of cJ transverse, with a
median longitudinal depression ; narrowed in 5 , the depression
less marked. Pygidium of S depressed, short and broad, nearly
square, truncate posteriorly, not always very prominent ; of $
hidden. Porceps of 6 remote at base, straight, dilated on inner

LA.BIA. ^^^

anar^in in basal half, then abruptly and strongly curved inwards
ZoTt at a right angle; in $ contiguous, trigonal, straight,
tapering, simple.

6 2-

Length ot body • 5-5 mm.

,, forceps 1 V

Ceylon: Nuwara Eliya, Galle (oo/?. Bor.u.^s), Peradeniya (co^-
Burr); Bubma : Shwegu, vi ., Katha -\- {^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^'

yiii. (coll. Burr) ; Karen-ni, Keba ^^'^f^-^^^V.?; 4^01 4700 ft
4000-4300 ft., xii., i.; Karen-ni, Geku District, 4300-4/00 tt.,
W /\u cryenoff J/ms.): Tenasseeim: Meetau, IV.

All the names mentioned under this species are probably
SY^oVlusTough this cannot yet be said to be proved. The
snecTenppears to be as widespread and consequently as variable
as ?he uKsal LaUdura ripcn-ia itself. There are various dis-
?Lctions quo ed, but these Ire not sufficient to 3^«tafy specific
rani Pxobably'if PlatylaUa r7-«-n-^. Dohrn as understood
C de Bormans,"has its pubescence worn and rubbed off, it becomes
pI .?S1, Dohrn.' To Borelli belongs the ci^^ of fir^^^
fu^o-esting, at least in part, this synonymy, and in hi woik on
West A nkn earwigs he discusses these two so-called species,
ZfJoPrJLJensis of Borg. PI hihastataol Borg may be
dSnct^ as the form of the pygidium is somewhat different, but
tTclrJon of the anteuL as a character has no value

"\nTbe'same way, the relative abruptness of the -rv^t-e of
the forceps of the male is a notoriously variable feature it
requres but little experience to make the Dermaptenst sceptical
as to the value of an/ species based upon shght differences in the

armature of the forceps. . T3,i,.mn

In the author's collection there are specimens from Bmma,
Cevh>n Java, Madagascar, Brazil, West Indies, and the Seychelles
and he cani'iot find any satisfactory --- /-' ^f ^^^^^^^.^^
of them as specifically distinct; at the best t^^y offer but^slight
variations of colour and armature which ^^e even less marked
than would be expected over so extensive a distribution.

69. Labia mucronata, Stal. (Fig. 39.)

Forficula mucronata, -Sic?/, (60) p. 303. , , .-m « q^i • 7),aA,-

(01) p. 324, (02) p. 481.
Of medium size. General colour blackish, varied with tawny.
AntennrS 14 segments, rather slender, light brown, darker
totrdTtCapex; segments cylindrical; fourth about half as
lon^as third; fifth alio shorter than third ; sixth about equal
to tibial Head black and smooth, sutures indistinct. Pronotum

120 xabiidjE.

narrower than the head apically but about as wide posteriorly,
being noticeably dilated posteriorly ; it is a trifle wider than long;
the prozoaa tumid, the metazona broadly depressed, black, the
sides all straight, the posterior angles rounded. Elytra ample,
long, smooth, chocolate-brown, with a broad longitudinal yellow
or orange dorsal band. Wings long, smooth, yellow, with a dark
band along the suture. Femora stout, blackish brown, the knees
yellowish ; tibiae yellowish, with a fuscous ring : tarsi pale.
Abdomen smooth, deep chocolate-brown, elongate, parallel-sided
in the c5' , somewhat narrowed posteriorly in the 5 . Last dorsal
segment of c? transverse, simple, truncate posteriorly ; in 2
narrowed. Pygidium of S prominently produced, generally
lanceolate, pointed at the apex but sometimes blunt ; in 5 not
prominent, black. Forceps red or black ; in the cJ the branches
are remote at the base, slender, elongate and gently curved
inwards towards the apex, with a long strong and sharp tooth
pointing downwards on the inner margin near the base.

6 2

Length of body 3-5*5 mm. 7 mm.

„ forceps 1-2 „ 1-5 „

Ceylon : Colombo and Matale (coll. Burr) ; Burma : Bhamo ;
viii. ; Shwegu, x. ; Karen-ni, Geku Distr., 4300-4700 ft. {Genoa
Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Meetan, Thagata, iv. ; hills between the
rivers Meekalan and Khyeat, 3700-4700 ft., iii. {Genoa Mus.).

Type in the Stockholm Museum.

This species is abundant throughout the Oriental Region ; it is
easy to recognize by the orange spots on the elytra and wings,
by the long-pointed pygidium, and by the slender forceps with
the long sharp tooth pointing downwards near the base.

70. Labia pilicornis, Motscli. (Fig. 40.)

Forficula pilicornis, Motsth. (63) p. 2.

Labia piUcornis, Dohni, (04) p. 437; Borm. (00-) p. 72; Burr,
(01) p. 326; Eirlij, (04) p. 26.

Small, greyish or yellowish brown. Antennae with about 15
segments ; third elongate, cylindrical ; fourth and fifth nearly as
long as third, subcylindrical, the rest slender, pyrifoi'm. Head
smooth or tumid, sutures faint ; brown or blackish. Pronotum as
broad as the head and as broad as long, anterior margin and sides
straight, posterior margin rounded ; prozona somewhat tumid,
metazona depressed. Elytra ample, smooth, greyish brown.
Wings long, of the same colour. Legs slender, light brown.
Abdomen reddish, sometimes passing to blackish ; parallel-sided
in c? 1 narrowed apically in $ . Last dorsal segment of S trans-
verse, rectangular ; strongly narrowed in the $ . Penultimate
ventral segment of <S very ample and broadly rounded. Pygidium
of (S depressed, rather broad at the base, about twice as long as
the greatest breadth, suddenly narrox^ed before the apex, which is

LABIA. 121

truncate ; in 5 not prominent. Forceps with the branches in
the c? remote, slender, nearly straight, gently arcuate, the inner
margin crenulate ; in 2 short, conical, contiguous, and nearly
straight.

Length of body 3-5-4 mm.

„ forceps .... 1m

Ceylon : Peradeniya {E. E. Green ; coll. Burr).

This species, one of the smallest of the earwigs, was described
by Motschulsky from a single female ; so its true affinities
remained unknown till Mr. Green found two males at Peradeniya
which are undoubtedly referable to this species and were in
company with the female.

It is at first glance almost indistinguishable from the common
European Labia minor, L., but differs in the perfectly parallel-
sided pronotum, and quite distinct, though small, pygidium, which
resembles what is often mistaken for the pygidium in L. minor,
but is really a spine on the penultimate ventral segment.

71. Labia ridens, i>or?».** (Pig. 42.)

Labia ridens, Borm. (94) p. ^88, (00') ]■. (!() ; Kirby, (Oi) p. 20.
Labia ridens var. cyclolabia, Borm. (9J) p. 38 >, (Ooj p. 60; Kirby,
(04) p. 26.

Ihe whole body thickly pubescent, with long yellowish hairs
and bristles. Kelatively large ; orange red, with blackish head
and elytra. Antenna? brown, with apical segments pale ; third
segment rather short, subclavate ; fourth segment rather thicker,
as long as third; fifth as loi)g as fourth. Head black or very
dark brown, rather depressed, sutures not very distinct. Pronotum
orange-yellow, nearly squai-e, almost as broad as the head ; anterior
margin convex, sides parallel ; posterior margin rounded. Elytra
ample, long and broad, blackish brown, coriaceous ; apical margins
obliquely truncate. Wings long, prominent, of tlie same colour
and consistency as the elytra. Legs yellow. Abdomen orange-
yellow, elongate and parallel-sided, lateral tubercles strongly
marked ; sliglitly dilated in the middle in the $ . Last dorsal
segment ample,' rectangular, transverse, smooth, with a pair of
obsolete tubercles in the middle of the hinder margin. Pygidium
of 6 and $ prominent, depressed, forming a nearly square
flattened plate ; posterior margin truncate, the angles tuberculi-
form, the sides parallel. Porceps with the branches orange-red,
remote at the base, depressed and elongate ; of the S there are
two forms : —

(a) macrolahia, var. n. Branches very elongate, straight, gently
curved inwards at the apex, the inner margin depressed and
produced into an elongate, crenulate, flattened plate, terminating
in a sharp tooth about two-thirds the way down.

(b) cyclolabia, Borm . The branches short, very gently diverging

122 LABIIDiE,

in basal third, then sharply bowed inwards at an obtuse angle,
attenuate and straight, converging to the points which are gently
hooked ; the inner margin near the base depressed, produced into
a flattened triangular projection which terminates at the end of
the pygidium. In the $ the branches somewhat similar, but
shorter ; the flattened plate is present but decidedly shorter, has
no teeth, and the crenulations are very feeble.
macrolahia. cyclolahla.

6 S 2

Length of body ... . 10-11 mm. 6-6-5 mm. 7"5-9-5 mm.
„ forceps . . 4-5 „ 2-2-5 ,, • 3 -3-5 .,

Burma : Rangoon, v./xii. (var. cyclolahia ; Genoa Mus.) ; Karen-
ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. (both forms, Genoa
Mus.).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

Easily to recognize by the relatively great size, the form of the
pygidium, and of the forceps, which differ in the two forms only
in degree, the macrolahia being the result of the elongation of the
cifdolabia, which is probably the original and normal form.

72. Labia pygidiata, Buhr.** (Fig. 41.)

Labia ? pygidiata, Dubr. (79) p. •'564, fig. in text, S 2 •

Labia pygidiata, Borm. (94) p. 387, (00-) p. 65 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 26.

Relatively large ; chocolate-brown. Antennae with 15 segments,
brown, the third segment rather short and subclavate ; fourth
pear-shaped, almost as long as the third ; the rest about the same
length, all pear-shaped. Head tumid, black, sutures indistinct.
Pronotum chocolate-brown, a trifle wider posteriorly than an-
teriorly, sides straight, hinder border gently rounded, the angles
rounded. Elytra ample, purplish brown, densely pubescent,
coriaceous, about three times as long as the pronotum. "Wings
prominent, of the same colour and texture as the elytra, but with
a transverse pale yellow band just beyond apex of the elytra.
Legs yellowish, banded with brown. Abdomen elongate, parallel-
sided, reddish brown, lateral tubercles distinct ; slightly wider in
the middle in the $ . Last dorsal segment of S large, square,
smooth, with two tubercles at the roots of the forceps and a
longitudinal median impression. Pygidium cf <S large, broad
and prominent, narrow at the base, then strongly widened,
terminating in four depressed sharp triangular points ; the
median portion is tumid, the edges depressed ; in the $ the
pygidium is less prominent and quadrangular. Forceps of 6
with the branches remote at the base, rather strong, depressed,
elongate, gently arched, the inner margin with a double edge
and with a sharp tooth just beyond the middle ; in the $ the
branches are also straight, elongate and remote at the base, the
inner margin being slightly dilated in the middle to form an
obsolete tooth ; in colour the forceps are reddish or yellowish.

LABIA. 123

Length of body 7"5 mm. 7 mm.

„ forceps 2-5 „ 1'5 ,,

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., vi./xii., i./xii.
(Genoa 3Jus.).

Also recorded from Java, Oahu (coll. Burr), and Hawaii (Ferlcins,
Brit. Mus., coll. Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

L. pygidiata is recognizable by the star-shaped pygidium, but
probably two species are confused under one name. The Hawaiian
specimens have the elytra much lighter in colour, and very deci-
dedly shorter and the wings shortened, so that the transverse
yellow band is hidden by the elytra, the pronotum is half yellow,
the fifth antennal segment is more clubbed and the other seg-
ments more pyriform : the forceps of the female have the inner
margin denticulate throughout their length. This is perhaps an
insular form, an incipient species, which we may soon be able
to discriminate accurately when we can critically examine more
material from its entire geographical range.

73. Labia arachidis, Yersm. (Fig. 82.)

Forficula arachidis, Yersin, (60) p. 509, pi. x, figs. 3.3-35 ; Scudder,

(76) p. 311.
Chelidura arachidis, Brunner, (82) p. 21.
Aptervgida arachidis, Burr, (00^) p. -52, (01) p. 330, (07^) p. 209;

Borm. (00-) p. 117 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 44.
Forficesila nigripeunis, Motsch. (63) p. 1 ; Dohrn, (65) p. 89.
P'orficula wallacei, Dohrn, (65) p. 88 (tvpe iu Dohru's collection);

Dubr. (79) p. 337 ; Scudder, (76) p. 318.
Forficula (Apterygida) gravidula, Gerst. (73) p. 50, pi. 3, fig. 9.
Labia gravidula, Borm. (84^) p. 197.
Apterygida gravidula, Borm. (00-) p. 117.
Sphiiigolabis wallacei, Bor^n. (88) p. 448.
Sphingolabis arachidis, Borm. (94) p. 406 ; Bol. (97) p. 286.
Sphingolabis gravidula, Borm. (93) p. 407.

Dark brown or castaneous, hairless. Antennae with 12-13
segments. Pronotum square, with the lateral mai'gins paler,
and the posterior margin straight. Elytra free, black or reddish,
the hinder margin truncate. Wings abortive. Legs testaceous.
Femora sometimes with a blackish band near the base. Abdomen
glabrous, each segment with a very short pubescence at the hinder
margin ; segments 5-8 in the male, and sometimes also the forceps,
slightly punctulated. In the male the anal segment is sub-
quadrate, impressed in the middle, with no tubercles ; the forceps
have the branches remote at the base, short, slender, cylindrical,
gently incurved, with a very small tooth on the inner margin at
the base itself and another in the apical third. In the female
the anal segment is the same as in the male ; the branches of the
forceps are short and curved in towards the apex.

124 LABIID^.

S 2

Length of body 8 ram. 8 mm.

„ forceps 2-25 ,, 1-75 „

Bengal : Calcutta (Brussels 3Jns.) ; Madras : Trichinopoli ;
Bombay : Surat (coll. Burr) ; Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya ; Burma :
Teinzo, iv./v., between Prome and Mandalay, iii,, Eangoon,
vi./viii, Bhamo, iii. (Genoa 2his.); Texasserim : Meetan, iv.
(Genoa 3Jus.).

This species is absolutely cosmopolitan and exists in swarms,
under artificial conditions, in almost every part of the world. It
is numerous in collections from all parts of tropical Asia, and if
this is not its original home, it has at least become very effec-
tually naturalized. It varies to some extent in intensity and
shade of colour, as is to be expected, and consequently has been
described under a variety of names, but they are all here referred
with little hesitation to the same species.

De Bormans placed tliis species in Aiyteryglda, but its affinities
are entirely with Labia, ia which Gerstajcker and Scudder placed it.
De Bormans maintains that the second tarsal segment is lobed,
but this structure is so minute that it cannot be regai'ded as a
true bilobed forficuline tarsus.

G-enus PLATYLA.BIA, Dohrn.

Platylabia, Dohrn, (67'-) p. 347.

Labidopliora, Scndil. (76) p. 297. — Type, PLatylabia major, Dohrn,

Type, Platylahia major, Dohrn.

(Scudder suggested the name Lahidophora, as he considered
Platylabia to resemble too closely P/(//^/7rt6«s,"\Vesmael, in Hymeno-
ptera ; but of course this objection does not stand, and Dohrn's
original name holds good.)

Antennae with 10-13 segments ; third segment elongate and
subclavate ; fourth almost as long, ovate or pear-shaped ; the rest
ovate or elongate pear-shaped. Head depressed but smooth,
sutures obsolete. Pronotum narrower than the head, more or
less narrowed and convex anteriorly ; sides parallel and hinder
margin rounded. Elytra very flat and well developed. Wings
prominent. Legs moderately long ; first and second tarsal seg-
ments about equally long. Abdomen strongly flattened, elongate,
parallel-sided, lateral glandular folds not present. Last dorsal
segment ample, subquadrate, smooth. Penultimate ventral seg-
ment ample, rounded. Pygidium generally prominent in both
sexes. Porceps elongate, variously armed ; those of $ also
elongate, generally dilated or laminate.

Range. Oriental Eegion.

Allied to Labia ; differs in the strongly flattened body and the
obsolete lateral abdominal folds ; the pronotum is narrowed
anteriorly, the fore-border being almost produced into a neck.

PLATYLABIA. 125

The colour is invariably bright orange or black ; these two
shade into one another insensibly or interchange, and so no
weight can be attached to colour in this genus.

At first glance the single known species of Palex closely
resembles this genus, owing to the black and chestnut coloration,
build, and strongly depressed body.

The genus needs revision and a thorough comparison of types.

Table of Species.

L Pygidium not prominent major, Dohrn, p. 125.

1.1. Pygidium of c? prominent.

2. Pj'gidiumof S broad, bilobed at apex . gestroi, Dubr., p. 125.
2.2. Pygidium of S elongate, more or less
rectangular.
3. Pygidium of S with one point at

apex thoracicn, Dohrn, p. 126.

3.3. Pygidium with 8 points at apex. . . . nigriceps, Kirby, p. 127.

74. Platylabia major, Dolvm.

Platy labia major, Do^rM, (67^) p. 347; Dubr. (79) p. 371; Borm.

(94) p. 380, (002) p_ 74 . Xirby, (04) p. 22 ; Bun; (00^) p. 50.
Labidophora major, Scudder, (76) p. 321.

Head, pronotum, elytra and wings deep jet-black, the rest o£
the body orange-yellow. Pygidium not prominent. Branches
of forceps of S flat, with a strong depressed tooth just before the
middle of the inner margin.

S

Length of body 10 mm.

„ forceps l'75-2 „

Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., April to
December {Genoa Mus.) ; Ceylon {Brussels M us.).

According to de Bormans, this species is distinguished by the
short pygidium of the male, which is not very prominent. It is
recorded from Ceylon (Brussels Mus.), but the identification is
doubtful ; it is also recorded from Celebes and from Java.

75. Platylabia gestroi, Duhr.

Platvlabia gestroi, Dubr. (79) p. 372, fig. in text : Borm. (88) p. 436,
(94) p. 380, (00-) p. 74 ; Burr, (04) p. 300 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22.

Relatively large, with dense dark pubescence. Antennae with
13 segments, the eight basal segments brown, the rest yellow ; all
cylindrical. Head black, posterior margin somewhat emarginate,
sutures indistinct. Pronotum black, nearly as wide as the head
and a little longer, posterior margin gently rounded ; prozona
tumid, sides and metazona flat. Elytra twice as long as the pro-
notum, black, finely punctulate, truncate posteriorly. Wings
long, of the same colour and consistence as the pronotum.
Femora fairly stout; legs yellowish, varied with fuscous. Abdo-
men reddish chestnut. Last dorsal segment ample, broader than

126 LABIIDiE.

long, smooth, with a faint median impression, and a pair of small
tubercles over the roots of the forceps. Ventral surface clear red.
Penultimate ventral segment ample, quadrate. Pygidium broad
and iiat, prominent, depressed, posterior margin with a shallow
emargination, the angles produced outwards into blunt triangular
lobes. Porceps with branches dark brown, remote at the base,
nearly straight, elongate and trigonal, taj^ering and recurved
towards the apex ; about one-third the way down, the inner
margin is abruptly dilated to form a flat plate with a straight edge,
which disappears just before the apex.

2 resembles the male ; pygidium of the same form, but forceps
simpler, without the dilated plate.

BiTRMA: Bhamo, A'iii. {Genoa M^is.); Tenasserim : Thagata,
viii. {Genoa Mns.).

Also recorded from New Guinea and doubtfully from Diego
Suarez.

Tyj^e in the Genoa Museum.

Distinguished by the broad bilobed pygidium and the flattened
straight-edged plate inside the forceps. Dubrony's figure, though
marked a c? , might well be a § , and pi-obably the type of P. gesiroi
is only the $ of PI. thoracica or PI. nigriceps.

76. Platylabia thoracica, Dohm. (Pig. 83.)

Platvlabia thoracica, Dohru, {Cu-) p. 348 ; Dvbr. (79) p. 371 ; Bonn.

(88) p. 436, (94) p. 380, (00^) p. 73 ; Burr, (01) p. 76, (02) p. 482 ;

Kirby, (04) p. 22.
Labidophora thoracica, Scudd. (76) p. 322.

Brown and black. Antennae brownish, paler towards the apex.
Head reddish brown. Pronotum brown and yellowish. Elytra
and wings blackish brown. Abdomen reddish. Pygidium of c?
quadrate, flat, posterior margin with a point in the middle;
of $ similar, but posterior margin gently emarginate. Forceps
of (S elongate, remote at the base, depressed and nearly straight :
the inner margin armed with a strong tooth about the middle ;
of 2 ^ik® ^^^^ °^ ^^^ ^ 1 ^^^^ without the tooth, the inner margin
rather dilated and depressed.

Ceylon: Punduluoya and Peradeniya {Green', coll. Burr)-.,
BuKMA : Teinzo, v. {Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Kokarit, i./ii.
{Genoa Mus.).

Also recorded from Penang, Sumatra, Aru Is., and Celebes.

The distinguishing feature of the male of this species is the
rectangular pygidium with a single point in the middle of the
posterior margin. Attributed to it are the females which have
the inner margin of the forceps dilated and the pygidium with
the posterior margin gently emarginate. There is nothing to
distinguish these from the females of PI. nigriceps, and very
probably PI. nigriceps is nothing more or less than a variety of
PI. thoracica, from which it appears to differ only in the presence
of three points in the pygidium of the male.

It may be that the same type of female forceps and pygidium is

PLATYLABIA. SPniXGOLABIS. 127

common to the two species, if they are distinct, for we find ahnosfc
identically the same form in the females of SpMngolahis {Cha'to-
spania) volcana. Burr (Madagascar), and an approach to it in
several species of Sjutratta and an allied genus.

77. Platylabia nigriceps, Xirh>/.* (Fig. 43.)

Platylabia nigriceps, Kirbj/, (91) p. 518, (04) p. 27 ; Borm. (00-)

p. 74.
Platylabia faUax, Bonn** (94) p. 380 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22.

Head blackish brown. Elytra and wings well-developed, shining
black, coriaceous. Abdomen reddish chestnut. Pygidium of d"
long and narrow, very prominent, posterior margin straight, with
three little tubercles, one at each angle and one in the middle ;
2 similar to the d" , but the apex is emarginate and only the
tubercles at the angles remain. Branches of the forceps of
the c? trigonal and remote at the base, nearly straight ; just
beyond the middle on the inner margin is a strong sharp tooth
directed apically. In the $ the bi-anches are parallel, the inner
margin dilated into a flat plate, with a crenulated edge extending
from one quarter of the length to about three-quarters.

.^ 2

Length of body 7*5 mm. 7"5 mm.

„ forceps 2-5 „ 2-25 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. (Genoa
3Ius.).

Also recorded from New Guinea.

Tijj^e of nigriceps in the British Museum ; of fallacc in the
Genoa Museum.

De Bormans at first discriminated P. fallax from P. nir/)-l,cep)s,
but afterwards admitted their identity. The latter is here included
as a distinct species because the case is not yet quite proven in
favour of its inclusion as a varietal form of P. ilioracica. From
the description and from syntypes of P. fallax (=mgriceps) in the
author's possession, it is impossible to discriminate the females
of P. nigriceps from those of P. thoracica. The pygidium difters
so little in the males, that it is almost certain that P. fallax
and P. nigriceps are synonyms of P. thoracica, and very likely
P. gestroi is the female.

Genus SPHINGOLABIS, Bormans.

Chfetospania, A'«rsc/?, (8G) p. 87 (nov;. syn.). — Ti/pe : Ch. inornata^
Karsch (Madagascar).

Type, Sphingolahis farcifer, Borm. (84^) p. 194 {= Sparatta
semifidva, Borm.).

Body depressed. Antennae with 12 segments ; third segment
gently clavate, fourth ovate, nearly as long as third, the rest
pear-shaped. Head smooth, rather depressed, sutures obsolete.
Pronotum nearly square. Mesosternum transverse, truncate.

128 LABIID.^.

MetasterDal lobe narrow, truncate. Elytra and wings well
developed. Legs moderately long, slender ; third tarsal segment a
trifle shorter than the first. Abdomen depressed, parallel-sided,
with lateral tubercles. Last dorsal segment ample. Penultimate
ventral segment ample, rounded. Pygidium various. Forceps
elongate, various.

Banf/c. Tropical Asia and Africa.

Approaches PJatylahia in the form of the antennte and the
depi'essed body, but the depression is not so strougly marked,
and the lateral abdominal tubercles are distinct. There are
about a dozen species, but the genus needs a thorough revision.

S. furcifer, Borm., the type of the genus, is the male of
Sjxiratta semifulva, Borm., which is congeneric with Chcvtospania
inornata, Karsch, so the genus Chcetosj^ania coincides with Spliin-
golahis.

78. Sphingolabis feae, Borm** (Fig. 44.)

Chsetospania fese, Bormans, (94) p. 390, (00'^) p. 76 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22.

Eeddish testaceous, with long pale bristles. Antennae with 12
segments, fuscous, the apical segment paler. Pronotum black, as
broad as the head, a little longer than broad, subrectangular, with
rounded angles. Elytra ample, black, coriaceous. Wings of the
same colour and texture. Legs yellowish. Abdomen reddish
shaded with blackish ; lateral tubercles prominent ; rectangular
and parallel-sided in the S , slightly dilated in the middle in
the $ . Last dorsal segment ample, rectangular, with an in-
distinct triangular median depression and blunt tubercles over
the roots of the forceps ; posterior margin truncate. Pygidium
of cS produced, of varying length, parallel-sided, with a deep
triangular incision at the apex ; in the $ quadrate, not so
prominent. Forceps with the branches in the d' remote at
the base, trigonal, depressed, elongate, nearly straight, gently
curved inwards at the apex, with a sharp tooth a little beyond
the middle on the inner margin ; in the $ broader, thicker
and shorter, nearer together than in the d", the inner margin
somewhat dilated and crenulate.

d

2

6-7*5 mm.

6-5 -7'5 mm

2-25-3-25 „

1-75-2-25 „

Length of body ....
,, forceps . .

Burma : Karen-ui, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii., 4000-
4300 ft., i. ; Karen-ni, Geku District, 4300-4700 ft. ii./iii.
(Genoa Mus., Brit. Miis., coll. Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

This species resembles some forms of Platylabia, especially in
the female, but the body is less depressed and the form of the
pygidium of the male is quite characteristic.

It occurs in Lombok and probably also in Java.

FOBFICULIDiE.

]29

Family V. FORFICULID^.

This important and extensive family contains the highest
developed earwigs. It is well characterized by the form of the
second segment of the tarsi, which is never simple, but invariably
lobed, though the form of the lobe varies to some extent.

In the Glielisochincn it is as narrow as the other segments, but
is produced into a slender long lobe beneath the third segment.

In the other subfamilies it is broadened, dilated on each side,
so as to assume somewhat the shape of a heart.

Table of Suhfamilles,^

1. Second tarsal segment narrow, pro-
duced into a lobe beneath the third.
1.1. Second tarsal segment broad, dilated to
form heart-shaped lobe on each side.
2. Meso- and metasternal plates de-
cidedly broad and transverse.
(Abdomen broad, widest about
the middle and narrower at the

apex)

2.2. Meso- and metasternal plates not
decidedly transverse, subquadrate
and naiTow.
3. Abdomen more or less depressed ;
(last dorsal segment trans-
verse)

3.3. Abdomen convex, little de-
pressed : (last dorsal segment
often tapering)

[p. 129.
ChelisocJiince,

[p. 148.
AnecJiurince,

3. Forficulhia', p. 162.

[p. 175.

4. OjpistJiocosmiina;,

Subfamily I. CHELISOCHIN.E.

This subfamily contains at present nine genera, of which all
but two are known to be represented in British India.

Fig. 10. — Antenna of Forficida
hechehiib. Burr.

Fig. 11.— Tarsus of Ext/pnus
■jndchripeiinis, Borm.

The characteristic of the family is the form of the second tarsal
segment, which is not simple and cylindrical, as in the preceding

1 Some of these definitions and distinctions are only provisional, as the
classification of this group is still incomplete.

130

roiiFicrLiD.D.

families, but is provided with a long narrow lobe, which is prodaeed
beneath the third segment. In the following subfamily, the Forji-
culino', the second tarsal segment is also lobed, but in a totally
diilerent manner, being broad and dilated on each side, and not
produced beneath the third segment. In the Chelisochina' this
character is not visible from above, as the tarsus is uniformly
narrow, but can only be distinguished from the side, and in the
smaller species the lobe is often marked by a dense pubescence.

The Chelisochina' are, as a rule, moderately sized insects, but
some forms are quite large.

There are two general types of coloration : Proreus and Hamaxas
are generally brown or reddish, varied \'\ith black, while Cheli-
soches, Chelisochella, Exijiinns, and AdiatheUis are black or dark
brown, often with a metallic lustre which is sometimes veiy
brilliant.

TaUe of Genera.

1. Elytra with a sharp keel running from

theslioulder to the apex; (legs long- and [p. 131.

slender ; elytra broad and rounded) . . Chelisochella, Verb.,
1.1. Keel of elytra absent or present only at
shoulder, dying out long before reach-
ing the apex.
2. Tibife flattened and furrowed above in
the apical half.
3. Tarsi and tibia3 long and slender:

(elytra and wings metallic) .... ExYPNrs, Burr, p. 132.
3.3. Tarsi and tibiiB short.

4. Antennae with fourth segment

clubbed or conical ; (medium- [p. 134.

sized and dark species) Chelisoches, Scudd.,

4.4. Antennfe with fourth segment

cylindrical or ovate ; (size

medium or small ; brown or

reddish).

5. Wings deA'eloped ; abdomen

rather depressed and dilated ;

forceps depressed and strongly

toothed ; elytra not excavate

at basal angle n reus, Burr, p. 136.

5.5. Wings abortive ; abdomen cy-
lindrical ; elytra rounded off
at basal angle, exposing a
small scutellum ; forceps long

and very slender SoLENOSOMA,Burr, p.l40.

2.2. Tibife smooth above, not furrowed,
flattened only at the apex itself.
3. Stout insects, dark or metallic in
colour ; pronotum trapezoidal,

widened posteriorly ADiATHETTJS,Burr,p.l41.

3.3. Weaker insects ; colour never me-
tallic ; forceps rather slender ;
pronotum ovate, not widened
posteriorly Hamaxas, Burr, p. 147.

CHELISOCHELLA. 131

Genus CHELISOCHELLA, VerJmff.

Chelisochella, Verhcef, {02') p. 190.
Lobophora, Serv., (39) p. 32 (pars).
Chelisoclies, Scudder, (76) p. 295 (pars).

TrPE, Lohopliora superha, Dohrn.

Large, powerful ; segments 4 and 5 of antennae equally long,,
together longer than 3. Head tuuiid, sutures deep. Pronotum
as wide as the head, not broadened posteriorly. Elytra ample,
very broad, smooth and shining, with a distinct keel running the
whole length of the costal fold. Wings long and prominent.
Legs long and slender ; tibia* compressed, smooth above, not
flattened or furrowed ; tarsi long and slender. Abdomen stout,
broad and depressed ; last dorsal segment of J large, smooth, and
tuberculate. Pygidium small in both sexes. Porceps stout,
depressed, elongate, toothed.

Range. Oriental Region.

This genus is very inaptly named by Verha3fF, who gives it a
diminutive tei-mination, though it includes the largest species of
the family, and one of the largest known species of earwigs. It
is characterixed by the broadened elytra with a sharp and distinct
keel running the entire length of the costal fold.

It would appear that Verhceft' was familiar only with the typical
species, as it must have been by guess-work that he included
Chelisoches pyulcliripennis, Borm., and Ch. ghmcopterus, Borm., on
the strength of their metallic coloration. As a matter of fact,
those two species have only a very short keel on the elytra, and
so are excluded from the genus by Verhcefi's own characterisation.

The genus is monotypic, for the reception of Lohopliora superha,
Dohrn, of which Chelisoches dorice, Borm. is evidently the male.

This is not the only member of the family in which the female
has highly developed "forceps, having all the appearance of a male.

79. Chelisochella superha, Dohrn. (Pig. 89, a & b.)

Lobophora superba, Dohrn, (65) p. 71 ; Dubr. (79) p. 37S.
Chelisoches superbus, Scudd. (76) p. 309 : Borm. (00") p 83 • Burr

(08') p. 115. K , f , y

Chelisochella superba, Verh. (02^) p. 196 : Burr, (05) p. 28. (07M

p. 128 ; Kirhy (04) p. 35. ' \ ' v > \ )

Chehsoches doria;, Borm. (00'') p. 463; Burr, (OP) p. 95, (08')

p. 115.
Chelisochella dorife, Kirhy, (04) p. 35.

Large and powerful ; black with a purple sheen. Antennje
blackish brown, wit h(?) 23 segments ; the iifteenth or sixteenth seg-
ment often pale ; third segment subclavate, fourth half as lono- as
third, sixth equal to third. Head black, broad and depressed,
somewhat sinuate posteriorly, sutures distinct ; frons tumid!
Pronotum purplish black, as broad as the head, longer than broad,
anterior margin truncate, sides parallel, posterior margin rounded,
reaching well over the elytra ; prozona somewhat tumid, with

k2

132 FOUFICULIDJE.

a median sulcus, and an impression on each side ; metazona
depressed. Sternal plates brown. Pronotum long, constricted
posteriorly ; mesosternum transverse, truncate posteriorly ; meta-
sternum with lobe short, broad and truncate. Elytra black
with a shining purple sheen ; ample, long, very broad, well
rounded at the shoulders, the costa rounded, the apex truncate ;
a distinct keel runs the whole length of the costal told from the
shoulder to the apex. Wings prominent, shining purple-black,
with an orange spot at the apex. Legs long, rather compressed,
black ; tibiie smooth above, depressed only at the extreme apex
«n the upper margin. Abdomen broad, rather depressed, reddish
black. Last dorsal segment of c? ample, transverse ; posterior
margin depressed in the middle, with a crenulated, transverse,
crested tubercle on each side over the roots of the forceps, and
the exterior angles produced to a point ; in the $ as in the 6 ,
but the tubercles more tumid, less crenulate. Penultimate
ventral segment of cf and $ ample, broad and rounded. Pygidium
of c? very short, almost hidden; of $ short and broad, with a
short quadrangular lobe on the posterior margin. Porceps with
the branches reddish black, remote at the base, depressed, trigonal,
elongated and robust; in the J bent somewhat downwards and
gently arcuate, enclosing an elongate oval area, with a pair of
strong conical teeth near the base on the inner margin and a
blunt crested tooth just beyond, then crenulate as far as a strong
sharp tooth just before the apex ; in the $ the branches are
even more elongate, scarcely arcuate, gently converging, with a
strong conical tooth near the base, another conical tooth at a
quarter the length and another about half-way down the forceps ;
beyond this crenulate to the apex, which is hooked ; the forceps
-are even more strongly depi*essed in the apical than in the basal
half.

d 2

Length of body .... 21-24 mm. 25-27 mm.
„ forceps . . 10"5-11 „ 11-13 „

SiKKiM (coll. Burr).

Also from Johore, Mentawei Island, Sumatra, and Borneo.

The original specimens are quoted as being in Dohrn's col-
lection, Westermann's, and in the Berlin Museum. It is un-
certain which is the true type.

This very fine species is easy to recognize from its great size,
«,part from the form of the forceps and the generic characters.

In 1900, de Bormans separated Ch. dorice, but this is nothing
more or less than the male of C7i. superha, Dohru.

Genus EXYPNUS, Burr.

Exypnus, Burr, (07') p. 128.
Chelisochella, Verh. (02^) p. 196 (pars).
Chelisocbes, Scudder, (76) p. 295 (pars).

Type, Chelisoches pulchripenjiis, Borra.

EXYPNUS. 13;5

In general appearance resembles tlie preceding genus. An-
tennae with about 20 segments ; third equal in length to fourtli
and fifth united. liead tumid, sutures distinct. Pronotum as
broad as the head, rounded but not dilated posteriorly ; sternal
plates as in Chelisochelln. Elytra broad, rather rounded, with a
short costal keel only present at tlie shoulder. Wings well
developed. Legs long and slender; anterior and middle tibi»
flattened and furrowed above in the apical third. Pygidium
short. Forceps depressed, arcuate in J , straight in $.

Ramje. Oriental Kegion.

This genus is also monotypic, and was erected for the reception
of a species which has been referred to CheJisochella and Chelisoches.
It was included by Yerhoeif in the former, but probablv w'thout
seeing specimens, since it has not the entire keel on the elytra,
which is the essential character of that genus as defined by Verhoeff
himself.

80. Exypmis pulchripennis, Borm** (Fig. 84.)

Chelisoches pulchripennis, L'orDi. (83) p. 78, pi. .3. fig- 1~), C88)
p. 441, (94) p. 392, (00^) p. 84; Bun; (00') p. 90, (02) p. 484:
Kirhij, (04) p. 3:].

Chelisochella pulchripennis, Verh<rff, (02') p. 190.

Exypnus pulchripennis, Bwr, (07^) p. 128.

Of medium size ; brownish black, with a purple sheen. An-
tennae brown, with about 20 segments ; third cylindrical, fourth
and fifth thickened, ovate, the remainder slender, clubbed at the
apex. Head with frons tumid and occiput rather depressed,
brownish black, sinuate posteriorly. Pronotum as broad as the
head, parallel-sided, truncate in front, rounded posteriorly; blue-
black ; prozona tumid with a median sulcus and two impressions ;
metazona depressed. Elytra black with a brilliant purple sheen,
broadened and rounded along the costal margin ; keel on costal
margin developed at the shoulder only. Wings long, purple-blue,
with an orange apical spot. Legs long, slender, rather compressed,
black, the tarsi paler; the tibiaj depressed and sulcate in the
apical third. Abdomen parallel-sided, reddish black. Last dorsal
segment of S rectangular, ample, slightly broader than long ;
posterior margin depressed in the middle, with a transverse,
crested, crenulate tubei-cle on each side over the root of the forceps ;
in the 5 narrowed posteriorly, the tubercles more feebly de-
veloped. Pygidium of S very short and broad, hidden ; of $ very
short and obtuse. Forceps with the branches in the S depressed,
remote at the base, but with a strong depressed bifid tooth at the
base itself, the points of which almost meet ; then rather bent
downwards, gently arcuate, enclosing an elongate oval area,
crenulate along the inner margin with a sharp tooth at the apical
third ; in the 5 depressed, nearly straight, elongate, crenulate
along the inner margin.

<S 9-

Length of body .... lG-5 nun. 16 mm.

„ forceps . . 5 „ 6 „

134 rOEFICULID^.

Burma : Senmyingyan, ii. {Genoa cf- Brii. 3fus.), Karen-ni,
Keba District, 3000-4300 ft., v/xii. {Genoa JItts.); Tenasserim :
Thagata, iv.

Also from Sarawak, New Guinea.

I'l/pe iu Genoa Museum.

De Bormans reports an aberration of the male, in which the
forceps are only of half the usual length and unusually thick and
strong, with the powerful basal tooth situated at one third of the
way down the forceps. In the author's collection, there is one of
the females taken by Fea in Karen-ni in which the head is brick-
red, the body orange-red, the forceps red, and the posterior
femora orange. This is probably a form of xanthochroism due to
deficient nourishment, as the forceps are weak and one branch is
atrophied.

This species resembles a diminutive Chelisochella superha, but
the keel on the elytra is very short, and the forceps of the
female are quite simple. Otherwise the form and colour are
almost exactly the same.

In the female the segments of the antennae are less markedly
clavate than in the male.

Genus CHELISOCHES, Smdder.

Clielisoclies, Scudder, (76) p. 295.

Lobophora, Serville, (-"iO) p. 32 (preoccupied iu Lepidoptera,
Curtis, 1825). — Type, Forticula morio, Fabr.

Type, Forficula morio, Fabr,

Size medium ; antennae with 15-20 segments ; third fairly long,
fourth clubbed or conical, about half as long as the third ; fifth
longer than fourth ; fifth and fourth united slightly longer than
third, the rest elongate, subconical. Head tumid, sutures fairly
distinct. Pronotum as broad as the head, truncate anteriorly, the
-sides gently diverging as it is widened posteriorly ; posterior
margin broadly rounded. Elytra ample, smooth, no costal keel.
Wings well developed. Prosternum parallel-sided, slightly con-
stricted near the base. Mesosternum nearly square, truncate
posteriorly. Metasteimum ti-ansverse, truncate posteriorly. Legs
rather short ; femora not very stout ; tibiae flattened, furrowed
in the apical half above ; tarsi very short, very pubescent, rather
broad. Abdomen parallel-sided, rather depressed, lateral tubei'cles
distinct ; last dorsal segment of d" transverse, rectangular ; in
the 2 shghtly narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment broadly
rounded in both sexes. Pygidium of J small, of $ larger, but not
very prominent. Forceps with the branches in the cJ depressed,
remote at base, generally stout, more or less elongate, depressed,
simple.

Range. Tropical Asia and Australia.

As now restricted this genus only contains about half a dozen
species of which only one is known to occur in India.

CIIELISOCIIES. 135

81. Chelisoches morio, Fair. (Fig, 45.)

ForHcLila morio, Fabi: (7o) p. 270, (81) p. 341, (87) p. 22-j, (93) p. o ;

Oliv. (92) p. 4(38 ; lionu. (ofS) p. 7-52.
Lobophoi'a morio, Dohrn, (Oo) p. 71 ; TJu.br. (79) p. 374.
Clielisoches morio, Scudder, (76) p. 308; Borm. {><'ri) p. 440, (94)

p. 391, (00-) p. 8o; /)V/v, (00-) p. ol, mi) p. 327, (02) p. 484 ;

Kirby, (04) p. 33; Ternj, (0-3) pp. 104-171, pi. viii, iigs. 1-0,

pi. ix, tigs. 1 -t).
ForMcula rutitarsis, Serv. (39) p. 33.
Forticula (Psalidophora) rutitavsis, Harm, (42) p. 241.
Lobophora nigronitens, !Stal, (UOj p. 305.
Lobophora tartarea, Stal, ((iO) p. 30o.
Lobophora cincticornis, Stal, (00) p. 305.
Labidura uigricoruis, Kirbi/, in P. Z. S. 1888, p. 546.
Chelisoches uigricornis, Kirby, (04) p. 34.
Chelisoches comprimens, !Scudd. (70) pp. 252 & 308 ; Kirby, (04)

p. 32.
Chelisoches stratioticus, ReJm, (05) p. 509 (n. syn.).

Of medium size ; jet-black, varying to dull brown or umber.
Antennae with 20-21 segments, black, with a pale ring before the
apex. Head, pronotum, elytra and wings dull black, smooth,
shading to reddish-brown in some specimens. Legs black, the
tarsi orange or yellowish. Abdomen umber, brownish black or
jet-black, dull or feebly shining, the entire dorsal surface punctu-
late, the lateral tubercles distinct ; whole of the ventral surface
of the same colour as the dorsal surface, punctulate ; last dorsal
segment of S smooth, transverse, rectangular, the posterior margin
depressed in the middle with a pair of small compressed tubercles
in the depression ; leather tumid over the insertion of the forceps ;
in 2 similar, but the tubercles less strongly marked. Pygidium
of S short, stumpy, broad, barely distinguishable ; of 5 more
prominent, broad, short and tumid, the posterior margin produced
into a rectilinear lobe, slightly dilated, the apex of which is
greatly sinuate and each angle terminated in small tubercle or blunt
point. Forceps of <S of two types: (1) branches remote at base,
stout, rather short, very broad and flat, with strong prominent
irregular teeth on the inner margin near the base or in the
basal half ; beyond this, gently arcuate with a few small teeth or
smooth ; (2) flattened, but less broad, and elongate, with a broad
and flat denticulated dilation near the base on inner margin,
beyond which gradually incurved, the inner margin smooth, with
one or more small teeth ; in the $ the branches are less depressed,
subcontiguous, trigonal, elongate, nearly straight at first, then
gently incurved, the inner margin crenulate.

The larvae are black, with pale legs, and pale bands on the
thoracic plates.

S

?

Length of body . . . .

12-17"5 mm.

14-18-5 mm.

„ forceps .

. 8-7-5 „

-^8 «

136 rOKFICULIDiE.

Bengal: Calcutta (Dmssels 31us.); Madras; Travancore (var.
stratiotkus ; coll. Burr), Trichinopoli {coll. Bolivar) ; Ceylon :
Kottanda {Willey; coll. Burr), Galle, x. (Fletcher; coll. Burr);
Burma : Bhamo, viii.; Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v./xii.
(Genoa Mus.).

This species is abundant throughout tlie Oriental Region ; it
is continually reported from islands in the Malay Peninsula, and
has extended its distribution, doubtless through shipping, to the
east coast of Africa and New Zealand ; it has even been taken at
Kew Gardens in Enghand.

It varies considerably in size and in colour, and intermediate
forms are continually met with. The large, umber-coloured
form has been described as distinct by Kebn under the name
stratioticus.

Ch. morio is abundant in wet districts in the sugar plantations
in the JSandwich Islands, and an interesting account is given by
Terry in the report of the work of the Experimental Station of
the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (05) (see Introduction,
p. 16). It is an extremely active species and appears to be
diurnal, Terry describing it as running over the leaves in search
of insect food during the hottest part of the day. In Hawaii it
abounds in the moist mountain ridges and valleys and also in
many of the elevated plantations. It is scarce in the dry and
irrigated cane-areas.

Genus PROREUS, Btirr.

Troreus, Burr, (07^) p. 129.
Chelisoches, Scuddcr, (7(j) p. 295 (pars).

Ttpe, Forficxda simulans, Stal.

Closely related to Chelisoches, but the antennas are more slender,
and the fourth segment is ovate or cylindrical, and not thickened
or clubbed. The species are smaller and weaker, and the colour is
almost invariably some shade of red or brown. The forceps are
of the same type as in Chelisoches, but in the typical species the
branches are slender.

7\thle of Sj^ecies.

1. Forceps elongate and slender.
2. Head brick-red ; el3^tra yellow,

with fuscous stripes simulans, Sta.1, p. lo7.

2.2. Head blacldsh ; elytrn tawny . . mel(niocephahis, Dohrn, var.,
3.1. Forceps short, broad and flat. [p. 138.

2. Head blackisli ; elytra tawny . . 'inclanocephahis,T)o\\vn,'^.l'i9>.
2.2. Head and elytra uniform dull

brown ritscmcp, Borm., p. 139.

PROREUS.

137

82. Proreus simulans, Stdl. (Fig. 85.)
Forficula simiilans, «/!5/, ((50) p. .",02.

Chelisoches simulans, Scudd. (76) i^. .'509; i^ar^n. (^«) P- ,4^0' (?f
p. .391, (00'^) p.^S7 ; i?«/v, (02) p. 484, (07^) p. 209, (08») p. 116 ;

Chelisoc'hes ludekingi. Burr, (nee Dolirn, nee Borm.) (00^) p. 51.

Forficula modesta, i^tSl, ((50) p. .302.^

Lobopliora modesta, Dohni, ((!.",) p. 74.

Chelisoches modestu.s, -VcMfW. (7(5) p. .'50b ; 7ur/>//, (04) p. o-j.

Chelisoches simulans, snbsp. modestus, Bonn. (00') p. 88.

Proreus simulans, i/wrr, (07') p. 1..51.

Of medium size and slender build ; general colour orange-red
varied with tawny. Antennae brown, slender, with i:0 segments ;
third long and cylindrical, fourth decidedly shorter than thu-d,
cylindrical; fifth almost as long as third, the rest long, all cy-
lindrical and slender. Head clear brick-red, smooth, tumid, the
sutures distinct. Pronotum a little narrower than the head,
truncate anteriorly, slightly widened posteriorly, hinder margin
broadly rounded; prozona somewhat tumid, orange-red; side.?
and metazoua depressed, clear yellow. Elytra long, rather narrow,
smooth, clear orange-yellow, with a narrow dark band along
the suture and the costal fold. M^'ings prominent, of the same
colour as the elytra (abortive in the var. modestus). Legs rather
short, orange-yellow ; tibia) furrowed only in apical third. Abdomen
broad, depressed and parallel-sided, deep cliestnut-red, darker near
the base ; lateral tubercles distinct ; finely punctulate. Last dorsal
segment of 6 ample, rectangular, smooth, clear red, postenor
margin truncate and darkened, with two small compressed tubercles
in the middle, and crenulated obtuse tubercles on each side ; m the
2 similar but somewhat narrowed, the tubercles obsolete. Penul-
timate ventral segment of d broadly rounded. Pygidium of both
sexes very short, obtuse, transverse, not prominent. Forceps with
the branches in the d remote at the base, depressed but not dilated,
rather slender, with a sharp triangular tooth on the inner margin
at one-third from the base (occasionally obsolete) and sometimes a
second smaller tooth near the apex ; elongate and gently arched
inwards ; in the 2 remote at base, almost straight, the whole of
inner margin crenulate.

Length of body 10-12 mm. 8-5-10 mm.

,, forceps 3 „ «5 ,»

Bombay : Pusa (Pusa coll.) ; Be>.'Gal : Calcutta, "at light," xi.
(Annandale, Ind. Miis.) ; Burma: Kokarit, i./ii., Eangoou, xu.
(Fea, Genoa Mus.).

Widely distributed throughout the Oriental Eegion.

Type in the Stockholm Museum.

138 FOEFICULID.E.

Easy to recognize by the colour of the forceps. P. ludel-ingi,
Dohrn, is a Malayan species that may occur in India; it resembles
F. simidans, but has a pale ring on the antennte and the tooth of
the forceps is A\eaker aud nearer the apex ; it may be a A^ariety or
race of P. simulans. De Bormans separates P. modestus as a sub-
species ; in this the wings are abortive and the tooth of the
forceps often obsolete.

S3. Proreus melanocephalus, Dolim. (Fig. 86.)

Lobophora melanocepbala, Dohrn, (05) p. 75.

Chelisoches melanocephalus, Sciidd. (76) p. 308 ; Bonn. (88) p. 440,

(94) p. 392, (00-) p. 89 ; £nrr, (99) p. 258 (nee Ayin. Mag. X. H.

(6) XX. p. 315, 1897), (05') p. 28, (07^) p. 209; Burr, (08^)

p. 116 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 33.
Proreus melanocephalus, Burr, (07') p. 130.

Of small size ; general colour tawny. Antennae with (?) 15
segments, brown, sometimes paler near the base ; segments rather
thick ; third not very long ; fourth half as long as third, cylindrical ;
fifth shorter than third ; sixth equal to third ; all cylindrical.
Head very dark brown or black ; smooth, i-ather depressed,
sutures fairly distinct. Pronotum slightly longer than wide,
truncate anteriorly, sides straight, hinder border broadly rounded,
slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly ; deep orauge-yellow.
Elytra ample, long, smooth, tawny. Wings long, smooth, tawny.
Legs tawny ; tibite with upper surface flattened and furrowed
about the apical third. Abdomen smooth, blackish red, lateral
tubercles distinct. Last dorsal segment of S transverse, posterior
margin truncate and finely crenulate ; in $ narrower, smooth.
Penultimate ventral segment of S and $ broadly rounded. Pygi-
dium of S very short, transverse, depressed, posterior margin
incrassate, darkened and gently emarginate in the middle ; in $
short, obtuse. Forceps with branches reddish tawny ; in the S of
two types : («) short, broad, depressed, gently incurved and blunt
at the points, with a sharp tooth in the middle ; (6) more slender
and elongate, with a short conical sharp tooth quite near the base ;
straight at first, then gently arched inwards, with a blunt tooth
in the apical third ; in the 2 simple, straight and contiguous.

d 2

Length of body 8-9 mm. 8 mm.

„ forceps 1-2-5 „ 1 -5 „

Teanquebae; Bombay: Mahim, "under plantain roots" {Pihsa
coll.); Bengal: Barisol, Munshiganj, Pusa, "in roots of a cane,
6/ii./05 " {Pusa coll.) ; Sikkim : Darjiling {Paris Mus.) ; Uppee
Assam : {Ind. 2Ius.) ; Buema : Teinzo, v. {Genoa Mus.).

The type was in Westermann's collection ; where it is now is
not certain.

Differs from its congeners in its small size and uniform tawny

PROREUS. 13^

coloration with black head. Superficially resembles Uamaxas fece
Borm. In the small size and coloration and short antennce it
approaches Hamaxas.

84. Proreus ritsemse, Bonnans* (Fig. 87.)

Chelhochesrlisem^, Bonn. (84') p. ISo, (04) P: -9\ W P- §6 ;

Burr, (99) p. 254, (02) p. 484, (08') p. 116; Kirbrj, (04) p. 34.
Proreus ritsemee, Burr, (07^) p. 130.

Of medium size ; general colour dull earthy brown. Antennre
dull brown, with about 20 segments ; third not very long, fourth
only a little shorter, fifth about equal to third, fourth is rather
ovate, the others gradually lengthening; all rather thick, cy-
lindrical. Head tumid, dull chestnut. Pronotum rathfer short,
crently widened posteriorly, dull yellowish brown. Elytra and
win^s prominent, well developed, dull yellowish brown. Legs
dull yellowish brown; femora rather thick; furrow on tibiae
quite distinct. Abdomen deep brown-red, finely punctulate.
Last dorsal segment of 6 ample, quadrangular, punctulate, with a
median posterior depression, and a pair of compressed tubercles in
the middle, tumid over the root of the forceps ; m the $ simdar
buc less developed. Pygidiuin of d short, transverse, truncate ; ot
2 short, transverse, obtuse, with, a rectangular truncate lobe on
posterior margin. Forceps of J with branches stout, depressed
and broad, rather short, straight ; armed on the inner margin near
base with one or two strong conical teeth or a denticulate strong
depressed projectiou, and often another tooth nearer the apex ;
in the $ simple, slender, nearly straight, with a conical tooth near
the base, denticulate along inner margin.

6 2

Length of body 9-5-12 mm. 12-5 mm.

„ forceps 2-25-4: „ 4 „

Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., April to
December, v./xii. {Genoa 2[us.).

Type in Ley den Museum.

The uniform dull brown colour of this species, together with
its sturdy build, and the powerful strongly toothed forceps of the
male, render it easy to recognize. The details of the dentition
of the male forceps vary a good deal ; sometimes there is a pair
of stout conical teeth near the base, and sometimes they are fused
into one dilated and depressed projectiou, having a strongly

In the sturdy build, rather thick antennae and strong forceps,
this species approaches Gh. morio.

It is widely distributed throughout the Oriental Eegion.

F. fascipennis, Haan, from Borneo and Sumatra, appears to be
related to it, and is perhaps only a race or variety, but the forceps
are weaker, the head is red, and the antenna) have a pale ring.

140 ronrictJLiD.?;.

Genus SOLENOSOMA, Burr.

Solenosoma, Burr, (07') pp. 126 & 131.
Auclienomus, Bormans, (nee Karsch) (88) p. 436.
C\ie\\&Qc\\ft^, Bonnans, (00") p. 82 (pars).

Type, Auclienomus hirmanus, Borm,

Body slender and cylindrical. Antennae with (?) segments ;
the first long and swollen in the apical half ; third long and
slender, fourth half as long as third, subovate ; the rest elongate
and cylindrical (11 segments remain in the type). Head
depressed, hinder margin truncate. Pronotum narrower than
the head anteriorly, somewhat wider posteriorly, rectilinear, with
rounded* angles. Elytra short, truncate, with no costal keel;
humeral angle not rounded ; axillary angle rounded off, thus
exposing a small triangular scutellum. Wings absent ; sternal
plates narrow. Legs rather short, slender ; tibiae flattened above
in the apical third, not strongly furrowed ; second tarsal segment
slender, short and cylindrical, produced into a narrow lobe beneath
the third, which is a little over half as long as the first. Abdomen
slender, depressed, parallel-sided and elongate ; lateral tubercles
distinct ; last dorsal segment square ; penultimate ventral segment
of c? ample and square. Pygidium small. Porceps of S very long
and slender.

Range. Burma.

This geuus is monotypic and was erected in 1907 for the
aberrant form described by de Bormans under the name of
Auclienomus hirmanus. In the very slender body and long slender
forceps it approaches Auclienomus, but the anteriorly truncate and
trapezoidal pronotum separates it readily. In the rather long gently
widened pronotum and in the sti'ucture of the legs, it approaches
ChelisocJu's and Proreus. The complete disappearance of the wings
is emphasised by the I'eduction of the elytra, which are short and
truncate, and the axillary angle is rounded off, so as to expose a
scutellum, an unfailing sign of the degeneration of these organs,
as are also the narrow shoulders. There is a more or less distinct
humeral angle in all normally winged forms, but in this genus
the outline is an unbroken line from the side of the pronotum
down the costal fold of the elytra to the abdomen.

85. Solenosoma birmanum, Borm.*

Auchenomus hirmanus, Borm. (88) p. 426, (94) p. 391.
Chelisoches hirmanus, Borm. (0U-) p. 85 ; Kirby, (04) p. 33.
Soleuosoma birmanum, Burr, (07^) p. 131.

Deep reddish chestnut. Head a little paler, depressed, longer
than broad, sutures distinct ; hinder margin truncate, sides gently
diverging anteriorly. Eyes small. Pronotum with sides
nan-owly pale ; trapezoidal, rectilinear, decidedly longer than

SOLENOSOMA. — ADIATHETUS. 141

broad, narrower than the head anteriorly, as wide as the head
posteriorly ; posterior angles gently rounded. Elytra quite
smooth, red-brown. Legs testaceous. Abdomen parallel-sided,
finely punctulate, lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal segment
smoother than the abdomen, quadrangular, decidedly broader than
long, the hinder margin sinuate with a row of small compressed
tubei'cles. Pygidium small, thick and obtuse, with a short, narrow,
parallel-sided lobe terminating in two short sharp pomts. Forceps
with the branches remote at the base, depressed and slightly dilated
at the base itself, then attenuate, bent gently downwards and elon-
gate, very slender, almost straight, slightly converging and gently
hooked at the apex ; the inner margin near the base has a few
minute denticulations. The female is unknown.

6

Length of body 9-10 mm.

„ forceps 4-5-G „

Assam : Silicuri, in Cachar (1 cJ, Tad. Mus.) ; Burma : Bhamo
(1 S ■, Genoa Mas.).

Tyjye in Genoa Museum.

This is a rare insect, and the two specimens, quoted above, both
males, are the only ones known to exist in collections.

It can be recognized at a glance by its dark red chestnut colour,
elongate and slender build, the very long and slender forceps, and
the form of the elytra, taken in conjunction with the form of
the legs and pronotum, which show that its proper place is in
the Chelisochince.

The type has only 11 segments left in the antennae, and the
specimen in the Calcutta Museum has lost both the antenuEe.

Genus ADIATHETUS, Buvr.

Adiathetus, Burr, (07^) pp. 126 & 132.
Chelisoches, Bonn., {OQi^) p. 82 (pars).

Type, Chelisoches shelf ordi, Burr.

Size medium or large. Antennae with 20 segments, the third
long, but shorter than the fourth and fifth united ; fourth half as
long as third, clavate ; fifth clavate, nearly as long as third; the
rest elongate, subcorneal. Head tumid, sutures distinct. Pronotum
nearly square, slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Elytra
ample, with no keel on the costal fold, smooth or granuloue,
often metallic. Wings like the elytra. Legs rather slender ;
tibiae not flattened nor furrowed above except at the extreme apex.
Abdomen convex, parallel-sided, lateral folds distinct. Last dorsal
segment of c? ample, smooth, often with some strong tubercles ;
in the $ ample, simpler. Pygidium of 6 and $ various. Eorceps
of (S stout, depressed and broad ; of § elongate and less stout.

lianc/e. Oriental Region.

142 rOEFICULIDyE.

This genus is formed for the reception of those species hitherto
included in ChelisocJies, which ai"e characterized by the smooth upper
surface of the tibial ; otherwise the species agree \a ith true
CheUsoches.

It is noteworthy that in this genus the female often has well-
marked characters in the pygidium and forceps.

Table of Species.

1. Last dorsal segment of S with two
strong prominent crested tubercles ;
forceps of 5 elongate, with two sharp

teeth shelfordi, Burr, p. 142.

1.1. Last dorsal segment of J with no
prominent tubercles ; forceps of $
without strong teeth.
2. Pronotum parallel - sided ; head

strongly sinuate posteriorly dravidius, sp. n., p. 143.

2.2. Pronotum widened posteriorly ;
head not strongly sinuate pos-
teriorly.
3. Elytra and wings with brilliant
green metallic sheeu ; pygidium

of 5 lanceolate, acute (jlmicopterus, Borm., p. 144.

3.3. Elytra and wings dull black ;
pygidium of 2 truncate or bifid.
4. Pygidium of 5 bifid at apex . . nic/rocasfaneus, sp. n., p. 145.
4.4. Pygidium of $ truncate at apex tetiebrator, Kirby, p. 146.

86. Adiathetus shelfordi, Bun:

Chelisoches slielfordi. Bun; (00') p. 96, pi. 4. fig. 4, (05) p. 496.
Chelisochella shelfordi, Kirby, (04) p. 35.

Chelisoches hercules, Bun; (00^) p. 97, pi. 4. figs. 2, 2 a, (08^) p. 116.
Adiathetus shelfordi. Bun; (07^) p. 133.

Large and robust ; general colour reddish black ; the whole
body clad with a golden pubescence ; the elytra bright purple.
Antennae with 20 segments ; third almost cylindrical ; fourth
ovate, about half as long as third; fifth cylindrical, as long as third ;
the rest gradually lengthening ; black, with two or three yellowish
segments before the apex. Head quadrate, tumid, sutures fairly
distinct ; reddish black. Eyes prominent, black. Pronotutu
almost square, anterior margin and sides straight, hinder margin
rounded, brownish black ; prozoua tumid, with an impression on
each side and a median sulcus ; metazona depressed, with a faint
median line. Sternal plates brown, rather broad, truncate pos-
teriorly. Elytra ample, strongly rounded at the shoulders, finely
granulose, with a brilliant purple sheen. Wings like the elytra
in texture and colour. Legs long and slender ; femora and tibiae
dark brown, the tarsi paler ; tibiae smooth above ; tarsi long, third

ADIATHETUS.

143

segment nearly as long as the first; lobe of second segment
long and proininent ; all the legs strongly pubescent. Abdomen
parallel-sided, convex, deep chestnut-brown, very finely punctulate:
lateral tubercles distinct. A'enter brown. Last dorsal segment
of 6 ample, smooth, nearly square ; in the middle of the posterior
margin there is a pair of strong, parallel, compressed, prominent
tube!i-cles, obliquely truncate at the apex, directed up\\-ards and
Txickwards and densely hairy : in the $ shorter than in the J and
slio-htly narrowed, with a tumid tubercle over the root of the
forceps. Penultimate ventral segment of J and $ broadly rounded.
Pygidium of d stout, obtuse, almost hidden, bifid at the extremity ;
thai; of 2 short and thick, the posterior margin emarginate, the
ano-les pi-oduced into obtuse triangular tubei-cles. Eorceps : branches
in the d very strongly flattened and broadened in the basal
half, the inner margin of this part being strongly serrate ; half-
way down the dilation disappears and the apical half is attenuate,
but still robust and gently incurved, denticulate on the inner
maro-iu ; in the $ the branches are remote at the base, rather
depressed and trigonal, sinuously elongate with a prominent
sharp tooth one-third the way down, and another at two-thirds ;
the double edge in the trigonal basal part on the inner margin
is crenulate. In both sexes the forceps are dull reddish brown,
and densely clad with thick golden pubescence.

d ?

Length of body 15-5-21 mm. 18-5-21 mm.

„ forceps .... 4-5 „ 11-12 „

SiKKiM (coll Bolivar) ; Borneo {coll. Ban-).

Type in the Sarawak Museum.

A very striking species ; the brilhant purple elytra, the dense
o-olden pubescence, and the remarkable form of the forceps in both
sexes make this earwig unmistakable.

87. Adiathetus dravidius, sp. n. (Fig. 46.)

General colour deep brownish black. Antennae with 17 segments,
black, the basal segments brownish ; third not very long, cylindrical ;
fourth about two-thirds as long as the third, a little thicker, ovate ;
the remainder regularly lengthening. Head smooth, brownish
black, shinijig, the frons very tumid ; sutures deep and well marked ;
occiput depressed in the middle, tumid on each side behind the eyes ;
posterior margin decidedly sinuate. Pronotum smooth, brown-
black, anterior margin convex in the middle, the angles rectangular ;
sides parallel, posterior margin rounded ; prozona tumid, metazonu
depressed, sides reflexed. Elytra smooth, dull blackish brown with
a bright orange spot on the posterior margin. Wings long, black,
with a bright orange basal spot, being the continuation of the spot
on the elytra. Legs uniform dull greenish brown ; tarsi long, the
first segment longer than the third. Abdomen parallel -sided,

144 rORFICULID.E.

brownish black ; lateral tubercles of third and fourth segments very
distinct. Last dorsal segment of c? transverse, smooth, shining,
brownish black, depressed in the middle, tumid over the roots of the
forceps; in the $ similar, but less tumid and furnished with a short,
blunt, compressed, oblique ridge or crest at the exterior angles.
Penultimate ventral segment ot J bi'oad, rounded, gently emarginate
in the middle of the posterior border ; in the $ shorter, the posterior
margin rounded and entire. Pygidium of cS short, quadrangular,
obtuse, the sides slightly concave and posterior margin slightly
convex; in the 2 ^ little longer, depressed, tapering in basal
half, rectangular, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Forceps
of d with the branches remote at the base, stout, depressed, rather
long, straight at first, arcuate apically, with a strong tooth near
the base and another beyond the middle ; in $ a little less stout,
elongate, nearly straight, very gently curved inwards near apex,
the inner margin crenulate. The forceps are yellow or reddish.

c? $

Length of body 9-11 mm. 13-13-5 mm.

,, forceps 3"5-4-5 „ 6-5 „

Madras : Travancore ; Tenmalai, on the AVestern sides of the
Western Ghats, xi. {Dr. N. Annandale, under rotten wood, Ind.
Mus.).

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species approaches A. nifirocastaneus^ Burr, and A. glauco-
pterus, Borm., but differs from both in the strongly sinuate posterior
border of the head, the parallel-sided pronotum, and the longer
tarsal segments.

It also differs in colour. In A. glaucopterus the elytra and wings
are of brilliant metallic green-black, with a minute yellow spot at
the apex of the latter. In A. nigrocastaneus the elytra and wings
are black, the latter having a broad yellow band along the suture.
In A. dravidius the elytra and wings are black with a bright
orange-yellow spot common to the apex of the elytra and base of
the wings ; also the legs ai-e uniform dull greenish brown and
the antennae not ringed.

88. Adiathetus glaucopterus, Borm** (Fig. 47.)

Chelisoche8 glaucopterus, Borjti. (88) p. 441, (94) p. 392, (OO^) p. 84 ;
Eirhy (04), p. 33; Burr, (05=) p. 28, (07^) p. 129, (08^; p. 115.

Size medium ; general colour metallic green and bright chestnut-
red. Antennae with 16 segments (? or more), black, with a pale
ring before the apex ; third segment gently clavate ; fourth sub-
clavate, about half as long as the third ; fifth ovate, longer than
fourth but shorter than third ; sixth about equal to third ; the
rest elongate, subcylindrical. Head dull black, smooth and tumid,
especially posteriorly ; occipital suture well marked ; eyes small.

ADIATHETUS. 145

Pronotum black with a copper-green lustre, nearly square, very
slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly, anterior margin gently
convex, posterior broadly rounded and sides straight ; prozona
tumid with a faint median sulcus and an impression on each side ;
metazona depressed. Elytra ample, well rounded at the shoulders,'
broad, gently emarginate at the apex, with no keel on the costal fold ;
perfectly smooth, of a brilliant, lustrous, metalhc green. Wings
prominent, of the same colour as the pronotum, with a small orange
spot at the extreme apex. Legs blackish ; the tarsi somewhat
paler ; tibiae with the upper surface only flattened and furrowed
at the apex itself. Abdomen bright chestnut-red, shaded with
blackish, lateral tubercles distinct ; the whole surface puuctulate ;
venter shining, deeper red. Last dorsal segment of d ample, smooth'
black, shaded with red, somewhat broader than long, posterior
margin tumid over the roots of the forceps, depressed in the
middle, with a pair of small tubercles in the depression ; exterior
angles sharply rectangular ; in the $ similar but a trifle narrowed
and the tubercles less developed. Penultimate ventral segment of
c? and 2 broadly rounded. Pygidium of c? very short, transverse
and obtuse ; of $ very prominent, red, acute, lanceolate. Forceps
with the branches red, depressed, rather broad, and remote at the
base ; m the d rather short, stout, gentlv arcuate, with a strong
tooth on the mnei% margin in the basal third ; in the $ elongate,
nearly straight, gently curved inwards at the apex, the inner margin
denticulate.

d 2

Length of body 10-14-5 mm. 10-12 mm.

forceps.... 2-5-3 „ 5-8-75,,

Upper Assam (Ind. JIus.); Burma: Kachin Hills, viii
Karen-ni, Geku District, 4300-4700 ft., v. (Genoa Mus.) • Ten-
ASSEEiM : Meetan, iv. {Genoa Mus.). '

Also recorded from Tonkin (Paris Mus., coll. Burr).

Tif2}e in the Genoa Museum.

The contrast between the brilliant green elytra and bright red
abdomen and forceps renders this a very handsome and conspicuous
species, which is not likely to be confused with any other, except
perhaps the following. The details, shading and armature' of the
forceps are of course variable features.

Verhceff" ranged this species in ChelisocheUa, evidently by
guess-work, for if he had ever seen a specimen he would have
noticed the absence of the costal keel of the elytra by which he
himself characterizes that genus.

89. Adiathetus nigrocastaneus, sp. n. (Pig. 48.)

Of medium size ; black, varied with chestnut. Antennse with
19 segments, black, with two pale segments before the apex - the
third not very long and second shorter than the third, ovate ;'fiftb

146 FORFICULIDiE.

a trifle longer, but not equal to the third, ovate ; sixth equal to
the third in length but a little thicker, elongate ovate ; the rest
more slender and long. Head smooth and black, tumid, the sutures
deep. Pronotum black, with a distinct median suture and an
impression on each side in the prozona ; about as broad as long,
truncate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, scarcely if at all broader
posteriorly than anteriorly. Prosteruum rather long, constricted ;
mesosternum truncate ; metasternum with lobe short, scarcely
passing the posterior coxse, broad, truncate. Elytra smooth, jet-
black, broad, with no keels. Wings prominent, clear orange, with
a fuscous outer margin. Legs not very long ; femora reddish
chestnut, blackish at the base ; tibiae blackish, smootli above,
depressed only at the apex itself ; tarsi not very long, with dense
golden pubescence. Abdomen broad and depressed, parallel-sided,
blackish chestnut, lateral tubercles strong. Last dorsal segment
of c? transverse ample, smooth, with a short folded ridge at each
angle, tumid over the insertion of the forceps, depressed in the
middle, with two parallel compressed longitudinal ridges ; in the $
narrower, the ridges and elevations feebler than in the d . Venter
tawny. Penultimate ventral segment of (S ample, broad, the
posterior margin rounded, with a slight median excision ; similar
in the § but not emarginate. Pygidium of c? not prominent; in
the $ produced into a depressed plate, slightly widened apically
and deeply emarginate, thus forming a pair of triangular lobes.
Forceps reddish in both sexes ; in the d short, stout, remote at
base, depressed, straight, incurved apically, blunt, with three small
teeth on the inner margin ; in the $ depressed, elongate, and
nearly straight.

c? 2

Length of body 9*5 mm. 8'5 mm.

„ forceps 2 „ 2-75 „

Bombay : Kanara, August {Pusa coll.).

Type in the Pusa Collection.

This species closely resembles A. glaucopterus, but diifers in the
bright orange wings, with only the outer border blackish, in the
dull black elytra with no metallic sheen, in the chestnut legs, and
blacker abdomen ; the last dorsal segment and forceps of the
male are almost exactly similar, but the pygidium of the female is
totally different, being much shorter, somewhat broadened apically
and deeply fissured, thus forming two triangular lobes.

90. Adiathetus tenebrator, Kirby*

Chehsoches tenebrator, Kirby, (91) p. 521, pi. 12. fig. 5 ( $ ), (04)
p. 33 ; JBorm. (00'^) p. 85 ; Bun; (07^) p. 129.

Size medium ; colour blackish brown. Antennae with 15
seo^ments, with a pale ring before the apex ; fourth little over half

ADIATHETCS. HAMAXAS. 147

as long as third, fifth about equal to third, the rest elongate, all
cyliudrical. Head depressed, sutures distinct, tumid behind the
eyes. Pronotum gently widened posteriorly. Elytra and wings
ample, blackish brown, smooth ; no costal keel to elytra. Legs
short ; tibia flattened only at the apex itself tarsi long, pale,
strongly pubescent. Abdomen gently dilated, densely punctulate,
lateral tubercles distinct ; segments smooth at the posterior margin
except the seventh ( § ) which is crenulate. Last dorsal segment
ample, transverse, smooth, depressed in the middle, with a pair of
small tubercles in the depression, and tumid over the forceps.
Pygidiumdeflexed, triangular, with the apex truncate and reflexed,
and a small tubercle on each side. Forceps with the branches
remote at the base, trigonal, nearly straight ; incurved at the
apex itself, the inner margin with a strong tooth near the base and
a small tooth beyond the middle.
The J is unknown.

^2

Length of body 17 mm.

„ forceps .... 9 „

India (Bt-it. Mus.).

Txjpe in the British Museum.

This species has a strong superficial resemblance to CJielisocJies
morio, but the pygidium is different, the fourth, fifth and sixth
segments of the antennae are longer and cylindrical ; the tibise are
not depressed or sulcate above except at the extreme apex, and
the tarsi are long and compressed instead of short and depressed.

On'ing to the structure of the tibise it is here placed in Adiathetus,
but it is highly desirable that the male be discovered and its true
affinities defined.

The only known specimen is Kirby's type in the British Museum.

Genus HAMAXAS, Burr.

Hamaxas, Burr, (07i) pp. 126 & 133.
Chelisoches, Bor)n. (94) p. 393, (00-) p. 86 (pars).

Type, Chdisoches fecc, Borm.

Size small ; colour red, varied with black. Antennae with 19
segments ; third rather short, subconical ; fourth and fifth ovate,
together equalling third ; tlie rest elongate, subconical. Head
smooth, depressed, sutures obscure. Pronotum as broad as the
head, a little longer than broad, subovate, not broadened posteriorly,
all margins subconvex or rounded. Elytra and wings well
developed ; the former with no costal carina. Legs short, very
pubescent ; tibiae smooth above. Abdomen pubescent, depressecl,
parallel-sided, lateral tubercles distinct ; last dorsal segment of c5'
ample, of $ narrow. Pygidium of S and $ very small.
Eorceps depressed, arcuate ; straight in the $ .

lianye. Burma, Malay Archipelago, and New Zealand.

l2

148 rOEFICULID^.

This genus includes four species, all small in size and red or
black in colour. It is well separated from Chelisoches by the
smooth tibiae, ovate pronotum, and shorter antennoe.

The only known Indian species is the type of the genus, H. fecf,
Borm.

91. Hamaxas feae, Borm** (Fig. 88.)

Chelisoches fete, Bormans, (94) p. 393, (00") p. 86; Burr, (99) p. 260

(02) p. 484 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 33.
Hamaxas feae. Burr, (07') p. 134.

Small; black, shading to orange; pubescent. Antennae with
19 segments, black with a pale ring before the apex. Head black,
Pronotum black, the sides narrowly bordered with orange. Elytra
ample and long, well rounded at the shoulders, very finely and
densely punctulate, black. Wings of the same colour and texture
as the elytra. Legs tawny orange ; tibiae smooth above. Abdomen
dark red, shading to blackish. Last dorsal segment of S transverse,
smooth, with a transverse oval depression near the posterior
margin, rugulose ; in $ narrowed. Pygidium of S short, transverse,
tumid, posterior margin sinuate, the angles pointed; in the $
scarcely visible. Forceps with branches reddish ; in the S remote
at the base, slender, elongate, gently arcuate, with a short sharp
tooth near the base ; in $ short, simple, straight, and contiguous.

Length of body 8 mm. 7-9 mm.

., forceps .... 3*5-4-5 mm. 1-25-1-75 mm.

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. {Genoa

Mus.).

Also known from New Guinea, Xew Zealand, and Mentawei Is.

Type in the Genoa Museum.

This species may be recognized by the uniform black of the head,
pronotum, elytra and wings, with rust-red body. It is only the
distribution of the colours which separates the four species of the
genus, and very likely it will be necessary to unite them into one.

H. fece has a superticial likeness to Prorens melanocepJiahis, from
which it differs in the form of the forceps, among other things.

Subfamily XL ANECHURIN^.

This group contains a number of sturdy mountain-loving
earwigs, "with broad sternal plates, dilated abdomen, forceps remote
at the base and often curiously curved and twisted. Most of the
genera are confined to the Old "World (except Australia) but
some aberrant forms occur in America.

ALLODAHLIA.

Tahh of Genera.

149

1. Elytra with a strong keel along the costal [p. 149.

fold Allodahlia, Verh.,

1.1. Elytra not keeled.

2. Second tarsal segment long, scarcely

dilated ; (pronotum widened po.s- [p. 155.

teriorly) IIomotages, Burr,

2.2. Second tarsal segment short, strongly
dilated.
3. Elytra ovate ; penultimate ventral ^ [p. 157.

segment of S gently rounded. . . . Pterygida, Verh.,
3.3. Elytra parallel-sided ; penultimate [p. 159.

ventral segment of S convex. . . . Anechura, Scudd.,

Genus ALLODAHLIA, VerK

Allodahlia, Verhaf, (02') p. 194.

Anechura, (partim) Scudder, (76) p. 289.— Ti/pe, Forficula hi-
puuctata, Fabr.

Type, Forficula scahriuscuh, Serv.

Antenna with 13 segments ; the first stout, clubbed ; third sub-
coiiical, shorter than the first; fourth and fifth shorter than third.
Head with sutures distinct. Pronotum short, broader than long,
truncate or concave anteriorly, rouuded posteriorly, often crescent-
shaped. Elytra ample, broad, the shoulders prominent ; costal
margin convex, with a strongly marked keel running the entire
length of the elytra; surface of the elytra rough, granulose or
punctulate. Wings generally prominent, sonielimes smooth,
sometimes resembling the elytra in texture ; sternal plates broad
and short. Legs long and slender. Abdomen depressed, dilated
about the middle, and narrowed again at the apex ; lateral tubercles
very distinct. Last dorsal segment of S very short and broad ;
of $ narrowed. Pygidium of J short, transverse, tumid, often
armed with a spine ;' of $ short, tumid. Forceps with the branches
in the c? remote at the base, slender, elongate, often sinuate in
the ventral plane and variously armed ; in the $ simple, straight,
slender.

liuwje. Oriental Kegion.

This genus was erected by Verhoeff for Anediura hurjeli and
hrachynota ; a separate subfamily was actually formed for its
reception, which is not justifiable, as the keel of the elytra is the
only true character which really distinguishes it from Anechura.

AH the known species occur in India.

Tahle of Species.

1. Elytra scabrous; pygidium of S with a _ [p. 150.

spinule at each angle ; (all dull black) . . scabriusctda, Serv.,
1.1. Elytra rugose, or coarsely or finely
punctate ; pygidium of S with a single
central spine.

150 rORFICULID.T.

2. Anterior margin of pronotumsubsinuous;
tubercle at angle of last dorsal seg-
ment of J prominent; all black or
brown ; (entirely coarsely punctate ; [p. 151.

forceps strongly undulating) ^naci-opycja. "VVestw.,

2.2. Anterior margin of pronotum truncate ;
tubercle at angle of last dorsal segment
of ^ feeble ; colour black and red.
3. Elytra rugose ; abdomen punctulate ;

forceps of S strongly diverging [p. 153.

at base and undulated coriacea, Borm.,

3.3. Elytra finely punctulate ; abdomen
more finely punctulate ; forceps of
c? horizontal and nearly straight . . ahrimcnies, Burr, p. 154,

92. Allodahlia scabriuscula, Serville. (Fig. 49.)

Forficula scabriuscula, Serv. (39) p, 38 ; Scudd. (76) p. 317.
Anechura scabriuscula, Borm. (88) p. 444, (94) p. 402, (00-) p. 103 ,

Sharp (95) p. 207, fig. 108; Burr, (00') p. 99, (00^) p. 52, (02)

p. 486, (083) p. 118; Kirhy, (04) p. 41.
Forficula brachvnota, Haan, (42) p. 243, pi. 23, fig. 10 ; Scudd,

(76) p. 312; 'Dohrn, (65) p. 94 ; (nee Dubr. (79) p. 383).
Allodahlia scabriuscula, Terh. (02') p. 194; Burr, (05) p. 28.

Stature large, strongly built, legs aud forceps slender. Colour
darl; dull blackish chestnut, glabrous, the whole body more or less
scabrous. Antennae witli 12 or 13 segments, black, rather elongate.
Head tumid, convex, punctulate, sutures very distinct, posterior
margin sinuate. Pronotum transverse, anterior margin sinuate,
anterior angles sharp and produced for\^ards, sides and posterior
margin broadly rounded, sides slightly reflexed ; prozona uith five
blunt longitudinal tubercles ; the Miiole disc densely punctulate.
Elytra ample, strongly rounded at the shoulders, convex, posterior
margin sinuate ; the exterior carina is very sharp and distinct,
dying out just before the posterior margin ; the disc of the elytra
is covered with a dense mass of small tubercles and a few scattered
larger points, so that it is entirely rough and scabrous ; the lateral
portion is densely rugose without the larger points. "Wings
rugose and scabrous. Tarsi elongate, with dense reddish pub-
escence beneath ; femora punctulate. Prosternuni somewhat
attenuate posteriorly. Abdomen somewhat flattened, constricted
at the base, dilated about the middle and attenuate apically ; the
whole dorsal surface is densely and finely punctulate, the ventral
surface still more finely ; lateral tubercles distinct, the posterior
pair very strong ; segments six to nine somewhat convex at the
sides ; in the $ the apical attenuation is stronger and more
marked. Last dorsal segment of 6 short, transverse, slightly
sloping ; posterior margin incrassate and slightly reflexed and
smooth ; the exterior angles produced, the margin itself gently
and obliquely truncate over the base of the forceps ; in the $

ALLODAHLIA. l^^

attenuate, hinder margin convex, angles obsolete. Pygidium of
J short and transverse, posterior margin truncate, very obtuse,
with a small blunt tubercle at each corner, terminating in a short
sharp point; in the $ the pygidium is a short obtuse tubercle
Forceps o£ d with the branches very remote at the base and
trigonal there, not very stout, diverging strongly at the base itselt
and almost immediately bowed inwards, elongate, slender and
gradually converging ; the inner lower margin is finely denticulate
near the base ; somewhat flattened, with a strong, rather long,
sharp tooth on the inner margin about two-thirds from the base ;
the apices are gently incurved ; in the $ subcontiguous, straight,
slio-htly excavate at the base itself to admit the pygidium, quite
straight and parallel for two-thirds of their length, then suddenly
attenuate and very gently arcuate, the points crossing.

Length of body H-U mm. 11-13 mm.

„ forceps .... 8-15 „ ti-/ i»

Bhutan: Maria Basti (Paris 31us.); Sikkim • Mungphu,
Dunsiri Valley (Ind. iMus.) ; Darjihng (Brit. Jli.ts.) ; Afe^SAM :
Sibsagar (Iml. Mus.); Burma: Kachin Hills, vni.-xu {Genoa
Mus.f; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-4300 ft., v.-xu. (Genoa
Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Thagata, iv. .

Also recorded from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Southern China
and Tonkin.

Type in the Vienna Museum. _ , •,. i n

This is an exceedingly well-marked species, owing to its dull
black colour, strongly concave anterior margin of the prouotum,
with its sharplv projecting angles, and the exceedingly coarse texture
of the well-rounded elytra. It is moreover the only species in
which the pygidium of the male has a minute spinule at each
angle, instead of a strong spine in the middle.

93. AllodaWia macropyga, ^yestlvood* (Fig. 50.)

Forficula macropvoa, Westwd. (39) p. 53, pi. 9, fig. 12 ; Dohrn, (6o)

p. 93 ; 'S'cMriJ. (76) p. 315.
Forficula hugeli, Dohrn,* (G5) f. Q2 ; Scudd. (/b) p. 314; Rirh;/,

(04) p. 41.'
Anechura hugeh, VerJi. (02^) p. 194.

445, (94)

AllodahUa ancylura. Burr, ',070 P- 209

Anechura macropyga, Borm. (00^ p. 103; Eirhy, (04) p. 4i.

Colour dark reddish browai. Antennae . , . ? Head convex
smooth, black, sutures distinct. Pronotum transverse, about
II times as broad as long, anterior margin subsinuate, the anterior
an'^les slightly produced ; lateral margins somewhat incrassate,

152 rORFICULID^.

subcouvex ; posterior margin slightly convex ; the sui-face is
depressed and finely rugulose, the prozona not tumid, the median
hne obsolete, with no impressions at the sides. Elytra dark
reddish chestnut, not dilated, finely puuctulate, the carina ex-
tending almost to the posterior margin, which is truncate.
Wings resembling elytra in colour and texture, but more finely
punctulate. Sternal plates smooth and black ; prosternum dis-
tinctly narrowed posteriorly, the posterior border itself incrassate
and bounded by a transverse impression. Legs fairly long ; femora
and tibise with a few bristles, apical part of tibias and tarsi
pubescent. Abdomen depressed, somewhat dilated towards the
apex, with upper surface punctate ; lateral tubercles distinct ;
ventral surface smoother and shining, punctation much finer.
Last dorsal segment short and transverse, hinder margin
thickened, with a slight and shallow emargination in the
middle, so that the hinder border forms two very obtuse rounded
lobes ; external angles produced outwards into a conical pointed
fold. Pygidium short, obtuse, thick, conical, the apex being
produced into a sharp and slender compressed spine. Forceps
with the branches widely remote at the base, rather stout and
compressed at the base itself, bent near the base slightly outwards
and strongly upwards ; at a third of their length bent abruptly
downwards as far as two-thirds ; then the under margin is
thickened and ai'med with two strong teeth ; the apical third is
again bent sharply upwards and the points also inwards ; seen
from the side the branches are very strongly undulated; seen
from above bowed outwards and then gently inwards.

c? 2

Length of body 10-13 mm. 9-5 mm.

„ forceps 5-6 „ 5 „

Thibet : Tsekon (Paris 21iis.) ; Punjab : Simla ; United
Pbovinces : Bhim Tal in Kumaon, 4500 feet, ix., " feeding on
the flowers of stinging nettles " (Lid. Mus., coll. Bun') ; Sikkim :
Darjihng (Paris Mus., coll. Burr) ; Bhutan : Pedong (Paris
3Ius.) ; Assam : Nongpoh in Khasi Hills, 3000-5000 ft. (Pusa
coll.) • Naga Hills (Tnd. litis.) ; Burma : Bhamo, iv., Teinzo, v.,
Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (Genoa j\his.);
Tenasserim : Mt. Mulaiyit, 3300-6000 ft., v. (Genoa 3Ius.).

Also occurs in China.

Type in the University Museum, Oxford.

Dohrn's type of A. ancijlura not having been examined, it is not
possible to discriminate it from the earlier described A. macropyga
of Westwood, but Dohrn's type is recorded from the Philippines
and is therefore probably distinct. It is probable that de Bormans'
Burmese specimens are referable to the true A. macropyga of
"Westwood, whose type in the Oxford Museum has been lent to
me, thanks to the courtesy of Professor Poulton, and compared

ALLODAHLIA. 153

■with Dohrn's type of A. liugeli in the Yieima Museum. Tliere
is no doubt that de Bormans was right in sinking A. hugeli as a
synonym of A. macrop;i(ja. The various Indian specimens which
have been examinee! are not specifically distinguishable from
Westwood's type, and so are all referred to A. macropyga.

The sculpture of the body, the coarseness of the punctulation,
the depth of the sutures of the head, and of the sulcus of the pro-
notum all vary to a certain degree, but not enough to justify the
separation into species. De Bormans records a variety from
Burma in \^-hich the forceps are nearly horizontal, armed with a
single tooth, and the wings are smooth and clear yellow. In the
Paris Museum there is also a male of this variety from Bhutan.

The anterior margin of the pronotum is far less strongly con-
cave than in the preceding species, the colour deeper and richer,
often with a greenish sheen, the elytra punctate and not sca-
brous, and the pygidium with a strong central spine.

From the two following species it differs in the absence of any
red coloration, the punctate elytra, and concave anterior margin
of the pronotum.

The forceps seem to be peculiarly liable to malformation and
ill-developed specimens are quite common.

94. AUodaWia coriacea, Bormans** (J^'^g- 51.)

Anechura coriacea, Bormans, (Q^) p. 403, (00") p. 102, fig. 37 ; Burr,

(001) p_ 99^ (0:2) p. 486 ; Kirhj, (04) p. 41.
Foi'ficula brachynota, Dubromj, (79) p. 383 (nee Haaii, nee

Dohrn).
AUodahlia coriacea, Burr, (07^) p. 209.

Size large ; stature not very robust. Colour dark chestnut,
varying from all dull black to reddish black ; clear red in parts.
Antennae black, sometimes with one or two segments pale
yellowish, with stift', short bristles ; segments long and nearly
cylindrical. Head clear brick-red, blackish red, or all black, tumid
and convex, the sutures very distinct ; posterior margin sinuate.
Pronotum reddish black, rectangular, somewhat broader than long,
anterior margin truncate, anterior angles rather sharp ; lateral
margins quite straight, gently reflexed, very slightly converging
posteriorly, so that the pronotum is very slightly narrower pos-
teriorly than anteriorly ; posterior margin very faintly convex ;
prozona tumid, with an impressed spot on each side of the median
line, which is visible as a faint carinula in the metazona; the
metazona is flattened and coriaceous. Elytra ample and broad at
the shoulders, dai'k reddisli black, often clear red at the shoulders ;
humeral carina very distinct and continued to the posterior margin,
which is truncate. Wings with punctulation almost obsolete,
a:lmost smooth ; black with a yellowish spot at the apex. Legs
long and slender; femora brick-red, smooth, with a black band at

154 FOEFICULID.I.

the apex ; tibiae dark red, pubescent tow ards the apex ; tarsi long
and slendei% reddish testaceous, with dense yellowish pubescence.
Abdomen black, somewhat depressed, the whole surface densely
and finely punctulate : lateral tubercles very distinct ; ventral
surface almost smooth ; in tlie female slightly, in the male more
strongly, dilated about the middle, narrower towards the apex.
Last dorsal segment very short, transverse, strongly punctulate,
sloping, the posterior border somewhat incrassate, reflex and
convex in outline ; external angles thickened into a crest-like fold,
rather acute. In the female this segment is attenuate and
narrow, sloping, the posterior margin incrassate, but the external
angles not produced. Pygidium of d" short, transverse and rect-
angular, with a median longitudinal impression and somewhat
tumid on each side, produced in the middle of the posterior
margin into a short, compressed, protruding lobular fold ; in
the 2 short and obtuse. Forceps with the branches in the
(? very remote at the base ami trigonal there, not very stout,
diverging at first and dii'ected upwards and outwards, then suddenly
bent rather strongl}'- downwards, attenuate, slender, smooth and
unarmed ; armed on the under surface, at about two-thirds from
the base, with two teeth, the first short and blunt, the second longer
and sharp ; then nearly horizontal and arched inwards ; in the
2 the branches are subcontiguous, excavate at the base on the
inner margin to admit the pygidium, nearly straight, elongate,
simple and unarmed, the apices crossing.

6 2

Length of body 12-14 mm. 14 mm.

„ forceps 7 ,, 7 „

United Provinces : Bhim Tal, 4500 ft., in Kumaun, ix.,
" feeding on flowers of stinging nettles " (Ind. 3Lis.) ; Bhutan :
Maria Basti {Paris Mus.) ; Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District,
3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. {Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Mt. Mulaiyit
{Brit. Mm.).

Also occurs in Tonkin and Borneo.

Type in Genoa Museum.

This species resembles A. scahriuscida in general appearance, but
the colour is quite different; the elytra are uniformly punctulated
and coriaceous, and lack the little tubercles which characterize that
species ; the elytra are also wider, the forceps less stout and less
abruptly curved ; in A. scahrlusmla the forceps have one tooth, but
in A. coriacea they have two.

95. Allodahlia ahrimanes, Burr.* (Fig. 98.)

Anechura ahrimanes, Burr, (00^) p. 79, pi. iv, fig. 5 ; Kirby, (04)
p. 41.

Head deep red ; eyes black ; sutures indistinct ; antennae dark
red (seven segments remain). Pronotum black, broader than the

ALLODAIILIA. — HOMOTAGES. 155

head ; anterior margin straiglit, posterior margin rounded ; the
sides parallel ; nearly quadrate, slightly hroader than long ; pro-
zona tumid. Elytra broad, finely punctulated ; deep red, shaded
with black towards the apex and the margins, obHquely truncate
at the apex ; humeral carina distinct and complete. Wings
prominent, black, with a yellow spot near the base. Legs deep
red, the knees and tibiae darker or black ; tarsi darker. Abdomen
deep dark red, somewhat dilated in the middle, narrowed towards
the extremity; lateral tubercles black, very distinct; the whole
abdomen is finely punctulate ; last dorsal segment transverse,
hinder margin straight, with a faint median depression, a reddish
blunt elevation over the insertion of the forceps and a small
tubercle on the outside angles ; penultimate ventral segment of S
ample, rounded. Pygidium of d strongly depressed, triangular ;
two small pale obtuse lobes are visible below the apex of the
pygidium, projecting beyond the border of the produced penul-
timate segment, and visible from below. Torceps of 6 with the
branches slender, long, remote at the base and tricarinate there,
slightly diverging at first, then subsinuate until the apices meet
and cross ; there is at the end of the first and second third of the
total length a strong triangular depressed tooth ; the forceps are
red at the base, darker towards the apex ; the inner margin of the
basal third is finely creuulate. $ unknown.

6

Length of body 12-14-3 mui.

„ forceps 9 ,,

SiKKiM {coll. Bun-) ; Assam : Kurseong.

Ty^je in the author's collection.

This handsome species resembles the preceding in colour, but the
elytra are more strongly shaded with red ; they are also finely
punctulate and not rugose, and the forceps are nearly straight,
horizontal, with two strong teeth which are not near each other.

Genus HOMOTAGES, Burr.

Honiotao:es, Burr, (09) p. 327.
Anechura, Bormans (partiin).

Type, Anechura few, Borm.

Antennae with 15 segments (?), fourth subconical, more than
half as long as third, which is subconical, the rest elongate,
becoming cylindrical. Head smooth, sutures obsolete. Pronotum
trapezoidal, sides straight and angles rounded, broader posteriorly
than anteriorly. Elytra ample, not strongly rounded at the
shoulders, smooth and with no keel. Wings ample, smooth.
Sternal plates truncate, less broad than in the other genera. Legs
long, slender : tarsi long, first segment equal to the other two
united ; second long, scarcely dilated, more than half as long a»
the third, Pygidium of S nearly rectangular. Forceps of <S

156 FORFICULID.f.

remote at the base, elongate, siuuous and strongly toothed ; simple
in the $ .

Bange. India and Burma.

This genus is monotypic. It is well characterized by the form
of the tarsi ; in the form of the pronotuin and tarsi it approaches
the CTielisochince.

S6. Homotages fesB, Bonncms** (Fig. 101.)

Anechura feae, Bormans. (88) p. 44-5, (94) p. 34, (00-) p. 104 ; Kirby,

(04) p. 41 ; Bun; (07^) p. 209, (08^) p. 118.
Homotages fese, Burr, (09) p. 327, fig. 7.

Size medium, variable ; not very robust. Colour deep black or
dark reddish black, elytra and forceps reddish. Antennae with
15 segments, which are rather short and nearly black. Head
smooth and convex, quite black, posterior margin truncate, sutures
obsolete ; eyes black. Pronotum transverse, broader than long,
broader posteriorly than anteriorly, all margins straight, posterior
angles rounded, sides slightly reflexed; prozona tumid, with
median sulcus and impressions on each side very distinct ; meta-
y.ona flattened, smooth, dull black. Elytra ample, smooth, dai'k

Fig, 12. — Tarsus of Homotages fes, Bonn.

reddish black, with a clear but ill-defined bright red spot at the
shoulders. Wings long, black. Legs rather long, black, paler
towards the apex ; apical part of tibiae and the tarsi with yellow
pubescence. Prosternum angustate posteriorly ; sternal plates
smooth and black. Abdomen convex, slightly dilated posteriorly,
dark chocolate-black ; basal segments smooth, apical segments
■with an extremely fine rugulose sculpture. Ventral segments
blackish red, smooth in the middle, striated towards the sides;
sides of the dorsal segments convex and striated. Last dorsal
segment of 6 large, smooth, transverse, posterior margin sti*aight,
with a tumid elevation over the roots of the forceps ; in the 2
more attenuate, the tubercles nearly obsolete. Pygidium of S
nearly rectangular, in the form of a nearly vertical plate, posterior
margin truncate, the angles produced into a spine ; in Lhe 5
horizontal, depressed, angustate posteriorly ; the posterior margin
slightly emarginate and the angles sharp. Forceps of S with
the branches rather stout, elongate, but slightly incurvate ; viewed
laterally, strongly sinuate downwards, then upwards ; armed on
the inner margin beneath with a pair of strong sharp teeth (one
sometimes obsolete); about the apical third there is another
strong sharp tooth beneath, beyond which the branches are
straight, unarmed, incurved at the apex itself. In the $ the

HOMOTAGES. — PTEEYGIDA. 157

branches are remote, elongate, nearly straight, gently sinuate, not
contiguous.

Length of body .... 10-5-14 mm. 12-13 mm.
,, forceps . . 4-8 ,, 3-3-5 „

SiKKiM : Darjiling, vi, {Paris Mus., colls. Burr <S,- Gadeau) ;
Nepal : Chitlong {Ind. Mm.) ; United Pkovinces : Kumaun,
Naiui Tal, 6400 ft., x. {InJ. Mus.) ; Tekasseeim : Thagata, iv.
{Genoa Mus.).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

In the type of coloration this species resembles AUodahlia
coriacea and A. ahrimanes, but differs in tbe generic characters.

The species is easy to recognize as it does not closely resemble
any other species ; its general dull black colour with reddisli
elytra and forceps are quite distinctive, apart frooi the peculiar
form of the pygidium and the armature of the forceps.

Variation.

This species varies considerably in size, and also in the form and
armature of the forceps. The description as given above refers to
the typical well-developed form ; but in the author's collection
there is a small male (length of body 10 mm., of forceps 4 mm.)
in which the forceps are quite horizontal when viewed laterally,
gently converging, with one small tooth near the base, and a
nearly obsolete tooth about the middle : this is from Nepal ; in
another male, from the same locality, the posterior tooth is strong
but there is only one basal tooth and that is weak ; this appears
to be the case in the majority of specimens : the largest specimen
seen is also from Nepal (see dimensions as given above), and in
this there are two teeth in the basal half on each branch of the
forceps. This discrepancy does not warrant a separate varietal
name, nor justify the use of the term dimorphism ; it is probably
due to accidental conditions affecting the growth of the individual.

Genus PTERYGIDA, VerJueff.

Pteiygida, Verhcef, (02i) p. 197.
Anechura, Scudder, (76) p. 289 (pars).

Type, Forficula jar/or i, Dohru.

Body broad and depressed. Antennae with third segment long
and cylindrical, fourth the same and nearly as long as third, the
rest elongate, cylindrical. Head depressed, truncate posteriorly.
Pronotum slightly longer than wide, anterior margin truncate,
posterior margin rounded. Elytra ample, broad, costal margin
not keeled, dilated and well rounded at the shoulders. Wings
long ; coloured. Legs rather long and slender. Abdomen strongly
depressed and dilated about the middle, oval and narrowed towards
the apex. Last dorsal segment of the male transverse, short.

158 FORFICULID.i:.

Pygidium transverse. Forceps of 6 with the branches horizontal,
elongate, slender and arcuate.

Range. India and Philippines.

This genus is characterized by the depressed body, dilated elytra,
oval dilated abdomen ; the elytra have no costal keel. Two species
are known, both Oriental, one of which occurs in India.

97. Pterygida circulata, Dohrn. (Pig. 96.)

Forficula circulata, Lohrn, (Go) p. 95 ; Scudder, (76) p. 313.

Aptervgida circulata, Bormans, (00^) p. 116.

Pterygida circulata, Verhoeff, (02') p. 196 ; Klrhy, (04) p. 44.

Stature medium, strongly flattened and dilated. Colour dark
chestnut ; elyti'a and wings yellowish. Antennae . . . ?, segments
dark brown. Head depressed, black, posterior margin truncate,
sutures obsolete, somewhat tumid between the eyes, with two
small impressions. Pronotum black, somewhat longer than broad,
slightly broader anteriorly than the head, anterior margin truncate,
posterior convex ; prozona somewhat tumid ; metazona flat. Pro-
sternum somewhat narrowed ; sternal plates smooth and black.
Elytra yellowish chestnut, ample and broad, with no keel, widened
at the shoulders and narrower posteriorly, quite smooth. Wings
ample ; the scale is of the same colour as the pronotum ; the
membranous portion is of a yellowish colour in the basal third,
with a very broad smoky blackish band occupying almost the
whole of the remainder, except the margin itself which is
lighter but smoky. Femora black; anterior pair rather thickened;
middle and posterior pair more slender and longer ; tibife and
tarsi slender, elongate, reddish brown. Abdomen flat and broad,
oval, reddish black ; finely granulate ; the sides of the segments
somewhat convex ; latei'al tubercles not very pronounced ; ventral
plates paler, reddish ; the penultimate segment ovate, with a
median fold at the posterior margin. Last dorsal segment very
short, transverse, rectangular, smooth, with a broad, very obtuse,
tumid, smooth shining tubercle at each side. Pygidium short,
transverse, obtuse, with a median sulcus, dividing into two very
obtuse lobes \\ hen viewed from above. Force])s with the branches
widely remote at the base, slender, unarmed, brownish red,
regularly bowed, enclosing a regular oval area.

6

Length of body 14-14'o mm.

J, forceps 6 ,,

NoRTiiERisr India {Brit. 2Ius., coll. Burr) ; Madras ( Vienna Mus.).

Type in the Vienna Museum.

This species is easy to recognize by the shape and by the
slender and arcuate forceps of the male.

In the Oxford L^niversity Museum, there is a specimen with wings
expanded, and these have the scale of the same colour as the pro-
notum ; but the membranous portion is yellowish near the basp,
the rest occupied by a broad smoky black band, the apex itself

ANECHUBA. 159

being clearer. This specimen is labelled in Westwood's
handwriting " F. rufipennis, Westw.", but this appears to be a
manuscript name that was never published.

Genus ANECHURA., Scmlder.
Anechura, Scudder, (76) p. 289.

Type, Forficula bipunctata, Fabr. (Europe).

Size medium. Antennae with about 1:3 segments ; third long
and subcylindrical, fourth about two-thirds as long as third, fifth
nearly as long as third, rather thick and cylindrical. Head tumid,
sutures indistinct. Pronotuni broad, truncate anteriorly, convex
posteriorly, the sides straight. Elytra ample, smooth, broad,
rounded at the shoulders but the sides parallel : no keel. AViugs
smooth, often abbreviated. Sternal plates transverse. Legs long
and slender ; second tarsal segment distinctly lobed ; first longer
than second and third united. Abdomen depressed and dilated
about the middle, narrowed again before the apex. Last dorsal
segment of 6 transverse, with tubercles ; of $ simple, narrow.
Penultimate ventral segment of d broadly rounded ; round in $ .
Pvgidium of c? very short and broad ; in 2 very small, obtuse.
Porceps of c? with the branches remote at base and strongly
bowed, sinuous and undulating, variously toothed ; simple in the 5 .

Bange. Europe, Northern and Central Asia.

This' genus, as now restricted, contains a few European atid
Asiatic species, of which two are known to occur in India.

Table of S^iccies.

1. Colour black aud red ; forceps simply
arcuate ; last dorsal segment of S
■with two large pointed mammiform

tubercles calciatii, Bor., p. 159.

1.1. Colour chestnut or pale yellowish ;
forceps variously bowed and strongly
undulating ; last dorsal segment of
J with a short conical tubercle at
each angle zubovskii, Sem., p. 160.

98. Anechura calciatii, Borflli.** (Fig. 9-5.)
Anechura calciatii, Borelli, (09) p. 3.

General colour black. Antennae with 11 segments, black or
brown, sometimes tinged with reddish ; third cylindrical, slightly
swollen near the apex ; fourth about two-thirds as long as third
subcorneal ; fifth as long as, aud remainder slightly longer than,
the third, subconical passing into cylindrical. Head clear brick-
i-ed, shaded with blackish on the frons, tmnid and smooth, sutures
faint. Pronotum brownish black, broader than long, anterior
margin straight, sides parallel and gently reflexed, posterior margin
£;ently rounded ; prozona slightly tumid, with an impression on
^ach side; median suture very faint. Elytra smooth, dull black,

160 rORFICLXID.l-.

with no keel. Wings abbreviated, scarcely visible beyond the
elytra. Sternal plates black ; pronotum rather broad anteriorly
and strongly constricted before the base ; meso- and metasterna
broad, rounded posteriorly. Legs long and slender ; femora
yellowish red, black towards the apex ; tibise and tarsi yellowish ;
the latter long and slender, second segment short and broad, first
about as long as second and third united. Abdomen dull reddish
black, smooth, naked above, with bristles at the sides ; tubercles
of third and fourth segments distinct ; rather broad, slightly
broader about the middle, and narrowed apically in 2 . Last
dorsal segment of d smooth, transverse, reddish in basal half, the
rest black, inflated basally, depressed posteriorly, posterior margin
straight; on each side, above the forceps, there is a large, mammi-
form, conical tubercle, terminating in a sharp point ; in the $
narrowed, depressed posteriorly, the tubercles obsolete. Penul-
timate ventral segment of d and $ broadly rounded. Pygidium
of (S prominent, in the form of a broad, short, transverse plate ;
the posterior margin slightly refiexed, the edge itself creuulate ;
in 2 narrow and blunt. Forceps of c? with the branches remote
at the base, somewhat depressed, elongate and regularly arcuate,
with a strong sharp tooth on the under surface near the base ;
in the 2 the branches are subcontiguous, stout, straight, tapering,
incurved at the apex itself, the inner margin depressed, the
forceps reddish (clear red in the d ) and darker a])ically.

d 2

Length of body 12'5 mm. 13 mm.

„ forceps. ... 4 ,, -f ,,

N.E. Kashmie : road from Srinagar to Gilgit, v., about 8000 ft
{Turin 3Ius.).

Type in the Turin Museum.

This handsome species is well characterized by the sharp pointed
mammiform tubercles of the last dorsal segment of the 6 , and
the simple arcuate forceps. Its nearest ally perhaps is A.japonica,
Borm., which, however, has a prominent laminated tooth on the
forceps. The pj'gidium coloration is also quite different.

99. Anecliura zubovskii, Sem. (Fig. 52.)

.f Forficula biguttata, var., Sanssvre, (74) p. 4 (partim).
Auechm-a zubovskii, Setnetiov, (01) p. 188; Jacohsun S)- Bianchi,{Qb)
p. 25; Borelli, (09) p. 4.

Autenn{e with (?) 12 segments, typical. Head tumid, smooth,
black, the sutures fairly distinct. Pronotum transverse, truncate
on anterior margin, convex posteriorly, the sides parallel ; black
with yellowish sides. Elytra rather short, not surpassing and
scarcely equalling the posterior femora in length, dull brown ;
pale straw-yellow outside the costal fold (not visible from above)
and marked with a pale straw-yellow spot on the disc; this spot
is relatively small and does not extend backwards beyond the

ANECHUEA.

161

middle of the elytra. Wings not projecting more than half the
length of the elytra, pale straw-yellow, with fuscous margin and
apex. Abdomen yellowish brown, with darker shading towards
the base, very broad and depressed in the d' • Last dorsal segment
short and transverse, black basally and fulvous apically ; at each
exterior angle armed with a strong conical tubercle pointing out-
wards. Pygidium of 6 short and obtuse. Forceps of S w'ith the
branches very remote at the base, rather stout, roundly trigoual,
with a short conical tooth near the base on the upper margin ;
they are directed at first gently upwards and outwards, and then,
at one quarter of their length, bowed strongly downwards ; at
about three-quarters of their length, horizontal and almost parallel
as far as the points which are gently hooked ; in colour reddish
tawny ; at the point where their direction changes from the down-
ward to the horizontal on the under margin there is a very blunt
projection (this represents a sharp tooth in another form).

<S 2

Length of body 9*5-11 mm. 11-13 mm.

„ forceps 5 "5-6 ,, 3*6-4 ,,

Kashmir : Ladak, A-^allev of the River Dras, between 9000
and 10,000 ft., vii. (coll. Semenov); Scinde Valley, at 7000 ft.
(Brit. Mtis., coll. Biirr) ; road from !Srinagar to Grilgit, at 8300 ft.,
V. (Turin Miis.),

Tijpe in the collection of Mr. A. P. Semenov Tian-Shansky,
St. Petersburg.

The specimens from Tibet, in the British Museum, are probably
to be referred to this species.

This is the only known Indian earwig that has this peculiar
form of forceps and yellow-spotted elytra, and so cannot be
confused with any other species.

It is really the local race of A. hipimctata, which is essentially
paljearctic in distribution ; the typical form occurs in the mountains
of Europe, in the Pyrenees, Alps and Balkans ; as its distribution
extends westwards (Asia Minor, Urals) it tends to pass into the
variety orientalis of Krauss (nee Semenov), which is recorded from
the Crimea, Persia and Caucasus (de Bormans' record from Tibet
refers probably to A. zubovsJcii, which had not yet been discrimi-
nated). This variety overlaps A. asiaiica, Sem. ( = A. orientalis,
Sem.), which occurs throughout Northern and Western Asia, as
far egst as the Urals and lower reaches of the Volga, and as far
south as Persia.

These four forms are nothing more or less than local races of
what we might call " overspecies," but as they have all been
treated as species by Semenov, it is more convenient to continue
to regard them as such, rather than to reduce them to the rank of
varieties.

It may be useful to give the distinguishing characters.

M

162

FOEFICrLLD^.

bipunctafa, vav. orientnlis,
Krauss {nee Sem.).

1. Head pale, at least on tlie occiput ;

femora dark only at the apex ; body

broader and stouter.

2. Colour dark ; spots orange red ;

forceps strongly sinuate and

stout biptmctata, Fabr,

2.2. Colour paler ; spots yellower ; head
testaceous ; wings paler ; spot on
elytra larger ; forceps more
slender, less strongly sinuate . .
1.1. Head all dark; femora with dark
spots, but not dark at the ends ;
body rather louger.
2. Length of elytra equal to that of
posterior femora ; pale spot of
elytra large, extending beyond
middle of disc; tooth beneath
ferceps beyond middle sharp ....
2.2. Length of elytra less than that of
posterior femora; light spot on
elytra not passing middle of the
disc ; tooth of forceps nearer the
middle and very obtuse or obso-
lete zuhovskii, Sem.

asiatica, Sem.

Subfamily III. FORFICULIN^.

This subfamily contains few genera, but one is the typical
genus of the Deimaptera, namely For/ictda, Linn., which contains
about 40 species and is represented throughout Europe, Asia, and
America.

Fig. 13. — Tarsus of Forjicula lucad, Dobrn.

The typical species is Forjicula auricularia, Liun., the common
earwig of Western Europe, which has now established itself in
New Zealand and the United States.

'Tahle of Genera.

1. Abdomen of d" almost parallel-sided;
forceps of c? not dilated or depresed

near base Elaunon, Burr, p. 163.

1.1. Abdomen of cS more or less dilated about
the middle and narrower towards the
apex ; forceps of cT strongly dilated
and depressed near the base Foeficula, Linn., p. 164.

ELAUNOX. 163

Genus ELAUNON, Burr.

Elauuon, £irrr, (07') p. 123.
Forticula, Dohvn, Sciidd. (partim).
Sphingolabis, Kirhy (partim).
Apterygida, Bonn., Burr (partim).

Type, SphinrjoJahis h'lpartita, Kirby.

Body depressed. Abdomen almost parallel-sided ; fourth an-
tennal segment transverse ; tarsi short, first segment rather
broad, but little longer than the third. Eoi'ceps of S slender.

Range. India and Africa.

Owing to the presence of a flattened triangular tooth near the
base of the forceps, the single Indian species of this genus has
somewhat the appearance of Forficula, but the almost parallel-
sided abdomen and short tarsi distinguish it.

Originally formed for E. hipartita only, the genus should also
include the African species E. erijthrocephala and E. honchampsii,
formerly ranged in Diaperasticus.

100. Elaunon bipartitus, Kb-hy.* (Figs. 53 & 102.)

Sphiugolabis bipartita, Kirhy, (91) p. 526, (04> p. 46.

Apterygida bipartita, Bonn. (00") p. 112; Burr, (01) p. 331, (0-3)

p. 29, (08^) p. 119.
Apterygida bipartita, var. macrolabia, Burr, (07-) p. 209.
Elaunon bipartita. Burr, (07^) p. 123.

Chestnut and yellow ; slender ; not very hairy. Antennas
brown ; fourth segment nearly as long as the third, all cylindrical.
Head deep orange, smooth, tumid. Pronotum orange, the sides
paler ; truncate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, sides parallel,
rather flattened, about as broad as long. Elytra long, narrow,
parallel-sided, smooth, bright straw-yellow, with a narrow in-
distinct fuscous band down the suture and costal margin. AVings
long, clear yellow. Legs j^ellow, rather short. Abdomen parallel-
sided, elongate, reddish chestnut ; lateral tubercles darker, well
developed ; finely and densely puuctulate. Last dorsal segment
of (5 rectangular, transverse, puuctulate; posterior margin straight,
depressed in the middle, with tumid elevation on each side over
the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment of S and $
obtusely convex. Pygidium of S short, blunt. Forceps with
branches in the J depressed, elongate, nearly straight, the inner
margin near the base itself dilated to form a tooth-like broad
triangular projection, the point of which is sometimes acute,
sometimes blunt, sometimes truncate ; beyond this projection very
slender and elongate, almost straight, gently hooked at the apex ;
in § short, simple, straight, contiguous.

S

$

Length of body

9-11 mm.

7-9 mm

„ forceps . . ,

2-7o-6'75 ,,

2-25-3 ,.
m2

164 rOEFICULIDjE.

United Peovinces : Mussoorie {Pusa coll.) • Madras : Banga-
lore (Ind. Mils.) ; Ceylon : Punduluoya and Ambegammoa (coll.
Burr); Madulsima, xii. {T. B. Fletcher; coll. Burr).

Also in Annam (Paris Mus.).

Type in the British Museum.

This elegant species is easy to recognize by the clear yellow
colour of the organs of the anterior half of the body. It appears
to be common in India and Ceylon, though it was not taken by
Pea in Burma. Mr. Green commonly took it at light at Pundul-
uoya, and to one of his specimens attached a note, that it " when
handled, gave oiF a pungent odour like that of the Bombardier
Beetle."

The mcicrolahia form, with very long forceps, appears to be more
numerous than the cyclolabia form.

Genus FORFICULA, Linn.
Forficula, Linn. (1758) p. 423.

Type, Forficula auAcularia, Linn.

Body convex. Head smooth, tumid, sutures fairly distinct.
Antennae with from 10 to 15 segments ; third long, nearly as long
as the first, gently clubbed or cylindrical ; fourth generally shorter
than third, often much shorter; fifth a little longer than fourth ;.
the rest gradually lengthening ; all the segments almost or
entirely cylindrical. Pronotum more or less rectangular ; truncate
anteriorly ; posterior margin truncate or rounded, the hinder
angles rectangular or rounded. Elytra well developed ; smooth,
ample, with no keel. Wings prominent and abbreviated or
abortive. Legs moderately slender. Abdomen rather depressed,
broader about the middle ; gently narrowed apically in the 6 ,
more strongly in the 5 > lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal
segment of d transverse, posterior margin smooth or tuberculate ;
in 2 simple, narrowed. Pygidium of c? small and globose or
strongly produced and prominent. Branches of forceps of cT always
depressed and always dilated in the basal portion, beyond which
attenuate and arcuate ; dilated basal portion short or long and
variously armed ; in $ simple, straight, contiguous.

Eanr/e. This is a large and homogeneous genus, containing
about forty species distributed throughout Europe, Africa, and
Asia ; it is well represented in India, but it is not known to
occur in the Malay Archipelago.

The dilation of the forceps near the base in the male is the
chief generic character, and the extent and armature of this dila-
tion offers valuable specific characters. The length of the forceps
varies remarkably, and the appearance of the macrolabia forms ^is
often very different from that of the cyclolabia forms.

roEncuLA.. 165

Tahle of Species.

(Males only.)

1. Pronotum trapezoidal or rectangular,
evidently broader than long.
2. Forceps dilated only quite near the
base.
3. Forceps strongly bowed, generally

broader than long ; (colour dull [p. 166.

black) schlaginticeiti, Burr,

3.3. Forceps nearly straight mogul, Eurr, p. 167.

2.2. Forceps dilated through at least one-
quarter of their length.
3. Pronotum strongly rounded pos-
teriorly ; dilated part of forceps

ending in an obtuse tooth beelzebuh, Burr, p. 167.

3.3. Pronotum gently rounded poste-
riorly ; dilated part of forceps

ending in a sharp tooth aceris, Burr, p. 168.

l.l. Pronotum as broad as long or slightly
transverse, crescent-shaped or sub-
quadrate, generally rounded pos-
teriorly.
2. Pronotum crescent-shaped, sides not
parallel, strongly rounded posteri-
orly. (Size small, elytra spotted.)
3. Strongly pubescent ; forceps feebly

dilated and gradually attenuated, ornata, Borm., p. 169.
3,3. Nearly hairless ; forceps strongly

dilated and abruptly attenuated . (/reenij Burr, p. 170.
2.2. Pronotum subquadrate, .sides parallel
(except in F. interroyans), hinder
margin straight or gently rounded.
3. Forceps dilated near base only .... ambigua, Burr, p. 171.
3.3. Forceps dilated through at least
one- third of their length.
4. Elytra and wings with big pale

spot lucasi, Dohrn, p. 172.

4,-l. Elytra and wings not spotted,
5. Pronotum large, well produced
over elytra ; (elytra and
wings long, testaceous ; dila-
tation of forceps ending in

sharp tooth) celens, Burr, p. 172.

5.5. Pronotum short, scarcely pro-
duced over elytra.
6. Abdomen nearly parallel-
sided ; forceps nearly

straight interrogans, Burr, p. 173,

6.6. Abdomen dilated about
middle; forceps strongly
bowed jjlanicollis, Kirby, p. 174.

166 rOEFICULID^.

101. Forficula schlagintweiti, Burr* (Fig. 54.)

Anechura schlagintweiti, Burr, (04) p. '313, (08^) p. 118.
Forficula schlagintweiti, Burr, (07i) p. 110.

Stature rather stout, large. Colour entirely deep black, smooth
and shining. Antennae Avith 12 segments, fourth segment not
very much shorter than third, the fifth equal to third ; remaining
segments subcylindrical, elongate. Head quite smooth, tumid,
the sutures obsolete. Pronotum nearly 1| times as broad as long,
anterior margin truncate, lateral and posterior margins subrotun-
date, very slightly convex ; general outline rectangular, but the
angles themselves rounded ; prozoua somewhat tumid, with clear
median sulcus, metazona and sides flattened. Elytra ample, quite
smooth, the humeral fold well marked, but no trace of a keel.
Wings long, quite smooth. Legs intense black, including even
the tarsi, which are clothed with a dense reddish pubescence ;
femora rather long ; tarsi long, the first segment as long as the
other two united, the second segment longer than usual, but very
distinctly lobed. Abdomen quite smooth, broadest about the
middle; lateral tubercles fairly distinct. Anal segment of 6
smooth, transverse, short, depressed, the posterior margin truncate
and somewhat reflexed, with a tumid tubercle over each root of
the forceps ; in the 2 similar but angustate. Pygidium of c?
forming a very short blunt tubercle ; similar in $ . Forceps of S
with the branches flattened throughout their length, but only
dilated at the base itself, with a strong depressed prominent
blunt tooth ; strongly diverging at first, then halfway down
strongly bent inwards ; in the $ simple, straight, attenuate."

d 2

Length of body 9-1G-5 mm. 12-14-5 mm.

,, forceps .... 3- 3*75 ,, 3"5 ,,

SiKKiM : Darjiling (Paris Mus., coll. Burr) ; Tibet : Lahol
(Schlfigintiveit, coll. de Bormans).

Type in the Paris Museum.

This species varies to a considerable extent in stature and
curvature of the forceps ; the author possesses a small male from
Sikkim in which the body is only 9 mm. long ; the forceps are
proportionately longer than in the typically well developed forms,
as they are less bowed and only gently arched ; they are 3-75 mm.
long, but their greatest breadth is only 2 mm. In the finest male
the forceps are only 3 mm, long, but they attain a breadth of
5-5 mm. In the small variety, the basal tooth of the forceps is
absorbed by the dilated portion, which extends considerably
further down the arms of the forceps ; this form more nearly
resembles the pattern of typical Forficula, but there exists every
gradation up to the extreme form, which seems to represent a
transition towards the Anechnrince, especially as the fourth au-
tennal segment is somewhat longer than is usual in Forficula.

FORFIC'ULA.

167

The species is easy to recognize by its intense uniform black
colour, with no variation from" the tip of the anteunse to the tarsi
and the forceps.

102. Forficula mogul, Burr* (Fig. 55.)

Forficula mogul, Burr, (04) p. 321, (07^) p. Ul, (08^) p. 121.

Stature large and robust. General colour dark reddish casta-
neous. Anteunce (?). Head depressed, the sutures distinct, pos-
terior margin somewhat sinuate ; ferruginous, varied with blackish.
Pronotum transverse; the four sides parallel and straight, the
angles rounded; deep blackish chestnut, the sides translucent
yellow; prozona somewhat tumid, with fairly distinct median
sulcus ; metazona flattened ; sides flat. Elytra smooth and ample,
deep chestnut brown. Wings long and smooth, dark brown,
shaded with blackisli towards the apex where there is a minute
yellowish dot. Legs brown, rather slender ; tarsi slim and elon-
gate. Abdomen deep chocolate-brown, very finely punctulate,
the posterior margins of the segments somewhat iucrassate in
the J ; ventral surface paler and smoother ; lateral tubercles
distinct. Anal segment of d rectangular, distinctly broader than
long, smooth ; posterior margin truncate and tumid over the
insertion of the forceps ; in the 5 similar, but slightly narrower
apically. Pygidium of 6 depressed, obtuse, parallel-sided, very-
small. Porceps of d with the branches depressed throughout
their length, but only dilated near the base, this dilated part short
and gradually dying out ; inner margin denticulate near the base,
then attenuate, very long, almost straight and unarmed ; in the $
simple, straight and unarmed.

6 ?

Length of body 16 mm. 16 mm.

,, forceps .... 11 „ 4 „

SiKKiM : Darjiling (Paris 3Ius.).

Type in the Paris Museum.

This species somewhat resembles F. ruficoUis from the western
shores of the Mediterranean, but the head is not entirely black,
the pronotum not so broad, the wings well developed, the elytra
not spotted, and the dilated part of the forceps shorter and not
ending abruptly, but gradually.

103. Forficula beelzebub, Burr** (Fig. 56.)

Ohelisoches beelzebub, Burr, (02^) p. 51 ; Kirb)/, (04) p. 33.
Forficula beelzebub, Burr, (04) p. 322, (Oo) p. 29, (07') p. Ill, (07')
p. 210, (08=^) p. 121.

Stature smaller and more slender. Colour uniform, deep
blackish red. Anteunse blackish brown, the segments propor-
tionately short. Head smooth, convex, sutures obsolete, pos-
terior margin truncate ; clear red or almost black. Pronotum

168 FOBFICULIDiE.

transverse, anterior margin truncate, sides straight, posterior
margin gently rounded ; tiat, the prozona scarcely tumid. Elytra
and wings well developed, smooth, shining, uniform blackish
chestnut. Legs rather short, blackish. Abdomen densely punc-
tulate, the posterior margins of the segments milled in the <S ;
lateral tubercles fairly distinct. Anal segment of c? rectangular,
broader than long, rather smoother than the abdomen ; posterior
margin truncate, with no tumid elevations over the forceps ; in
the 5 similar, but attenuate and narrow. Pygidium of c?
elongate, depressed, parallel-sided, truncate at the apex ; in $
similar but shorter. Forceps elongate ; dilated on inner margin
in first third, this dilated part ending suddenly in an obtuse
tooth ; unarmed, elongate and slender beyond this part; in the 5
simple, straight.

c? 2

Length of body ...... 9-11 mm. 10 mm.

,, forceps.... 4-5-8 „ 3 „

Nepal : Chitlong and Katmandu (Ind. JIus.), Nagorkote (coll.
Burr) ; SiKKiM : Darjiling {Ind. 3Ias., Paris Mus., colls. Burr <^
Gadeau) ; Assam : Kurseong {Brussels Mus.).

Type in the Brussels Museum.

This species is easy to recognize by the uniform red-black
colour, combined with the elongate truncate pygidium and the
form of the forceps. The blacker forms have a certain superficial
resemblance to Chelisochcs morio, Fabr.

104. Forficula aceris, Burr.* (Fig. 57.)

Fordcula aceris, Burr, (05) p. 30, (07^) p. Ill, (07^), p. 210.

Stature moderate. Colour dark reddish chestnut, blackish in
places. Antennse nearly black ; fourth segment nearly two-thirds
as long as the third ; the segments not proportionately short.
Head smooth and globose, sutures obsolete ; deep red, shaded
with blackish. Pronotum pale, much broader than long ;
anterior mai-gin truncate, posteinor rounded, sides straight;
reddish black ; flat ; sides reflexed. Elytra and wings deep
blackish chestnut, long. Legs deep blackish brown. Abdomen
blackish red, covered with a dense punctulation, which becomes
more dense and coarse towards the apex ; edges of segments
not milled. Anal segment of d" punctulate, transverse, rect-
angular, binder margin truncate, with a tumid elevation over
root of the forceps. Pygidium of cS elongate, parallel-sided, de-
pressed, truncate at the apex. Forceps of S with the branches
elongate ; dilated part fairly long, its inner margin crenulate,
terminating abruptly in a strong sharp tooth, directed apically;
then attenuate, unarmed and elongate.

6

Length of body 8-5 mm.

„ forceps 8"5 ,,

lORFICULA. 169

SiKKiM : Mungphu {hid. Mas.), Darjiliug (coll. Burr) ; United
Provinces : Mussoorie (Ind. Mus.).

T(/pe in the Indian Museum.

This species closely resembles F. beelzebnb, but may be easily
■distinguished by the stronger sculpture of the abdomen, the more
reddish colour, somewhat longer segments of the antennae, and
especially by the form of the dilated part of the forceps of the
male, which is crenulate along the inner margin and terminated
by a prominent sharp tooth. The pygidiura almost exactly
resembles that of F. beelzebub, and the two form a natural group
together.

105. Forficula ornata, Bormans.**

Forficula ornata, Bormans, (84') p, 192, (88) p. 448, (94^ p. 408,
(00-) p. 124; Bol. (97) p. 286; Kirbi/, (04) p. o3 ; Bun; (07^
p. Ill, (08^) p. 120.

Stature small, densely pubescent. Colour reddish varied with
testaceous. Antennae with 12 segments, pale, the segments rather
thick and short. Head tumid, smooth, sutures obsolete ; reddish
testaceous ; posterior margin somewhat sinuate. Pronotum semi-
circular ; anterior margin truncate ; lateral and posterior margins
together strongly rounded ; dark brown in the centre, yellowish
at the edges ; flat, the prozona slightly tumid. Elytra long,
fuscous, with a broad, rather long, paler yellowish baud" down the
disc. Wings long, testaceous, faintly banded with fuscous.
Abdomen dark reddish, parallel-sided, densely punctulate and very
hairy ; lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal segment short and
broad, scarcely tumid in the d , hinder margin truncate ; in the
2 similar but narrowed. Pygidium of c? and $ exceedingly
small, short and obtuse. Forceps of c? with the branches rather
convex and stout, subcontiguous, nearly straight, crenulate along
the inner margin, attenuate towards the apex, where they are very
gently arcuate ; in the $ conical, simple, straight, contiguous.

Length of body 7-75-8-25 mm. 10-5 mm.

„ forceps 2-5 -2-75 „ 2-2-5 „

Madras: Trichino^oli (coll. Bolivar); Burma: Kachin Hills,
yiii./xi. (Getwa iMtis.) ; Tenassbuim : Mt. Mulaiyit, 6000-6300 ft.^
iv. (Genoa JIus.).

Also occurs in Sumatra and Tonkin.

Type in the Genoa Museum.

This species with the two following form a natural group
characterized by the small size, semicircular pronotum, and pale
colouring.

F. ornata is remarkable for its strong pubescence and the form
of the forceps of the male, which are scarcely different from those
of the typical females of this genus ; they are scarcely depressed,

170 rOEFICULID^.

so that the dilated portion consists only of a considerable
strengthening near the base, which gradually disappears as the
branches become more slender. The forceps of the two sexes are
very similar ; in the male they are very slightly bowed towards the
apex, and are crenulate along the inner margin ; in the female they
are perfectly straight and not crenulate.

IOC. Forficula greeni, Bwr.'^ (Fig. 103.)

Chelisoches pulchelhis, Hkj-)- (nee Gerst.], (01) p. 327; Kirby, (04)

p. 32 (partim).
Forficula greeni, Burr, (07' j pp. Ill & 113.

Small, rather stout. Colour dark reddish castaneous, passing
into blackish ; elytra and wings with large pale spots. Antennae
with 12 segments, pale, the segments short. Head globose,
smooth, clear red and shining, sutures obsolete ; posterior margin
truncate ; eyes black and prominent. Pronotum semicircular,
anterior margin truncate ; sides and posterior margin strongly
rounded, forming a single curve ; reddish chestnut, the sides
paler; disc scarcely tumid. Elytra ample and smooth, fuscous,
with a large clear pale yellowish spot in the centre. Wings long,
clear straw-}ellow. Legs short ; femora rather stout ; tarsi very
short, yellowish. Abdomen parallel-sided, deep reddish black, ex-
ceedingly finely pnnctulale and shining; lateral tubercles distinct.
Last dorsal segment quadrate, rather broader than long, posterior
margin truncate, tumid over the insertion of the forceps ; in the $
rather sloping, somewhat narrowed and less tumid over the forceps.
Pygidium of 6 very short, obtuse ; hidden in $ . Porceps of S
with the branches depressed, dilated in the basal third, with the
inner margin of this part denticulate or crenulate ; the dilation
ends rather gradually and then the branches are elongate,
attenuate, unarmed, smooth and gently incurved ; in the 5
the branches are depressed, rather stout, straight, unarmed and
contiguous, the inner margin finely crenulate.

6 2

Length of body 9 mm. 8 mm.

,, forceps .... 2 „ 1*5 „

Ceylon : Punduluoya and Ambegammoa (coll. Burr), Tala-
wakelle ( Willej/ • coll. Burr).

Tyjie in the author's collection.

This species seems to be fairly common where it occurs.
Mr. Green has sent several specimens from Punduluoya, but the
females outnumber the males, only one of the latter being sent, and
that was taken inside a hollow gall on Antklesma at Punduluoya
in February ; the other specimens are dated February and
December.

rOEFICULA. 171

This species was originally confused with CheUsoches pulcliellvs^
Gerst., and reported as such in a paper on the Earwigs of Ceylon ;
some specimens were sent to de Bormans, who also identified
them as Gh. pulcliellus. That West-iVfricau species was then,
however, not properly known, and the name has since been shown
to be synonymous with Elaunon erytliroceplialns, Oliv.

F. r/reeni, which is dedicated to Mr. E. E. Green, resembles
F. ornata, Borm. in build and colour, but differs in the less
pubescent body and more strongly dilated and abruptly attenuated
forceps of the male. It is easy to recognize by the dark colour
and the straw-coloured wings and spot on the elytra.

107. Forficiila ambigua, Bun-."^ (Fig. 58.)

Forticula ambigua, Burr, (04) p. 321, (07') p. 112, (08'^) p. 121.

Size small, rather slender. Colour castaneous, elytra and wings
testaceous. Antennae with fourth segment comparatively long
and subconical. Head deep red, globose, smooth, sutures nearly
obsolete. Pronotum quadrate, anterior margin truncate, sides and
posterior margin very slightly convex ; dark castaneous, the sides
paler and flat, scarcely reflexed ; prozona slightly tumid, median
sulcus obsolete ; metazona flat. Elytra and wings ample, long,
smooth, testaceous. Legs short, clear testaceous. Abdomen
parallel-sided, dark reddish chestnut ; each segment darker basally
than apically : very finely punctulate. Last dorsal segment of 6
quadrate, rather sloping,"sHghtly wider than long, posterior margin
truncate, impressed in the middle and tumid on each side ;
typically angustate and simpler in the $ . Pygidium of d very
short, conical. Forceps of 6 \vith branches not very depressed,
dilated at the base for a short distance, this part crenulate then
attenuate, elongate, gently arched and unarmed ; in the $ short,
typical.

6 $

Length of body 9-5 mm. 8-25-9 mm.

,, forceps . . 2'5-3 „ 2 „

SiKKiM : Darjihng (Paris Jhis., colls. Burr 4' Gadeau).

Also occurs in Tonkin.

Tijj^e in the Paris Museum.

This species resembles two other species which also occur in
Northern India ; one is F. planicoUis, Kirby, \\hich is smaller,
more thick-set, darker, with more bowed forceps, less flat pro-
notum, and more dilated abdomen ; the other is F. interrogans, in
which the forceps are much shorter and stouter, the dilated part
relatively longer, and the attenuated part straight, stouter and
shorter.

172 fobficuliDjX:.

108. Forficula lucasi, Dohm. (Fig. 59.)

ForlicLila lucusi, Dohrn,(6o) p, 98 ; Scudd. (76) p. 315; de Bormans,
(88) p. 448, (94) p. 408, (GO-) p. 121 ; Kmuss, (95) p. 99, fig. 2 ;
Jacobson ^- Bianki, (03) p. 27 ; Sevmiov, (02) p. 195 ; Kirby, (04)
p. 51; Burr, (07^) p. 113, (08^) p. 120.

Size medium, fairly stout. General colour deep reddish
chestnut ; the head, pronotum, discal spot of elytra, and wings
reddish or yellow. Antennae with 11 segments, rather thick,
brownish yellow. Head tumid, posterior margin of occiput some-
what emargiuate, smooth, reddish or yellowish, sutures indistinct.
Pronotum slightly broader than long, the anterior margin truncate,
sides straiglit and posterior border widely rounded ; red or yellow ;
depressed, with no distinct prozona; sides flat. Elytra ample,
truncate apically, deep red with a large oval pale yellow, or pale
reddish, spot on the disc. Wings long, yellow or reddish. Legs
testaceous. Abdomen reddish chestnut, exceedingly minutely
punctulate. Last dorsal segment of S transverse, rectangular,
finely punctulate, not granulose, the hinder border incrassate in
the middle ; that of $ typical, angustate. Penultimate ventral
segment of 6 strongly convex, rounded. Pygidium of 6 very
short, blunt, tubercular. Forceps of c? with the branches reddish,
shaded with black, strongly depressed, elongate ; dilated part
extending for half the length, the iinier margin quite straight,
finely denticulate, terminated with a small, blunt, almost obsolete
tooth ; beyond this strongly attenuate, regularly arcuate, the
apices meeting ; in the $ contiguous, straight, unarmed, incurved
at the apex.

Length of body 12-14 mm. 11-12 mm.

„ forceps 5-6 „ 2-5-3-5 „

Burma: Teinzo, v. {Genoa Mus.).

Also occurs in Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, and the Sahara.

Type undefined, in Paris or A-'ienna.

In the Oxford Museum there is an undoubted male of this
species labelled, obviously incorrectly, " Brazil " and " Forficula
himacidata, Fal.-Beauv.=eh'gans, Burm." The colour of these two
earwigs is the same, but the forceps etc. are totally different.

109. Forficula celeris, Burr* (Fig. 60.)
Forficula celeris, Burr, (05) p. 31, (07') p, 113.

Size small, but rather stout. General colour dark reddish
castaneous ; the elytra and wings uniform testaceous. Antennae ?;
the first five segments reddish brown. Head tumid, smooth, dark
red, sutures fine but distinct. Pronotum slightly broader than
long, ample, black, edged with reddish ; anterior margin truncate ;
sides straight and parallel, reflexed ; posterior margin widely
rounded ; prozona somewhat tumid ; metazona flattened. Elytra

rOEFICULA. 173^

long and ample, uniform testaceous. Legs dark red ; femora
somewhat stout. Abdomen deep red, finely punctulate. Last
dorsal segment transverse, rectangular, punctulate, posterior margin
truncate, with a tumid elevation on each side. Forceps of c?
with the branches straight ; dilated part extending halfway
down the forceps, the inner margin quite straight and denti-
culate, the dilated part ends abruptly, the angle itself being
almost a small tooth, somewhat incrassate and sharp ; beyond this
elongate, straight, almost parallel, only slightly incurved at the
apex itself; in the $ straight, simple, elongate.

^ 2

Length of body 9 mm. 8 mm.

„ forceps .... 4 ,, 2-25 „

Assam: Khasi Hills (Lid. Mus.).

Type in the Indian Museum.

The type of this species is unfortunately in rather bad con-
dition ; the species somewhat resembles F. ambigna, but is stouter
in build, and the dilated part of the forceps is different. Unfor-
tunately the specimen is not in sufficiently good condition to
admit an examination of the pygidium, which is important.'^ The
females of these two species are barely distinguishable ; in this
species the branches of the forceps of the female are some\Ahat
longer and more gradually attenuate ; in F. ambigna they are
more suddenly attenuate near the base.

It also somewhat resembles F. clavidi, but is smaller ; the
pygidium may be different ; the dilated part of the forceps is
proportionately shorter in F. davidi and ends gradually, sloping
gently, whereas in this species it ends in an abrupt angle ; the last
dorsal segment in F. davidi is smoother.

The pronotum is almost of the same shape in all three species.

110. Forficiila interrogans, Bvrrt* (Fig. 61.)

Forficula iuterrogaDS, Bun; (05^) p. 85, (07^) p. 114, (08'0 p. 12i>.

Size small. General colour dark chestnut and testaceous.
Head dark reddish, smooth, tumid, sutures indistinct. Pronotum
with anterior margin truncate, sides and posterior margins broadly
rounded ; dark reddish chestnut ; prozona somewhat tumid, meta-
zona flat. Elytra and \\ings long, ample, dark testaceous. Legs
testaceous. Abdomen parallel -sided, dark reddish chestnut,
blackish at the base, densely punctulate ; lateral tubercles black
and distinct. Last dorsal segment of (S rectangular, transverse
and somewhat sloping ; simple, the elevations scarcely formed ;
posterior margin straight. Pygidium of d" very short, conical,
obtuse. Forceps of S with the branches short and straight, dilated
for half their length ; inner margins of this part straight, unarmed
and very finely crenulate, gradually dying out ; beyond this
attenuate, straight, rather stout, very gently incurved apically, not
meeting at the apex.

174 lORFICULID.!.

Length of bod}^ '. . . 7'5 mm.

,, forceps 1'5 .,

SiKKiM: Darjiling {Pm'is 2Ins.).

Tijpc in the Paris Musenm.

Eesembles the common European F. auricularia in colour, hut
different in structure and much smaller. The nearly straight
forceps with the straight unarmed dilated part distinguish it. The
antennae are missing in the unique type specimen.

111. Forficula planicollis, Kirhy.^

Forficula planicollis, Kirby, (91) p. 526, (04) p. 63; Burr, (04)
p. 230, (07') p. 115, (07^) p. 210, (08^) p. 121.

Small and not stout. General colour dark castaneous and black.
Antennte dark fuscous, with 12 segments, the fourth not very
short. Head dark reddish or black, smooth, tumid and shining;
sutures indistinct. Pronotum slightly transverse, anterior margin
truncate, sides parallel, posterior margin rounded ; smooth, median
sulcus fairly distinct ; prozona tumid ; metazona flat ; black, the
sides paler. Elytra and wings long and ample, the latter nearly
as long as the former ; dark testaceous. Legs reddish testaceous.
Abdomen fairly broad, densely punctulate, dark chestnut ; lateral
tubercles black and distinct ; narrowed tow ards the apex in the S ,
typical in the $ . Last dorsal segment of S short, transverse,
rather narrowed apically, depressed, with the tumid elevations
depressed and indistinct. Penultimate ventral segment convex.
Pygidium indistinguishable. Eorceps of S with the branches
flattened but not sulcate ; dilated part short, only extending
through a quarter the length of forceps, the inner margin straight
and unarmed, ending gradually as the branches are attenuate,
then strongly arched : the brandies are bowed from the base itself,
the apices meeting ; in the $ typical.

^S 2

Length of body 7"9 mm. 7*9 mm.

,, forceps .... 2-2-75 „ 2 „

Bhutan : INIaria Basti (Paris IIus.) • Sikkim : Sandakhu,
11,900 ft. (Lul. Has.), Darjiling (Paris Mus.) ; United
Pkotinces : Bhim Tal, Ivumaun, 4500 ft., "feeding on the
flowers of stinging nettles" (Lid. Mas.).

Tifpc in the British Museum.

Kirby's type is in poor condition ; the small size and black head
help to distinguish it ; the rather broad body, simple last dorsal
segment of the male, and above all, the simple and strongly bowed
forceps, which are quite unarmed, with short dilated part, also
easily distinguish it.

Dr. Annandale took this species sweeping in grass and low
herbage, at an elevation of 6000 feet at Darjiling, in September.

OPISTIIOCOSMIIJf.E. 175

Subfamily IV. OPISTHOCOSMIIN^.

This subfamily was originally erected by Verboeff and included
only two genera — Opisthocosmia and Cosmiella ; it was recast
iu 1907 by the author, but was too much split up and the genera
too scattered. The last dorsal segment of the male is narrowed in
the majority of cases ; but it so happens that in the type of
Opisthocosmia it is transverse, and consequently this is not a true
character of the group. Nor can the length of the leg be
sufficient, as in some forms undoubtedly related these are quite
short. The relative length of the third and fourth segment of the
antennae is not sufficiently constant to be of more than specific or
generic value.

It is therefore accordingly now proposed to include in the
subfamily those earwigs in which the abdomen is scarcely or not
at all depressed, so that the surface is convex and a cross-section
circular. It will therefore absorb the subfamilies EparcJiince,
Neolohophonnce, Sl-endijUnce, and Eudohrnince, regarded as of sub-
family rank by the author in 1907. Under this new arrangement
the subfamily contains about sixteen genera, represented in all
parts of the world. There are two well-marked groups, charac-
terized by the presence or absence of a distinct keel down the
costal fold of the elytra.

The carinate genera are five in number, of which three are
American and the rest Oriental, two being represented iu India.
Of the non-carinate genera, those with narrow pronotuiu are
represented in India by Cordax, as true Opisthocosmia is so far
only known in the Malay Archipelago.

The forms with broad pronotura fall into two groups, according
to the length of the first tarsal segment : of the long-legged
genera one is American, the other three are represented in
India ; of those with short tarsi, apart from the three Indian
genera, there is one in America (Sarcinatrlc) and one in Java
{Rhadamanthus). Eudohrnia is well characterized by the tri-
carinate basal segment of the antennae.

A peculiar group consists of Cordax ceijlonicus, Ohelura (two
species), Si/ntomis (one species), and Sonda.v (one species), all of
which have a strong superficial resemblance, although they are
rather widely separated by the structure of the elytra, pronotum,
tarsi, and last dorsal segment. They are discussed iu the
observations on Sondax repens (p. 177).

FOB¥ICULIl)yE.

TahJe of Genera}

1. Entirely apterous (resembles Obelura and

Syntonus) Sondax, n.g., p. 177.

l.L Elytra present, sometimes abbreviated.

2. First segment of antenna) bicarinate;

(pronotum broad; elytra -with a very [p. 178.

short keel ; tarsi long) Eudohbnja, Burr,

2.2. First segment of antennaj smooth.

3. Elytra with keel on costal margin.

4. Elytra perfect, free ; wings abor- [p. 180.

five Emboros, Burr,

4.4. Elytra rudimentary.

5, Last dorsal segment of male

very wide at base, strongly [p. 181.

narrowed at apex Lipaeuba, Burr,

5.5. Last dorsal segment of male

narrow at base itself, slightly [p. 183.

angustate. almost square .... Obeluea, Burr,
3.3. Elytra not keeled (but well deve-
loped).
4. Pronotum narrower than the head,

longer than broad Cohdax, n.g.,p. 184.

4.4. Pronotum as broad as the head or
as broad as long.
5. First tarsal segment twice as
long as the third.
6. Abdomen not very strongly
convex, the sides of the
segments, seen from above,
recurved ; forceps of male
horizontal, not contiguous
at the base, unarmed on the [p. 187.

upper surface Hypurgus, Burr,

6.6. Abdomen decidedly convex ;
sides not recurved ; forceps
of male undulating, con-
tiguous at base and toothed [p. 190.

or crested above Epaechijs, Burr,

6.5. First tarsal segment equal to
third or scarcely' longer.
6. Abdomen dilated beyond the
middle and attenuate towards
the apex.
7. Last dorsal segment of male
transverse, nearly rect-
angular ; anterior femora [p. 194.

thick TiMOJiENUS, I3urr,

7.7. Last dorsal segment of male

strongly attenuate ; ante- [p. 199.

rior femora slender Syntonus, u. g,,

6.6. Abdomen of male scarcely [p. 200.

dilated, almost cylindrical . . Kosmetor, Burr,

1 Tlie geuu3 Liiiodes (p. 203j cannot yet be ranged in this table.

SONDAX. 177

Genus SONDAX, n. g.

Type, S. repens, sp. n.

Entirely apterous ; build slender. Antennae cylindrical. Head
broad, smooth and tumid. Pronotum as broad as the head, broader
than long, slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly; sides all
straight, almost rectangular. Mesonotum smooth. Legs slender
and long ; first and third tarsal segments about equally long.
Abdomen with glandular folds prominent, dilated before the apex
and then narrowed. Last dorsal segment sloping, trapezoidal^
strongly narrowed posteriorly. Forceps with branches contiguous
at the base, long and slender.

Range. Madras.

This genus is founded on a single male in the Oxford
Museum. It has a strong superficial resemblance to Ohelura,
Syntonus, and Cordax ceylonicus, but differs from all known
Opistliocosmiince in the entire absence of any discernible vestige of
elytra.

In the form of the last dorsal segment it approaches Syntonus,
but the pronotum is much broader.

112. Sondax repens, sp. n. (Fig. 63.)

Small, slender, of a uniform light reddish ochraceous. Head
reddish, smooth and tumid. Last dorsal segment strongly sloping
and strongly narrowed postei'iorly, smooth ; posterior margin
with a slight tumid elevation on each side. Penultimate ventral
segment rounded. Forceps with the branches very slender and
long, contiguous at the base with a vertical spine or tooth directed
somewhat backwards, then slender, elongate, and arcuate, enclosins
a long elliptical area.

6

Length of body 7 mm.

„ forceps 4 „

Mabeas (Oxford Mus.).

Type in the Oxford University Museum.

This remarkable species may be at once distinguished by the
entire absence of elytra and the very broad pronotum. In
the form of the last dorsal segment, of the tarsi and of the
forceps (excepting the vertical tooth) it approaches Syntonvs
neolobophoroides ; the forceps resemble those of Cordax ceylonicus,
and, to a certain extent, those of Ohelura asiatica and 0. tamid.
In build and colour all these species have a strong superficial
resemblance. The structure of the pronotum, elytra, legs, and
last dorsal segment, however, is so important that it seems to point
to a converging specialisation from different sources, giving a false
appearance of close relationship. The general form of the forceps
is very similar in all these cases, and the differences between them
are less than is often the case in several species of one genus. In
Ohelura tamul and S. neolobophoroides we see the beginnings of the

178 rOEFICULIB^.

erect crested tooth which is so well developed in C. ceylonicus and
S. repens ; a similar structure occurs in some American forms.

This particular artificial group is, so far as is at present known,
confined to Southern India and Ceylon, no similar species having
been recorded from any other countries.

Genus EUDOHRNIA, Burr.

Eudobrnia, Burr, (07^) p. 97.
Forficula, Dohrn (partim).
Anechura, Bonnans, Kirby (partim).

Type, Forficula metalHca, Dohrn.

Body cylindrical, elongate. Antennae rather strong ; the first
segment strong, cylindrical, long, and distinctly bicarinate ; third
segment elongate, rather clubbed at the apex ; fourth rather long
and thick ; fifth longer, the rest gradually lengthening, sub-
conical. Head smooth, globose, the sutures obsolete. Pronotum

Fig. 14. — Basal segments of antenBa of Eiidohrnia metalUca, Dohrn.

nearly square, rounded posteriorly. Elytra rugulose, with a
fairly sharp costal keel, which is, however, very short. Wings
and legs long. Abdomen cylindrical. Last dorsal segment of
(S smoother than the abdomen, short, broad, impressed in the
middle, scarcely tuberculate : in $ narrow and sloping. Pygidium
of (S short, broad ; in $ narrow and small. Branches of foz'ceps
of c? elongate, horizontal, nearly straight, slender; in $ similar
but shorter and simpler.

Range. Northern India and Burma.

This genus, which is monotypic, is weW characterized by the
cylindrical body and bicarinate compressed basal segment of the
antennae.

113. Eudohrnia metallica, Dohrn.

Forficula metallica, Dohrn, (65) p. 90 ; Scmld. (76) p. 315.
Anechura metallica, Borm. (88) p. 444, (94) p. 402, (00^) p. 104,
figs. 39, a-c ; Kirby, (04) p. 41 ; Burr, (05^) p. 29.

Stature large but not stout. Colour reddish chestnut, the
pronotum and abdomen metallic bronze-green ; not pubescent.
Antennae reddish chestnut, with long, cylindrical, very slightly
conical segments ; basal segment bicarinate. Head large, smooth.

EUJDOHRNIA. 179

bright reddish chestnut; the sutures distinct ; eyes black. Pro-
notum metalhc greenish bronze ; anterior margin truncate, the
anterior angles incrassate and sharp ; posterior margin very
obtusangular ; lateral margins straight, so that the whole pro-
uotum is pentagonal ; prozona somewhat tumid, as is also the
metazona, separated by an indistinct transverse impression ; in
the prozona the lateral impressions are distinct ; median suture
obsolete ; the surface of the pronotum faintly punctulate. Elytra
ample, dull reddish chestnut, fairly strongly and very densely
punctulate ; lateral carinas very short ; hinder border truncate.
Wings ample : the wings themselves are smoky black ; the scales
are metallic greenish bronze with sparse punctulations, the apices
paler. Legs long and slender, dark red, the joints darker ; tarsi
with a yellowish pubescence, which extends a short way up
the tibiae ; the tarsal segments are long and slender. Abdomen
elongate, cylindrical, greenish metallic bronze, coarsely punctulate ;
lateral tubercles very distinct. Last dorsal segment of (^ transverse,
punctulate, somewhat attenuate in the $ , transversely impressed,
rectangular ; the hinder border somewhat convex, tumid over the
insertion of the forceps. Sternum black, very finely punctulate.
Pygidium of c? short, transverse, smooth, with a short blunt tubercle
at each posterior angle ; each tubercle terminated by a sharp
point : in $ short, blunt. Forceps of d" with the branches remote
at the base, very long and slender, nearly straight ; trigonal at
the base itself ; the nearly obsolete keels covered with a row
of small tubercles ; inner margin denticulate ; halfway down there
is a small but sharp and distinct tooth, beyond which the branches
are unarmed, nearly straight, smooth, and incurved at the apex ;
the whole forceps are faintly punctulate ; in the $ the branches
are subcontiguous, excavate at the base itself on the inner
margin to admit the pygidium, then nearly straight, very gently
sinuate, elongate, unarmed, and smooth.

6 2

Length of body 13 -18 mm. 12-16 mm.

„ forceps .... 8-5-17 „ 6- 7 „

Bombay: Bombay (Pusa coll.) ; Ukited Pbovinces : Bhim Tal,
4500 ft. ; Nepal : Sundrijal, Gauchar, Nagorkoti, " feeding on
flowers of stinging nettles " (Ind. Mus.) ; Sikkim : Darjiling
{Brit. Mus.) ; Assam : Khasi Hills, Dumpel to Cherapunji, 3000-
5000 ft., Gauhati, Shillong (Pusa coll.), Kurseong (Ind. Mus) ;
BuEMA : Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (Genoa
Mus., coll. Burr) ; Tenassebim : Thagata, v. (Brit. Mus., Genoa
Mus., coll. Burr).

Occurs also in Tonkin.

Syntyins in Bex'lin and Dohrn's collection ; actual type un-
certain.

This striking species is easy to recognize, apart from the
characteristic first antennal segment, by its elongate form, lone
slender forceps, and bronze-green metallic lustre.

n2

180 rOBFICULID^.

Genus EMBOROS, Bm-r.

Emboros, Bt(rr, (07i) p. 103.
Opistlaocosniia, Dolirn (partim).
Cosmiella, Terhaff, Kirby (partim).

Type, Opisthocosmia duhia, Borm.

Small and slender. Antennae with 10 segments, cylindrical ;
fourth relatively long. Head smooth and tumid. Pronotum
slightly narrower than the head and decidedly longer than hroad,
rectangular. Metasternal lohe transverse, rectangiilar. Elytra
complete and free, with a keel running the whole length of the
costal fold, rather short. Wings abortive. Legs not very long ;
tarsi rather short, first segment hardly longer than the third.
Abdomen of J but slightly dilated, convex, second pliciform tubercle
very strong. Last dorsal segment of d" a little longer than broad,
but shghtly angustate. Penultimate ventral segment of S rounded,
transverse. Porceps of S with branches not contiguous at the base,
cylindrical, nearly straight.

Banrje. Burma and Diego Suarez,

This genus is characterized by the keeled elytra and short tarsi,
together with the long narrow pronotum, thus differing from
Liparura, Lij>odes and Obelura, the only other known Indian genera
with keeled elytra.

114. Emboros dubiiis, Bonn.

Opisthocosmia dubia, Bonn. (94) p. 399, (00-) p. 98 : Burr, (OS^)

p. 117.
Cosmiella dubia, Verh. (02i) p._195 ; Ktrbt/, (04) p. 38.
Opistliocosmia (Cosmiella) dubia, Burr, (04) p. 303.
Emboros dubius, Bni-r, (07i) p. 104.

Dark chestnut, small and slender. Antennse with the five basal
segments greyish testaceous. Head shining chestnut. Pronotum
chestnut-brown, shining, a little narrower than the head, a little
longer than broad ; posterior margin rounded, rather convex ;
prozona and metazona separated by a transverse depression ; two
impressions on prozona ; sides straight, pale testaceous, reflexed.
Elytra dull brown, one and a half times as long as the pronotum,
well rounded at the shoulders, sides parallel, posterior margin
truncate. Wings absent. Legs long and slender, greyish testa-
ceous, apical half of femora darker. Abdomen dark chestnut,
shining, oval, dilated at about three-quarters of the length. Last
dorsal segment about twice as broad at the base as at the apex,
strongly sloped. Pygidium not discernible. Porceps reddish
testaceous, unarmed, slender, elongate, trigonal, nearly straight,
not, contiguous but very nearly so, points curved in.

$

Length of body 7*5 mm.

„ forceps 3-5 „

EMBOROS. LIPARURA. 181

Burma : Kareu-ni, Geku District, 4300-4700 ft., ii./iii. (Genoa
Mtis., 1 $ ).

Ti/pe in the Genoa Museum,

G'he above description is adapted from the original text of
de Bormans. In the Paris Museum there is a pair of earwigs
from Diego Suarez which have been referred to this species, as
from the description above they cannot be distinguished from the
Burmese specimen ; but it is probable that the two are distinct, as
their localities ai'e so widely separated.

The genus Emboros was erected for de Bormans' 0. duUa, but
characterized from that pair from Diego 8uarez. This charac-
terization agrees in every particular with the description of
de Bormans, except that he does not refer to the keel of the
elytra. As he never luade use of this character in any of his work,
it is probable that he overlooked it, and there is little doubt that
the specimens from Diego Suarez belong to the same genus as
E. dubia, but it is likely that they will be shown to be specifically
distinct when the true male of the latter is discovered. In order
to settle this point, collectors in Further India should look out for
a small dark Opisthocosmiiue earwig with long narrow pronotum,
keeled elytra and no wiugs. A careful comparison with the male
from Diego Suarez will then probably show a specific distinction.

In these circumstances it is advisable to give a brief account
of the features of this male : —

It agrees in every respect with the description of E. dubius
except where the sexual characters are involved. The abdomen
is not very strongly dilated and consequently the last dorsal
segment is not very strongly angustate, being only slightly nar-
rower posteriorly than at the base ; its length is about equal to its
smallest width ; it is smooth and sloping, but not remarkably so ;
the posterior margin is gently convex, and tumid over the roots
of the forceps ; the latter are rather strong, horizontal, swollen at
the extreme base but not contiguous, cylindrical and converging
in the basal third, where they almost meet, and then straight
as far as the apex which is hooked ; the inner margin is very
finely denticulate, otherwise they are unarmed ; in colour deep
reddish black. The pygidium is just visible as a small obtuse
tubercle. Length of body, 8 mm.; forceps, 2-5 mm.

Of course, should the true Burmese E. dubius prove to be
specifically distinct, this pair from Diego Suarez will require a
new name.

Genus LIPARURA, Burr.
Liparura, Burr, (07') p. 119.

Type, L. jmnctata, Burr.

Size medium or small. Antennie unknown. Head smooth
and tumid, but sutures distinct. Pronotum square, nearly as
broad as the head. Elytra trapezoidal, not free, weak at the
axillary angle, exposing a transverse scutellum ; anal mai'gin of

182 rORKICULIDiE.

elytra short ; posterior marp;in oblique ; costal fold witli an entire
and strongly-marked keel. Wings absent. Legs long and slender ;
iirst tarsal segment longer than the second and third united.
Abdomen strongly dilated and strongly attenuate at the apex.
Last dorsal segment short, small, and transverse, gently attenuate
and strongly sloping. Penultimate ventral segment broad, rounded.
Pygidium not distinct. Forceps of d" with the branches subcon-
tignous, rather depressed at the base, elongate ; simple in the $ .

linage. India.

This genus is based on a pair of earwigs from Northern India
which are related to Ohelnra tumid, Burr, from Ceylon, and to
0. asiaiica, Borm., from Southern India. But the keel of the
elytra, with the square pronotum and long tarsi, are very dis-
tinctive features.

115. Liparura punctata, sp, n, (Fig. 04.)

Neolohophora asiatica, Burr, (08^) p. 117.

Liparura asiatica, Burr, (07') p. 119 (nee Borm,, nee Kirbi/,.

Size small, deep reddish chestnut. Antenna) unknown. Head
tumid, sutures feeble. Pronotum about as broad as the head,
square; prozona tumid, with a median suture and impression
ou each side ; metazona depressed, sides strongly reflexed.
Scutellum short, as broad as the pronotum, rounded posteriorly,
smooth. Elytra abbreviated, trapezoidal, the posterior margin
being oblique, so that the axillary (sutural) margin is much shorter
than the costal margin ; costal keel very sharp and well defined.
Legs very long and slender. Abdomen punctate, strongly dilated
and convex in both sexes. Last dorsal segment of cJ trajjezoidal,
narrowed posteriority, sti'ongly sloping; in $ similar, but still more
strongly sloping. Penultimate ventral segment of c? transverse,
rounded. Pygidium of c5" and $ indistinguishable. Forceps of c^'
witli the branches subcontiguous at the base, slender, elongate,
somewhat compressed, almost crested above, contiguous and nearly
straight through half their length, then attenuate and gently
arched, enclosing an elongate ellipse, the points meeting; in the
5 the branches are slender, subcontiguous, straight, elongate, only
meeting at the apex.

c? 2

Length of body 7*5 mm. 75 mm.

„ forceps 4-5 „ 2-75 „

SiKKiM : Darjiling (Paris il/»s.) ; Bhutan : Pedong (Paris Mns.).

Type in the Paris Museum.

There is nothing in de Bormans' description of Neolohophora
asiatica which excludes the two specimens in the Paris Museum,
but the entire omission of any reference to the strongly punctu-
late body and the fact that his typcj was from the south of India
— whereas these are from Darjiling and Bhutan, a difference
especially important in apterous forms such as these — render it

0BI3LU11A.

183

probable that these are not identical with de Borraans' specimens,
which would appear to fall into the genus Obelura with 0. tamul.

Accordingly, the remark that K asiatka is the type of Liparura
(Burr, Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 119, 1U04) must be read as re-
ferring to these specimens, then regarded as J^. asiaiica, and not
to the true N. asiatka of de Bormans.

Genus OBELURA, Burr.

Obelura, i?Mn-, (07') p. 11«.
Neolobophora, Burr (partim).

Type, Neolohoplwra tamul, liurr.

Size small ; build slender. Antennae as in OjnslJiocosmia. Head
smooth. Pronotum as broad as the head, square. Elytra rudi-
mentary, trapezoidal, keeled along the outer margin ; inner margin
shorter than the outer, thus forming a small scutellum ; hinder
margin obliquely truncate. Wings abortive. Legs long and
slender. Abdomen with lateral tubercles very distinct, smooth ;
last dorsal segment very narrow, smooth, sloping. Forceps with
branches subcontiguous at base, very elongate and slender.

Rawje. Southern India and Ceylon.

Thetwo known members of this genus are easy to recognize by
their slender build, uniform testaceous colour, rudimentary elytra,
and long slender forceps.

Table of Species.

1. Elytra with axillary margin very sliort,
thus exposinf^ a broad scutellum ;
pt'nultimate ventral segment of S

with a .s])ino on each side asiatiai, JJorm., p. IB.'l

1.1. Elytra with axillary marf;;in scarcely
shorter tlian co«tal margin, scutellum
very small ; penultimate ventral seg-
ment of c? unarmed tamul, Burr, p. 184.

IIG. Obelura asiatica, Borm.

Neolobophorit, asiatica, Borm. a])ud Bolivar, (i)7) p. 285, pi. 1, fig. 2;

Borm. (()()•-) ]). 100 ; Kirhi/, (04) p. 20.
Liparura asiatica, Burr, (07 'j p. 119.

Reddish chestnut, shining, all the legs dirty testaceous. Frons
depressed, occiput convex, almost circumvallate. Elytra small,
nearly triangular, showing a scutellum. Wings absent. Abdomen
convex, dilated a little beyond the middle. Last dorsal segment
strongly narrowed posteriorly, especially in ? , and sloping.
Penultimate ventral segment of S with a sharp spine at each side.
Branches of the forceps of J subcontiguous at the base, depressed
and compressed, with an erect tooth on the upper surface ; cylin-
drical as far as a strong sjjine, directed backwards, situated about

184 rOEFICULIDJE.

the middle ; then gently arcuate, slender ; in $ long, slender, nearly
straight, unarmed and contiguous, points hooked.

d $

Length of body 7 - 9-25 mm. 3'5-7"5 mm.

„ forceps .... 8-5-10-5 „ 3'5 „

S. Madras : Kodaikanal.

The above description is adapted from that of de Bormans,
given by Bolivar.

Workers on the spot must decide the true relations between
this and 0. tamul.

117. Obelura tamul, Bim-:'^ (Fig. 65.)

Neolobophora tamul, Burr, (01) p. G7, pi. B, fig. 1 ; Kirby, (04)

p. 29.
Obelura tamul, Burr, (07^) p. 120.

Slender and small ; entirely testaceous. Antennae with twelve
very slender segments. Head rather broad, smooth, and tumid.
Pronotum square, as broad as the head, flat. Elytra trapezoidal,
rudimentary, not free ; costal fold sharp, forming a keel ; hinder
margin truncate ; axillary angle rounded off, thus exposing a
short, transverse, triangular scutellum and rendering the anal
margin (along the suture) shorter than the costal margin. Legs
slender, not veiy long; tarsi rather short. Abdomen smooth,
dirty yellow. Last dorsal segment very narrow, longer than
broad, smooth, sloping, simple. Forceps with the branches
slender and cylindrical, dirty yellow, contiguous at the base
(oMdng to the narrowness of the last dorsal segment), rather
compressed and straight in the basal quarter, then very long and
slender, gently diverging and arched in to form a long ellipse,
which is not complete as the points do not meet ; about the
middle, on the inner margin, thei-e are three or four small sharp
teeth. $ unknown.

6

Length of body 6*75-9 mm.

„ forceps .... 5-7 „

Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya.
Type in the author's collection.

The species cannot be confused with anything except 0. asiatlca,
from which it may not really be specifically distinct.

Genus CORDAX, n. g.

Opisthocosmia, Dohrn, (65) p. 76 (partim).

TxPE, Forficida armata, Haan.

Build slender and graceful. Antennae with 10-12 segments,
all long, slender and cylindrical ; fourth a little longer than
third, and fifth than the fourth. Head tumid, sutures distinct.

CORDAX.

185

Pronotum narrow and long, not so broad as the head. Elytra
smooth, well rounded at the shoulders, with no keel. Wmgs
generally well developed. Legs long and slender ; femora scarcely
thickened; tibiae compressed, first tarsal segment longer than
second and third united. Abdomen convex, rather dilated beyond
the middle, then tapering to the apex ; lateral tubercles well
developed. Last dorsal segment attenuate and sloping in both
sexes. Pygidium indistinct. Porceps of S long and slender, the
branches remote or subcontiguous at the base, straight or sinuate,
variously armed ; in $ straiglit, simple, contiguous.

Range. Oriental Region.

This new genus is erected for those species in which the pro-
notum is long aud narrow, as in OpistJiocosmia, but the last dorsal
segment narrowed and sloping, as in liyimrgm. The narrowing
of this last segment has always been regarded as the chief dis-
tinctive character of Opistliocosmia, but unfortunately in the type-
species, 0. centurio, this segment is very decidedly _ transverse.
Numerous species, formerly included in Ojnsthocosmia, are now
consequently removed to the newer genera, Cordax and Hyinirgus.

Table of Species.

1. Elytra orange or red, with narrow dark

band; size medium (15 mm.) annatiis, Ilaan, p. 185.

1.1. Elvtra testaceous, indistinctly banded

■with fuscous ; size small (12-5 mm.) . . ceylonicus, Motsch., p. 186.

118. Cordax armatus, Haan. (Pig. 6G.)

Forficula armata, Haan, (42) p. 243, pi. 23 fig. 12.
Opisthocosmia armata, Dohrn, (65) p. S\; borm (^o P- ^*f'
(94) p. 394, (00-) p. 96; Burr, (99) p. 260, (04) p. 304, (O/i)
p. 100 ; Kirby, (04) p. 39.
General colour dark reddish chestnut ; abdomen red ; elytra and
wings red, with narrow dark bands. Antennae with (?) 10 seg-
ments, dark fuscous ; segments 8-9 whitish, very slender. Head
dark reddish, somewhat tumid, especially between the eyes.
Pronotum narrower than the head and longer than broad, dark
chestnut, smooth; anterior border truncate, sides subparallel;
hinder border and hinder angles rounded; prozona distinctly
tumid; metazona flat; sides distinctly raised. Elytra ample,
broadly rounded at the shoulders, the costal fold strongly marked,
almost forming a ridge ; brick-red, with a narrow dark band along
the costal margin, narrowed apically; hinder border subemar-
ginate. Wings long, of the same colour as the elytra. Legs very
dark, long and slender, the tarsi somewhat paler. Abdomen dark
red, blackish near the base and the apex ; very narrow at the
base and very convex, strongly attenuate near the apex ; phci-
form tubercles black, very strongly marked. Last dorsal segment
smooth, typical, sloping and attenuate. Forceps with the

186 rORFICULIDJS.

branches in the c? subcontiguous at the base, long and slender ;
dark chestnut ; subtrigoual near the base ; seen from the side,
horizontal and straight ; seen from above, gently sinuate for
the first half of their length ; on the upper margin, at the end
of the basal third, there is a compressed short sharp tooth ; from
this point gently diverging, with a small sharp tooth on the inner
margin ; then gently arcuate, slender and unarmed, enclosing an
oval area, the points meeting.

Length of body 10 - 11 mm.

„ forceps 6-75- 7*75 „

BuEMA : Metanja, viii., Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft.,
v./sii. (Genoa Mks.).

Also occurs in Borneo, Sumatra, the Celebes, and Macassar.

Tyjye in the Ley den Museum.

The slender and elongate build, brick-red elytra and long
slender forceps, taken in conjunction with the narrow pronotum
and angustate last dorsal segment of the male, render this elegant
species unmistakable.

In " Das Tierreich," deBormans describes the elytra as "braun-
gelb " (p. 96), and again as " ganz gelb." This is due to the fact that
the original manuscript was written in French and translated into
Grerman, for in every specimen seen by the author the elytra are
brick-red, with a narrow dark band down the suture and down
the costal margin ; the original manuscript is in the author's
possession ; " braungelb " is a translation of " fauve " which
might be applied to this colour ; " ganz gelb " is a translation of
" enticrement fauve," but the author has yet to see a specimen to
which this remark applies.

119. Cordax ceylonicus, MotscJi. (Fig. 67.)

Labia ceylonica, Motachuhky, (63) p. 4.

Opisthocosmia cevlonica, Dohrn, (65) p. 83 ; Boron. (00-) p. 96 ; Burr,
(01) p. 335, (04) p. 305, (07') p. 100 ; Kirby, (04) p. 38.

Small, slender, brown. Anteunse with 12 segments, brown.
Pronotum narrower than the head, hinder border rounded, anterior
border straight, the sides strongly reflexed, shining brown. Elytra
twice as long as the pronotum, uniform brown, truncate at the
apex. Wings projecting well beyond the elytra, brown, with a
faint yellow spot on the outer side at the base and at the apex
of the suture. Abdomen darker brown, the glandular folds very
prominent, black. In the S the antepenultimate dorsal segment is
armed on each side with a short tooth, the penultimate and ultimate
segments are narrowed, the latter with a deep impression in the
middle ; the penultimate ventral segment semicircular, covering
only half the last segment. The forceps are long, with the branches

1 RT
COEDAX.— HTPURGUS.

the body, and the forceps of the 6 pubescent.

^ 5 o

,. 1 1 T-ps mm 7'5 -8 mm.

Length oi body '^^^''^- ^ .

„ forceps ^ '■■>

Ceylok : Pundulaoya, Peradeniya, iv./v., Maskeliya (oo7L 5un-)
Mr. Green found females of this spec.es ^^^^^^^^J^ f .^^f^'j,"
bungalows, and also in bamboos, but the males appear to be less

TtT;-be easily recognized by the slender and delicate stature,
and the narrow pronotum and last dorsal segment.

Genus HYPURGUS, Burr.

Hypurgus, i?Kr/-, (07^) p. 101'
Opisthocosmia, Burr (partiiu).

Type, OpistJwcosmia humeralis, Ivu-by. ^

dS se^; nt of c? and'? ample, longer than broad deeded y
attemiate and sloping. Pygidium not d.stmot fretFme" sth y

St:rre"«:!e3ot;:;:Sb:^^^^^^^^^^

tXnoteeZon upper surface; those of ? subcont.gaous, s,mple.
straight and slender.

188 FOEFICULID.E.

Range. Oriental and Ethiopian Eegions.

The species Avere formerly included in the comprehensive
genus OjnstJwcosmia, but their pronotum is by no means narrow
and long, and the last dorsal segment is decidedly sloping and
narrowed.

There are about half a dozen species, all occurring in the
Oriental Eegion.

In the recurved abdominal segments of the male, the somewhat
less convex abdomen, and the generally bowed forceps, this
genus shows the beginning of a transition towards the ancistro-
gastrine type.

Fig. 15. — Tarsus of Hypurgus humemlis, Kirby.

Table of Species.

1 . Elytra with an orange spot at the slioulders ;

forceps of J with a strong tooth before [p. 188.

the apex humeralis, Kirby,

1-1. Elytra uniform reddish; forceps of S ^^'itli [p. 189.

one blunt tooth, often obsolete simplex, Borm.,

120. Hypurg,us humeralis, Kirby.* (Fig. 68.)

Opisthocosmia humeralis, Kirby, (91) p. 623, (04) p. 38 ; Borm. (94)

p. 400, (00'') p. 95 ; Burr, (01) p. 3-33, pi. B, fig. 9, (04) p. 334.
Hypurgus humeralis. Burr, (07^) p. 102.

Size small ; build rather stout ; general colour deep chestnut
with orange-red spots. Antennae with 11 segments, all cylin-
drical and slender; third and fourth rather short, about equal
in length, the fifth and following distinctly longer ; dark brown,
the tenth segment often pale. Head shining orange-red, smooth.
Pronotum about as broad as long, a trifle wider in the c5' than in
the $ , anterior border truncate ; sides parallel or very gently
convex, posterior border broadly rounded ; deep reddish brown,
the sides broadly orange. Elytra ample, smooth, well rounded at
the shoulders, truncate posteriorly ; deep brown, with a prominent
oval orange spot at the shoulders. Wings prominent and long,
basal half of scale bright orange-red, apical half deep bi'own.
Legs deep yellow, rather long, slender ; first tarsal segment longer
than the second and third combined. Abdomen deep red-brown,
broadest about the middle and narrowed apically, especially in the
$ ; lateral tubercles very distinct ; in the S the sides of segments
five to nine, seen from the side, are convex, seen from above,
acute. Last dorsal segment ample, smooth, sloping and narrowed

HYPUilGUS. 189

posteriorly, especially in the 5 ; posterior margiu straight, angles
rounded, tumid over the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral
segment of (S and $ broad, ample, gently convex. Pygidium hidden
in the c5' , short, sharp and conical in the $ . Forceps with the
branches in the c? nearly contiguous at the base, stout, rounded
but rather depressed in the basal third, which is straight and
crenulate along the inner margin ; then attenuate and arched gently
inwards to a sharp strong tooth on the inner margin ; beyond this
tooth strongly tapering and hooked ; the area enclosed before
the tooth is pear-shaped ; in the 2 the branches are contiguous,
simple, very slender, and rather long ; yellowish red in both
sexes.

c? 2

Length of body 7-10 mm. 6"5-8 mm.

„ forceps 2'5-3 „ 2 ,,

Ceylon : Peradeniya, Kandy, x. (coll. Burr) ; Burma : Palon,^
viii.-ix. {Genoa Mus.).

Type in the British Museum.

This species is apparently common in Ceylon, where Mr. Grreen
took it flying round a lamp, and under stones.

It is easy to recognize by the very characteristic coloration and
the form of the forceps.

121. Hypurgus simplex, Bonn.**

Opisthocosmia simplex, 5o?-m. f94) p. "96,(00") p. 3Q ; Bol. (97)

p. 286 ; Burr, (01) p. 334, (04) p. 306 ; Kirby, (04) p. 39.
Hypurgus simplex, Burr, (07^) p. 102.

Size rather large ; general colour brown-red. Antennae ^ith 1 1
segments, brown, the apical or anteapical segment pale ; all slender
and cylindrical, the fourth a trifle shorter than the fifth ; fifth
about equal to third. Head smooth, red, with darker shading.
Pronotum longer than broad, about as wide as the head ; anterior
margin straight, the angles sharp, somewhat produced ; sides gently
rounded, posterior margin well rounded ; dull red-brown, the sides-
paler. Elytra ample, smooth, well rounded at the shoulders, with
a row of short stiff bristles down the costal fold (but no keel) ;
dull dark chestnut-red, with an ill-defined light red band down
the costal fold. Wings prominent, dark chesnut-red, with a
prominent orange-red spot at the base of the scale and a smaller
light red spot at the apex of the suture ; these two spots are some-
times almost confluent. Legs brown, long and slender. Abdomen
smooth, dull, brown-red, stouter in the c5' than in the 2 ; sides of
segments five to nine in the S , seen from the side, roundly convex,
seen from above, recurved and sharp. Last dorsal segment trape-
zoidal, narrowed towards the apex, strongly sloping, especially in the
$ , smooth, posterior margiu straight and angles rounded, tumid over

190 roRFicuLiD.i:.

the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment of S and $
broad, transverse, very obtusely convex. Forceps with the branches
in the J subcontiguous at the Joase, rather stout, rounded, somewhat
depressed ; gently diverging at first, the inner margin at the base
itself convex and denticulate; gently tapering ; just before halt
their length bowed inwards at an obtuse angle and thickened on
the inner margin ; from this point straiglit, converging, finely
crenulate on the inner margin, tapering, hooked at the points ; in
the 2 simple, slender, subcontiguous and straight ; red-brown in
colour.

J 2

Length of body 11-14 mm. 10-11-5 mm.

„ forceps 4"75-5-5 ,, 4-4-o „

Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 4000-4300 ft., i., Greku
District, 4300-5000 ft., ii.-iv. (Brit. Mm., Genoa Mus.) ; Madras :
Trichinopoli ; Ceylok (one mutilated female, referred with doubt
to this species, Oxford Mus.).

Also from Mentawei in the Malay Archipelago.

Tjipe in the Genoa Museum.

This species resembles the preceding but is decidedly larger and
the elytra are not spotted.

The thickening on the inner margin of the forceps of the male
represents an obsolete tooth, which is discernible in some
specimens.

Genus EPARCHUS, Burr.

Eparchus, Burr, (07^ p. ^20.
Opisthocosmia, aiictt. (partim).

Type, Forjicula insignis, Haan.

Antennae with 12 segments, slender and cylindrical ; third and
fourth segments of about the same length. Head smooth. Pro-
notum about as broad as long, as broad as the head, truncate
anteriorly, and generally rounded posteriorly. Elytra ample,
smooth, no costal keel, well rounded at the shoulders and tapering
apically. Wings prominent. Legs long and slender ; tarsi
slender, first segment longer than second and third united. Ab-
domen spindle-shaped, narrow at the base, dilated about the middle,
strongly convex and attenuate apically ; fifth or sixth to ninth
segments not recurved (viewed from above) but often provided with
tubercles at the sides. Last dorsal segment longer than wide,
decidedly narrowed. Forceps of d" contiguous at the base (owing
to the narrowness of the last dorsal segment), slender and cylin-
drical, elongate, more or less arcuate, and more or less undulating
in a vertical plane, variousl}'- armed, but almost always with a
strong vertical process or tooth on the upper surface near the base ;
in 2 simple, slender and cylindrical.

Range. Oriental Eegion.

EPARCHUS. 191

This geuus was formerly separated by the relative length of the
fourth and third segments of the antennae, but further study has
shown that this character is inconsistent and untrustworthy.

It agrees with Hypurgus in the narrowing of the last dorsal
set^ment, and in this and the nearly square pronotum it differs
from Opisthocosmia. The long tarsi and slender femora separate it
from Timomenus, and the subquadrate pronotum from Gordcuw

It differs from Hypurgus in appearance, owing to the more
strongly convex abdomen and consequently more strongly sloping
and narrowed last dorsal segment of the male ; the sides of the
abdomen, as seen from above, are not recurved and sharp, as in
JJyjmrgus, but are sometimes furnished with tubercles.

We find a totally different type of forceps ; instead of the hori-
zontal, rather stout forceps of Hypurgus, not contiguous at the
base and unarmed above, we find undulating slender branches, con-
tiguous at the base and armed on the upper surface with a strong
tooth or other projection.

Table of Species.

1. Forceps of S very strongly undulating ;
vertical tooth obsolete ; (sides of ab-
domen tuberculate) dux, Borni., p. 191.

1.1. Forceps of S undulate, but gently and

only near the base ; upper surface with

prominent teeth or projections.

2. Forceps of ^ with rounded clubbed

tubercles above ; (sides of abdomen

tuberculate) insignis, Haan, p. 192.

2.2. Forceps of cJ with sharp tooth above ;

sides of abdomen not tuberculate . . tenellus, Haan, p. 193.

122. Eparchns dux, Borm.

Opisthocosmia dux, Borm. (94) p. 895, (00^) p. 98 ; Burr, (02)

p. 485, (04) p. 305 ; Kirby, (04) p. .39.
Eparchus dux, Btirr, (07^) p. 121.

Size medium ; build slender ; general colour chestnut with
yellowish markings. Antennae with 10 segments, dark with a
pale ring before the apex. Head tumid, brown, shading posteriorly
to red ; depressed posteriorly. Pronotum chestnut-brown, the
sides paler, as broad as the head, nearly semicircular ; anterior
margin straight, with sharp angles ; prozona tumid, metazona
and sides depressed. Elytra ample, smooth, well rounded at the
shoulders, chestnut-brown. Wings prominent, chestnut-brown,
with a round yellowish spot at the base, and a little narrow yellow
line at the apex. Legs long and slender, clear chestnut. Abdomen
smooth, chestnut, strongly dilated, lateral folds very distinct ; sides
of fifth and sixth segments produced into a strong obtuse triangular
lobe ; the seventh segment has a long spine at the side, the point

192 rOEFIOULIDiE.

of which is recurved. Last dorsal segment trapezoidal, strongly
narrowed and sloping, smooth, the sides finely denticulated. Last
ventral segment transverse. Pygidium hardly discernible. Forceps
with branches rounded, nearly contiguous at the base, slender,
strongly undulating in a vertical plane ; in the basal half they
are strongly curved upwards and meet about the middle ; then
they abruptly become horizontal ; from this angle they diverge
and gradually thicken down to two-thirds of their length ; here
they are curved in a short oval and taper to the sharp hooked
points which almost meet. $ unknown.

6

Length of body 13 mm.

„ forceps 7 „

Buema: Karen -ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. ;
Karen-ni, Geku District, 4600-4900 ft., iii./iv. (Genoa 2Ius^.

Type in the Genoa Museum.

This species may he known by the unarmed strongly undulating
and sinuating forceps, and the armature of the sides of the
abdomen in the male. The female has not been described.

123. Eparchus insignis, Maan. (Fig. 99.)

Forficula insignis, Haa?!, (42) p. 243, pi. 23. fig. 14.

Opisthocosmia iusignis, Dohni, (65) p. 81 : Dubr. (79) p. 377 ;

Bonn. (88) p. 444, (94) p. 394, (00^) p. 9(3; Sol. (97) p. 286;

Bun; (00^) p. 53, (02) 485. (04) p. 305, (08«) p. 117; Kirbi/, (04)

p. 39.
Eparchus iusignis, Burr, (07^) p. 121.

General colour dark reddish chestnut, somewhat varying to
almost black. Head smooth, sutures very faint ; traces of obso-
lete tubercles just visible on posterior margin, which is truncate.
Antennae with 12 segments, loug, thin, and cylindrical ; segments
nine or ten often much paler. Pronotum about as wide as the head,
slightly longer than broad ; anterior border truncate, sides almost
parallel, and posterior border broadly rounded; prozona fairly
stron^-ly elevated and metazona depressed ; sides raised ; chestnut
or very dark reddish. Elytra broad, well rounded at the shoulders,
chestnut, generally paler and reddish at the shoulders, or almost
testaceous. Wings long and prominent ; yellow with brown
markings, sometimes almost obsolete, sometimes strong and pro-
nounced, in the form of a dark band crossing obliquely from the
base of the suture to the extreme ai)ical corner ; if very broad the
yellow colour is only seen as a pair of small round spots. Legs
blackish red. Abdomen black or very dark reddish brown, some-
what paler in the middle of the dorsum ; strongly dilated about the
middle and strongly attenuated basally and apically ; phciform
tubercles strong and black; at the sides of segments six, seven,
eight, and sometimes also of five, there is a strong conical stout

EPARCHUS. 193

tubercle, projecting at right angles to the body ; those on segments
six and seven are always the strongest ; in the female there are no
traces of these tubercles. Last dorsal segment of c5' typical,
strongly attenuate, very strongly sloping, smooth, with two blunt
elevations above the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral
segment almost entirely covering the last ventral segment,
rounded. Pygidium of S short, blunt, obtuse. Porceps of cj' with
the branches subcontiguous at the base, fairly stout, and gradually
converging; quite near the base, on the upper surface, there is
on each branch a vertical knob, blunt and rounded at the apex
and thicker there than at the base; from this point, the
branches curve outwards and then inwards, thus enclosing an
oval space ; the inner margin is finely crenulate and towards the
apex there is a sharp short tooth ; in the $ simple, straight,
slender, and unarmed.

Length of body 9o-ll-75 mm. 9-1 1-5 mm

„ forceps .... 4-5-75 „ 3-75- 4-5 „

Madras : Trichinopoli (coll. Bolivar) ; Burma : Kachin Hills,
viii./xi. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-4300 ft., Geku District,
4300-5000 ft. (Br'it. JIus., Genoa Jhis.).

Also common in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes.

Type in the Leyden Museum.

Variation. — There appear to be two well-marked forms of this
species; in one, apparently the typical form, the general colour is
deep dark red, \^■ith the wings almost entirely yellow, with very
faint dark markings, or with none, the abdomen having three
lateral tubercles on each side, and the autenniB with a paler ring
near the apex. This is the form described by de Bormans from
Burmese specimens. In some specimens taken in Java by Eouyer,
the whole colour is black, the dark oblique band of the wings has
swamped the yellow, leaving only a tiny orange dot at the base of
the suture and exteruo-apical corner of the wing ; the elytra are
very deep red, almost black, but always paler at the shoulders.

Sometimes the antennae have one or two pale segments before
the apex.

The species is easy to recognize by the vertical processes on the
upper surface of the forceps of the male, near the base ; these are
clubbed and perfectly round on the top.

124. Eparchiis tenellus, Ilaan. (Pig. 100.)

Forficula tenella, Haan, (42) p. 243.

(Jpisthocosuiia tenella, JDoltrn, (65) Siett. Ent. Zeit. xxvi. p. 82

(1865); Dubr. (79) p. 377; Bonn. (88) p. 444, (94) p. 394;

(002) p_g7 . jiurr, (99) p. 260, (04) p. 305; Kirhy, (04) p. 39.

Size small ; build slender ; colour black, varied with yello^^•ish
markings. Antennae with 10-12 segments, brown, cylindrical
and slender ; one or two segments before the apex pale : third

o

194 roEncuLiD.'E.

segment not very long, fourth as long or longer, the others longer
still. Head smooth, black, tumid, sutures obsolete. Pronotum
about as broad as the head and about as long as broad ; anterior
margin truncate, posterior margin broadly rounded, black, the
sides yello\^ish. Elytra ample, smooth, well rounded at the
shoulders, tapering posteriorly, black, with an ill-defined, often
obsolete, reddish spot, very variable in size, at the shoulder angle.
AVings long, black, with a yellowish stripe down the suture.
Legs long and slender, blackish, the base of the femora, apex of
the tibise, and the tarsi yellowish. Abdomen black and slender at
the base, strongly dilated about the middle, decidedly convex and
tapering towards the apex ; sides of the segments unarmed.
Last dorsal segment of d and 5 longer than broad, ample, smooth,
slender, black, strongly sloping and decidedly narrowed posteriorly,
especially in the female ; posterior margin straight, tumid over
the roots of the forceps. I'orceps of both sexes with the branches
slender , cylindrical, black, contiguous at the base ; in <5' straight ;
seen from the side, curved gently upwards in the basal third, at the
end of which, on the upper surface, there is a long, strong, sharp,
vertical tooth ; beyond this tooth the forceps are horizontal,
unarmed and gently arcuate ; in the $ straight and simple.

c? ?

length of body 7"5 mm, 8-9 mm.

„ forceps 4*r-5 „ 2 „

BuHMA : Bhamo, vi. {Genoa Mus.).

Also recorded from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes.

7)/pe in the Leyden Museum.

The slender build and peculiar forceps easily distinguish this
elegant little earwig. It is only likely to be confused with
E. hurri, Bonn., Mhich is common throughout the Malay Archi-
pelago, but has not yet been recorded from India, though it will
probably be discovered in Burma. E. hurri is a little larger, but
the coloration is the same and the forceps are very similar;
there is this difference, that in E. hurri the branches are quite
decidedly arcuate and have a sharp tooth on the inner margin
at the base of the oval enclosed area.

The females of these two species are practically indistinguishable.

Genus TIMOMENUS, Burr.

Timomenus, Burr, (07^) p. 96.
Opisthocosmia, Burr (olira) (partim).

Type, Opisthocosmia oamies. Burr.

Build rather stout and stroug. Antennae with 12-13 seg-
ments ; first segment long, thick, clubbed, remaining segments
thinner, rather long, cylindrical, fourth about as long as third, the
fifth distinctly longer. Head tumid, smooth. Pronotum rather
broad, truncate anteriorly, strongly rounded posteriorly ; pro-
zona tumid, distinctly standing up against the flattened metazona.

TIMOMENUS, 195

Elytra smooth and ample, shoulders strongly rounded. Legs
rather short ; femora rather thick, especially the anterior pair;
tibite rather thick, straight, somewhat flattened above in the
apical portion, especially in the anterior and middle pairs ; tarsi
rather short, but second segment broad, flat, and rounded ; third
segment equal to the first, which is short and rather broad.
Abdomen convex, robust, slightly dilated near the apex and then
narrowed ; lateral tubercles distinct; sides of seventh, eightii, and
ninth segments convex in d . Last dorsal segment of c? rectangular,
transverse. Pygidium of c? short and tumid. Forceps of d" with
branches remote at base, elongate, stout, or slender, cylindrical and
variously armed.

Range. Oriental Region.

This genus includes a few Oriental earwigs of robust build,
with thick femora, strong straight toothed forceps, and a strongly
dilated second tarsal segment.

Table of Species,

1. Colour dull red or black.

2. Forceps straight and stout onnnes, Burr, p. 195.

2.2. Forceps arcuate and slender csscidapiiis, Burr, p. 196.

1,1. Colour black with brilliant lustre ;
build graceful and forceps slender.

2. Lustre brilliant green 7ievil/i, Burr, p. 197.

2.2. Lustre brilliant blue-black lugens, Borm., p. 198.

Fig. 16. — Tarsus of Thnomenus Iwjens, Borm.

125. Timomeniis oannes Bvrr* (Figs. 69 & 104.)

Opisthocosmia oannes, Burr, (00^ ) p. 85, (05^) p. 29, (04) p. 306 ;

Kirby, (04) p. 38.
Timomeuus oannes, Burr, (07') p. 93, pi. iv, fig. 1.

Size medium ; general colour reddish and black. Antenna) with
13 segments, the basal segment black, the rest reddish ; elongate
and cylindrical, not very thick, fourth segment equal to third.
Head black, shining, smooth, tumid, sutures indistinct. Pro-
notum as broad as the head, almost semicircular, black with clear
tawny margin. Elytra ample, smooth, uniform reddish orange
or with two indistinct blackish bands. Wings reddish orange,^
bordered with blackish. Legs black, tibiae and tarsi inclining to
reddish. Abdomen punctulate, black or blackish chestnut, the

o2

196 FORFICULTD.IE.

sides of the seventli, eighth, aud ninth segments convex in c? and
strongly punctuhite. Last dorsal segment transverse, rectangular,
narrower than the abdomen, tumid, depressed in the middle, tuinid
over the roots of the forceps, hinder border straight. Pygidium
very short, transverse, obtuse, Forceps with branches remote
at base, rather stout, cylindrical, nearly straight, elongate, gently
arched inwards towards the apex ; on the upper surface in the
basal third there is a strong conical tootli directed upwards and
on the inner margin, about two-thirds from the base, there is a
smaller sharp tooth. $ unknown.

6
Length of body ...... 12 -14 mm.

,, forceps. ..... 4-5-7 ,,

Assam : Khasi Hills (Tad. 2Ius., coll. Burr).

Also occurs in Tonkin (coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

Eecognizable by the red-black colour, with red-orange wings,
sturdy build, and the form of the forceps.

The only closely allied species is 2\ komaroivi, Sem., from
Korea. T. biciispis, from Java, is easily distinguished by the
uniform black colour and the presence of a pair of long spiny
processes on the last dorsal segment of the male.

12G. Timomenus assculapms, Barr.* (Fig. 70.)

Opisthocosmia iBsculapius, Burr, (05^) p. 236.
Eparchus sesculapius, Burr, (07^) p. 121.

Of medium size, graceful build, and reddish-brown colour.

Antennae with 12 segments, red-brown ; basal segment very thick,

clubbed ; the rest slender and cylindrical ; fourth segment slightly

shorter than third, fifth equal to the third. Head smooth and

tumid, sutures obsolete. Prouotum about as broad as the head

and about as broad as long or a very little broader ; anterior

margin straight, somewhat convex at the middle, angles roundt^d ;

hinder margin somewhat narrower than anterior and rounded ;

prozona tuinid, with a well-marked suture ; metazona depressed.

Elytra ample, smooth, broad, dull. Wings long and smooth.

Legs rather short ; femora thick, especially the anterior pair ; tarsi

with first segment rather broad, no longer than the third, which

is very slender; second strongly dilated. Abdomen typical, smooth ;

sides "of segments six to nine produced into small, depressed,

recurved, hooked tubercles. Last dorsal segment subquadrate,

smooth, ample, strongly sloping, slightly narrowed ; posterior

margin truncate. Pygidium short, obtuse, truncate. Forceps

with the branches subcontiguous at the base, rather slender,

rounded but somewhat depressed in the basal third which is

crenulate along inner margin ; seen from the side, the branches

are undulating in the basal third, at the end of which on the upper

surface there is a strong, sharp, compressed vertical ti-iangular

TIMOMENTJS. 197

tooth ; beyond this tooth the branches are horizontal ; seen from
above, the branches diverge regularly from the base and are
arcuate in the apical half ; beyond the middle there is a short
sharp tooth on the inner margin. $ unknown.

Length of body 11 mm.

„ forceps 7 ,,

Bhutan : Maria Basti.
T)jpe in Madrid.

127. Timomenus nevilli, Burr* (Fig. 71.)

Opisthocosmia nevilli, Bun; (04) pp. 305 & 309, (08^) p. 117.
Eparchus nevilli, Burr, (07^) p. 121.

Size medium or large ; build slender and elongate ; colour
varying from deep brown to rich brilliant shining greenish blacii.
Antennae with 12 segments, brown or black, elongate and
cylindrical, the fourth almost as long as the third. Head tumid,
shining, brown or black, with a green lustre ; sutures not very
distinct. Pronotum brown or shining black, with a green lusti'e,
about as broad as long, anterior margin truncate, rounded pos-
teriorly ; prozona tumid, metazona flat, sharply distinct ; median
suture distinct. Sternal plates rather broad ; lobe of metasternum
quite short, rectangular, transverse. Elytra ample, well rounded
at the shoulders, smooth, reddish brown, not shining, with no
costal keel, smooth, rather short and broad, truncate posteriorly.
Wings prominent, shining, greenish black, with an orange spot at
the apex of the suture. Anterior femora short and thick ;
posterior pair rather long and slender ; tibiae proportionate to the
femora, smooth above ; tarsi short ; first segment rather thick,
about as long as the third ; second segment very broad. Abdomeu
dark brown, with a green metallic lustre ; finely punctulate, lateral
tubercles distinct ; sides of segments four to nine convex, produced
into a short depressed obtuse triangular tubercle ; in 5 simple.
Last dorsal segment of <^ transverse, sloping, slightly narrower
posteriorly than anteriorly, smooth, posterior margin straight,
tumid over the roots of the forceps ; narrower and more strongly
sloping in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment of 6 broadly
rounded ; of 2 a little less broad. Pygidium indistinct in
both sexes. Forceps of d* with the branches subcontiguous
at the base and cylindrical, rather slender, very long, horizontal,
almost straight, gently curved in at the apex ; the inner
margin is denticulate in the basal quarter, at the end of which
there is on the upper margin a sharp compressed triangular tooth ;
about two-thirds from the base there is a short sharp tooth on
the inner margin ; in the 5 the branches are nearly straight, sub-
contiguous, simple, cylindrical, elongate, and denticulate all along
the inner margin.

198 FOBFICULID.E.

Length of body ... . ll*5-15-5 mm. 10-1 2-5 mm.

„ forceps.. 8'5-ll'5 ,, 6- 7 „

Bhutan : Maria Basti (Paiis 2Ius.) ; Sikkim (coll. Bolivar).

Type in the Paris Museum.

This is a fine species and easy to recognize by the green lustre
and elongate forceps ; in structure it approaches T. lugens, but
the lustre is green, not blue ; the female somewhat resembles that
of Eudolirnia metallica, but may be at once distinguished by the
smooth elyti'a, these organs being granulated in that species.

A female in the Paris collection is almost entirely dull red in
colour, with little or none of that brilliant metallic sheen which is
so characteristic in all the other specimens.

128. Timomenus lugens, Borm.* (Fig. 72.)

Opisthocosmia lugeus, Borm. (94) p. .398, (00-) p. 98 ; Kirby, (04)
p. 38, nee Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) vi. p. 101 (1900) ; Burr,
(04) p. 305 (nee (OQi) p. 101).

Eparchus lugens, Burr, (07^) p. 121.

Size medium or lai'ge ; build slender and elongate ; colour
brilliant lustrous blue-black. Antennas with 13 segments, black,
"with two pale segments before the apex ; segments long, slender
and cylindrical, the fourth almost equal to the third. Head
tumid, sutures indistinct, lustrous blue-black. Pi'onotum lustrous
blue-black, slightly narrower than the head, very slightly narrower
than broad, anterior margin truncate, strongly rounded anteriorly ;
prozona tumid, sharply distinct from the depressed metazona.
Sternal plates rather broad ; lobe of metasternum rectangular,
short, transverse. Elytra ample, smooth, well rounded at the
shoulders, with no costal keel, broad, not very long, truncate at
the posterior margin, dull black. "Wings shining blue-black, with
a yellowish spot at the apex of the suture. Legs shining jet-
black ; anterior femora thick and short, posterior pair long and
slender; tarsi short; first segment broad and short; second very
broad, third as long as the first. Abdomen smooth, black with a
brilliant blue-black lustre ; sides of the segments, five to eight in
the S , convex, and produced into short, obtuse, depressed, triangular
lobes ; in $ simple. Last dorsal segment of S transverse, sloping,
posterior margin straight, tumid over the roots of the forceps.
Penultimate ventral segment of S rounded, broad. Pygidium
hidden. Forceps of S with the branches elongate, subcontiguous at
the base, cylindrical, gently diverging at first, then gently arcuate ;
points curved inwards ; seen from the side, curved gently up-
wards in the basal quarter, then straight ; the inner margin is
denticulate in the basal quarter, at the end of which on the upper
surface there is a strong, sharp, triangular, compressed tooth ;

TIMOMENUS. — SYNTONUS. 199

a little beyond the middle there is a second tooth, short and
small but very sharp ; in the $ almost straight, gently diverging,
denticulate along inner margin, then gently curved in at the
points.

6 2

Length of body. . . . 10-13 mm. 10'5-11'5 mm.

„ forceps.. G-11 „ 6- 7 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-4300 ft. (Genoa Mus.,
coll. Burr) ; AssAM : Nongpoh, in Khasi Hills {Ind. Mas., coll.
Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

This handsome earwig is very closely related to T. nevilli.
Structurally it agrees almost exactly ; in both the whole body
is black with a brilliant lustre, but whereas this is green in
T. nevUU, it is blue-black in this species, and tliis very brilliant
blue-black lustre renders it unmistakable. In both species the
elytra are dull, and in both the forceps are very similar; but in
T. neviUi the latter organs are perfectly horizontal, while they
are undulate near the base in T. lugens; they are also more
strongly arcuate in the latter and the first tooth is larger, higher
and sharper.

Genus SYNTONUS, n. g.

Opisthocosmia, Burr (dim).

Type, Opisthocosmia neoJohoplioroides, Burr.

Small and slender. Antennae with 12-13 segments, slender
and cylindrical, the fourth segment relatively long. Head
smooth, tumid, sutures indistinct. Pronotum slightly narrower
than the head, nearly square, rectangular. Metasternum pro-
portionately narrower than in most allied genera ; posterior lobe
rounded. Elytra short and broad, no humeral angle. AVings
rudimentary. Legs not very long, slender; femora not thickened ;
tarsi short, the first segment only as long as the third. Abdomen
wWa first pliciform tubercle very weak ; the second ver}'' pro-
minent, decidedly convex, dilated about the middle and narrowed
apically ; less convex in the 5 . Last dorsal segment of S
narrow, longer than broad, decidedly narrowed posteriorly, and
distinctly sloping, forceps of S contiguous at base, then arcuate,
very slender ; those of $ cylindrical.

Rancje. Ceylon.

This genus is characterized by the short tarsi together with
the square pronotum, dilated convex abdomen, and strongly
angustate last dorsal segment.

Superficially there is a resemblance to Obelura, but the free
and perfect though short elytra and the short tarsi distinguish it
at a glance.

200 FORFICULID.i;.

129. Syntonus neololDoplioroides, Burr* (Fig. 62.)

Opisthocosmia neoloboplioroides, Burr, (01) p. 335.
Cosmiella neoloboplioroides, Sirby, (04) p. 38,

Of small and graceful build; general colour yellowish red,
shading to darker. Antennae very slender ; fourth segment a
little shorter than third. Head smooth, rather broad, reddish or
blackish. Pronotum slightly narrower -than the head, almost
square, anterior margin truncate, sides parallel, posterior margin
truncate, rather tumid in the middle, the sides depressed ; pro-
zona not separated from metazona, median suture faint ; brown,
the sides paler. Elytra short, not rounded at all at the shoulders,
hardly longer than broad, truncate posteriorly, yellowish brown,
smooth ; axillary angle weak, so that a very short transverse
space is visible as a small scutellum between the base of the
elytra and the pronotum. Wings abortive. Legs slender,
yellowish. Abdomen smooth, shining, reddish brown ; pliciform
tubercles black. Last dorsal segment smooth ; posterior margin
straight, tumid over the insertion of the forceps. Forceps of c5'
with the branches contiguous at the base, and for the first quarter
of their length slender and somewhat depressed, with a small
obsolete crested tooth on the upper surface ; then very slender,
elongate and gently arcuate, unarmed, with a few obsolete
denticulations on the inner margiu ; in the $ simple, straight
and cylindrical.

d 2

Length of body 7-2o mm. 8 mm.

„ forceps.... 4-35 ,, 3 „

Ceylon: Kudaga, Hatton, vii. (coU. Burr), Hakgala {Willey,
coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

Superficially like Obehtra tamul and Sondax repens, but easily
recognizable by the short but complete and free elytra, and by th&
generic characters.

Genus KOSMETOR, Barr.

Kosmetor, Burr, (07') pp. 120 >Sc 122.
Opisthocosmia, Burr (olim).

Type, Opisthocosmia annandahi, Eurr.

Size medium ; form elongate ; stature slender. Antennae with
about 12 segments ; third rather short, subclavate to subcylindrical ;
fourth a little thicker than third and almost as long ; fifth cylin-
drical, elongate. Head smooth, tumid. Pronotum about as wide
as the head, nearly square, truncate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly.
Elytra long, smooth, parallel-sided, well rounded at the shoulders.
Wings long. Legs not very long, tibia? not sulcate above ; tarsi
rather short, third segment nearly as long as the first. Prosternum
rather broad ; mesosternum short, transverse, truncate. Abdomen

KOSMBTOE. 201

elongate, slender, scarcely depressed, almost cj'lindrical, gently
widened at about two-thirds of its length ; lateral tubercles
distinct. Last dorsal segment of cJ transverse or subquadrate,
scarcely sloping or narrowed. Pygidium of c? short, obtuse,
not prominent. Forceps of d with brandies remote at base,
very slender, elongate, nearly straight, armed with one or more
pairs of sharp teeth ; in 5 contiguous, slender, straight, simple.

liange. Oriental Eegion.

The members of this genus have a slight superficial resem-
blance to some Ojjisthocosmiino', and in other respects approach
the Forficulinci' .

It is recognizable by the elongate and graceful body, almost
cylindrical and scarcely dilated abdomen, and long thin toothed
forceps of the male.

Of the five kno\\n species all are Oriental, and three are known
in India.

Table of Species.

1. Forceps of S with two pairs of teeth , . tcmora, Burr, p. 201.
1.1. Forceps of J with one pair of teeth.
2. Forceps almost straight ; elytra black ;

head orange hrahma, Burr, p. 202.

2.2. Forceps of S forming an elongate
ellipse ; elytra yellowish - brown ;
head brown vishiu, Burr, p. 202.

130. Kosmetor temora. Burr.* (Fig. 73.)

Opisthocosmia temora, Burr, (04) pp. .307 & 312 : (08') p. 117.
Kosmetor temora, Burr, (07') p. 123, pi. iv. fig. 10.

Blackish brown. Anteunce (5 segments remain) brown ; basal
segment very long, gently clavate ; third segment scarcely more
than half as long as the first, cylindrical ; fourth equal to third,
cylindrical. Head shining blackish brown, sutures distinct.
Pronotum slightly narrower than the head, almost square, gently
rounded posteriorly, the anterior border and sides quite straight ;
blackish brown, the sides somewhat paler. Elytra yellowish
brown. AVings prominent, dull yellow, shaled with brown.
Legs dark testaceous. Abdomen smooth, black; very slightly
dilated about the seventh segment. Last dorsal segment about
as broad as long, sloping downwards to the posterior margin
which is simple, somewhat iucrassate, truncate in the middle and
obliquely truncate at the angles ; depressed in the middle, but
tumid over the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral
segment broadly widened. Pygidium indistinguishable. Forceps
with branches gently bowed in the basal third, then nearly
straight to the points which are hooked ; two pairs of sharp,
upward-pointing teeth on the inner margin divide the length of
the forceps into three equal parts ; the branches are slender,
cylindrical, black and hairy. $ unknown.

202 rOKFICULID^.

Leugth of body 9-7 mm.

,, forceps 6 „

Stkkim : Dai-jiling (Paris Mus.).
Type in the Paris Museum.

The type is unique, but other specimens ought to be found and
recognized without mucli difficulty.

131. Kosmetor brahma, Burr*

Opisthocosniia brahma, Burr, (04) p. 310, (08'') p. 117.
Kosmetor brahma, Burr, (07 'j p. 123, pi. iv, fig. 12.

Blackish brown ; head and legs yellow ; slender. Antenna)
with 12 segments, fourth as long as third ; brown, with two pale
segments before the apex. Head smooth, depressed, sutures
indistinct, yellowish brown. Pronotum about as wide as the head
and about as long as wide ; anterior border truncate, sides parallel,
posterior border rounded; prozona tumid; metazona depressed,
brownish black, the sides reflexed and clear testaceous. Elytra
smooth, parallel-sided, long, black. Wings long, smooth and black,
with a small yellowish spot at the apex of the suture. Legs
rather short, slender, yellowish. Abdomen punctulate, deep
blackish chestnut, gently dilated before the apex. Last dorsal
segment of S transverse, almost rectangular ; posterior margin
straight; the corners distinctly rectangular, with a pair of low
tumid elevations over the roots of the forceps. Pygidium forming
a short stumpy tubercle. Forceps with the branches remote at the
base, cylindrical, elongate and nearly straight, very gently sinuate,
incurved at the apex, armed at the middle of the inner margin
with a flattened, strong, sharp tooth directed posteriorly. $
unknown.

6

Length of body 11-12 mm.

„ forceps .... 5-5-6 „

SiKKiM : Darjihng {Paris Mus.) ; Bhutan : Maria Basti
(Paris Mks.).

Type in the Paris Museum.

The straight slender forceps with a strong sharp tooth in
the middle are very characteristic, and the species is easy to
recognize.

132. Kosmetor vishnu. Burr* (Fig. 74.)

Apterygida vishnu, Burr, (04) p. 319, (08') p. 119.
Kosmetor vishnu, Burr., (07') p. 123.

Slender, dull chestnut -brown. Antennae black, with 10 seg-
ments ; fourth a little shorter than third ; fifth equal to third.
Head smooth, brown or blackish, sutures indistinct. Pronotum

KOSMETOn. — LIPODES. 203

as broad as the head, slightly broader than long, anterior margin
truncate, sides parallel, posterior margin rounded, black or deep
brown, sides testaceous. Elytra yellowish brown, ample, smooth.
Wings orange, with a big fuscous spot. Legs rather longer than
in the other species of the genus, slender, dark brown or black.
Abdomen deep chestnut, punctulate, spindle-shaped, gently
tapering to the apex in 6 as well as in 5 . Last dorsal segment
of d rectangular, transverse, punctulate, with a pair of low tumid
elevations over the roots of the forceps ; exterior angle sharply
marked ; in $ similar but narrowed to\\ards apex. Pygidium in
the form of a short stumpy tubercle in both sexes and less distin-
guishable in 2 than in the J. Forceps of S with branches
remote at the base, elongate, cylindrical and very slender, gently
arched to form a regular elongate ellipse, with a very distinct
tooth in the middle; in the 5 contiguous, straight, elongate,
hooked at the apex.

Length of body 8-5-10 mm. 10-5 mm.

„ forceps 5-8 „ 3-5 „

SiKKiM: Darjiling {Paris JIus.).
Type in the Paris Museum.

This graceful species resembles the preceding, but the regular
ellipse of the forceps of the male is very distinctive.

Genus LIPODES, Burr.

Lipodes, Burr, (07') p. 100.

Type, Lipodes vivax, Burr.

Build robust ; antennae missing. Head broad ; sutures very
deep, dividing the head into three wide, markedly tumid portions ;
the frons deeply impressed. Pronotum ample, as broad as the
head, anterior border truncate, sides gently converging posteriorly,
posterior margin rounded, about as long as broad. Prosternum
short, broad, hardly longer than wide. Mesosternum broad,
rounded. Metasternum transverse, its entire width being greater
than its length : lobe short, transverse, truncate, nearly four
times as wide as long, rectangular. Elytra ample, granulose, with
a costal keel. Legs missing. Abdomen broad, depressed, smooth,
broadest about the middle, lateral tubercles very distinct. Last
dorsal segment narrower than the body, transverse, rectangular.
Pygidium prominent. Porceps elongate, remote at the base,
cylindrical.

Ban<je. India.

This genus is monotypic; its true affinities cannot be satis-
factorily determined until more material is forthcoming. ]n
general appearance it seems related to Hyimryus, but the antennae
and legs are entirely missing in the unique specimen. The form
of the sternal plates is peculiar, as also are the deep sutures of
the head and the granulose elytra.

204 roRncuLiD.i:.

133. Lipodes vivax, Burr*

Opisthocosmia vivax, Burr, (05^) p. 30.
Lipodes vivax, Burr, (07^) p. 101.

Large and robust ; general colour tawny bro\\n. Pronotum with
very distinct median suture; prozona tumid, deeply impressed on
each side. Elytra ample, well rounded at the shoulders, truncate
posteriorly, darker behind. Abdomen smooth, with hinder edges
of segments friuged with pale hairs. Pygidium parallel-sided,
prominent, with a deep triangular incision at the apex, the
lobes pointed. Forceps remote at base, punctulate, cylindrical,
elongate, gently sinuate, inner margin denticulate, incurved at
the apex.

?sex.

Length of body IS mm.

„ forceps Q-5 ,,

India : Dikrang Valley, Nanangs {Lid. Mus.).

Tyjye in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

In spite of the broken abdomen, missing antennse and missing
legs, this cux'ious earwig has such well-marked characters th4t its
identity can be established by the description, though its affinities
cannot yet be determined. On account of the abdomen being
broadest about the middle and the forceps simple, it would appear
to be a female, but the characters are so distinctive that it might
equally well be a male.

Further material is urgently needed.

Species of Uncertain Position.
Forficula? pulchripes, Borm.

Forncula? pulcnnpes, Borm.

Forficula? pulchripes, Bor7n. (94) p. 408, (00-) p. 128; Kirbi/, (04)
p. 63.

General colour dark chestnut, varied with black. Antennae
with 12 segments, typical [? of Forficulci], brown, with the
exception of the tenth which is pale. Head shining dark
chestnut-brown. Mouth parts yellow ; palpi brown. Pronotum
nearly square, the angles blunt, posterior margin rounded, some-
what convex anteriorly, bright shining black, with pale yellowish
sides. Elytra smooth, dull chestnut, four times as long as the
pronotum, the shoulders rounded, sides parallel, truncate pos-
teriorly. Wings one and a half times as long as the pronotum,
bright orange-yello\\\ with an irregular black, oblique band passing
from the base of the suture to the apex of the exterior margin.
Legs typical [? of Forficula'], orange-yellow, the apical half of the

rouFicuLA ? 205

femora and basal third o£ the tibise black. Abdomen chestnut,
rather dull, punctulate, elongate, attaining the greatest width at
the base of the last dorsal segment. Last dorsal segment trape-
zoidal, about twice as broad at the base as at the apex, strongly
sloping to the apex, with a median depression near the posterior
margin which is rugose and sinuous. Pygidium globular, not
prominent. Forceps with the branches clear chestnut, not quite
contiguous at the base, nearly straight, slightly diverging as far as
the apex where they are arched inward, the points meeting.

2

Length of body 1 1 mm.

,, forceps 8"5 ,,

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v~\i\.(Gmoa

Tt/pe in the Genoa Museum.

This is a good instance of the disadvantage of describing new
species from females alone. De Bormans remarks : — " This species
seems to me so well characterized by its coloration that I describe
it here, though a solitary female, hoping that it will be easy to
associate its male with it, if discovered later, and then its genus
can be determined."

It is to be hoped that collectors in Burma will keep a sharp
look-out for the male and note the characteristic coloration given
in the above description, translated from de Bormans.

The pattern seems suggestive of the genus Adiathetus, somewhat
approaching A. nigrocastaneus and A. dravkUus, but de Bormans
makes no reference to Chelisochine tarsi, which he would hardly
have overlooked.

Forficula? cingalensis, Dohrn.

Forficula ciugalensis, Dohrn, (65) p. 89; Bonn. (00-) p. 128.
Apterygida cingalensis. Burr, (01) p. 332.
Sphingolabis cingalensis, Kirhy, (04) p. 46.

Golden yellow, the abdomen less brilliantly coloured ; the
prothorax and elytra posteriorly dilated, with the sides not
deflexed; forceps almost straight, the branches remote at the
base, with an obsolete tooth on the inner margin beyond the
middle. ? .

Long. S|, lat. 2.4, fore. long. ?>h mill.

Head arched without impressed lines, shining ; the antennce with
15 segments, yellow. Hinder margin of the head slightly emarginate
in the middle. Pronotum narrower anteriorly, as broad as the
head, posteriorly broadened, the sides not retlexed, transparent
horn colour ; hinder border round, shining, smooth. Elytra
scarcely longer than the prothorax, slightly broadened posteriorly,
the hinder border rounded, smooth and shining like the head and
prothorax. Abdomen slightly narrowed posteriorly, the tubercles

206

FORFlCULIDvK.

of the second and third segments very small, the last dorsal
segment fairly large, with a central line, the penultimate ventral
segment entirely covering the ultimate. Branches of the forceps
slightly separated, nearly straight at the base, incurved at the
apex, with a blunt tooth on the inside beyond the middle.
Abdomen and forceps reddish brown, pubescent. Sternum yellow.
Legs like the head, fairly long, the femora and tibi» slightly, the
tarsi strongly pubescent ; the first and third tarsal segment of the
same length, the second very short, barely lobed."

Ceylon (Metner ; Berlin Mus.).

The type is recorded as being in the Berlin Museum, but
the author was unable to find it on the occasion of a visit in
1907, and so Dohru's description is quoted in detail. Dohrn
includes it in his section of Forjtcula which corresponds to
Apterygida, but until the male is discovered it is impossible to
locate its position with accuracy ; the most noticeable points in
the description are the form of the forceps ( $ ), the pronotum
and elytra more or less dilated posteriorly, the absence of wings,
and the small size of the glandular folds.

APPENDICES.

A.

On Collecting- and Preserving Earwigs.

The ordinary methods for collecting beetles and such creatures
may be generally applied to Earwigs. As may be seen in the
chapter on Habits (ante, p. 14), they occur almost everywhere.
When found, they may be best seized in the fingers, care being
necessary to avoid crushing them, for they are delicate insects.

The most convenient instrument for catching them is a s\\eep-
net ; a few vigorous strokes in nettles, grass, rough herbage, or
any suitable situation, will often bring several specimens into the
net. The ordinary sweep-net, as generally sold by dealers, is
not usually a satisfactory instrument ; the handle is nearly always
too rigid, and quickly breaks under the severe strain to which it
is exposed ; a slightly flexible strong cane handle is preferable.
The material is usually too coarse, and so is quickly torn into
holes ; a dense heavy canvas or jean, preferably glazed, makes a
suitable net ; this should be attached to the metal ring in such a
way that the wearing edge of the ring itself is subjected ; otherwise
the exceedingly rough use to which it is exposed quickly wears
out the material, however strong, if bound round the ring ; the
best form of ring is a flat strip of elastic metal, with a series of
holes punched in it ; the material may then be sewn on to the
rinf^ by these holes in such a way that the cutting edge of the
metal is exposed to the grass or shrubs ; this not only increases
the efficiency, but greatly prolongs the life of the net.

Earwigs may be killed in an ordinary cyanide killing-bottle, or by
dropping them into boiling water ; perhaps the most convenient
way is to drop thetn into tubes of spirits of wine ; any alcohol,
such as brandy, whiskey, or gin, will do for this purpose.

Earwigs may be preserved wet or dry. The former is more
convenient for temporary purposes, and has several advantages
for permanent preservation, but the latter is generally preferable
for a collection.

A 3 per cent, solution of formalin preserves most colours but

208 APPENDICES.

hardens the specimens. Alcohol {Go per cent.) preserves these
insects well, without hardening them too much, but, after some
time, bleaches the colours ; it also distends the body, so that
the segments of the abdomen tend to become detached.

For dry presex'ving, the fresh insects may be pinned or staged
and placed directly into the cabinet. In larger specimens the pin
is generally driven through one of the elytra ; long pins are pre-
ferable to short ones, in order to allow space for labels beneath.
Small specimens may be attached with fine silver or nickel pins
to a stage of pith or card, which in its turn is held by a strong
long pin which carries the labels.

Tt is necessary to arrange them on the pins or stages so that
the ventral surface may be examined, ou account of the important
characters afforded by the sternal plates and ventral surface of
the anal region.

Dry earwigs are among the most fragile of insects, the heavy
abdomen constantly tending to fall off. Very frequently the
forceps and last dorsal segment fall olF together ; in such cases,
care must be exercised in repairing them, as it is quite common
in Museums to see the forceps and last dorsal segment cemented
on upside down. Serville, indeed, founded a genus upon such a
specimen.

It is iuaportant that the antennae and legs be extended to permit
easy examination of these important organs.

Every possible information should of course be given on the
labels which should be attached to each specimen.

For packing, it is best to keep the specimens in little tubes of
alcohol ; the delicate organs nearly always break off when they
are packed in papers like butterflies.

Finally, the general principles which experience teaches in
dealing with other insects, such as Coleoptera or Ehynchota,
apply equally well to Dermaptera.

B.

Authors referred to and their Abbreviation.

Annandale, Ur. jS".
Baer, G. A.

Bolivar, Dr. Ignacio. Bol.

Borelli, Dr. Alfredo. Bor.

Borg, Hjalmar.

Bonnans, A. de. Bonn.

Brunner von Wattenwyl, Dr. Hofrath Iv. Br.

AUTHOES HEFEEBHD TO.

Burmeister, H. Burm.

Burr, M.

Dohrn, Dr. H.

Dubrony, A. Dubr.

Dufour, Leon. D\xL

Fabricius, J. C. Fabr.

Fieber, ¥i:X. l^i^b.

Fischer, L. H. Fisch

Gadeau de Kerville, H Gadeau.

Geer, Baron Carl de.

Gene, Giuseppe.

Gerstsecker, A. Gerst.

Green, E. Ernest.

Guerin-Meneville, F. E Guer.

Haan, Dr. W. de.

Jacobson, G. G., & Bianki, V. L Jacobson.

Karsch, Dr. F.

Kirby,W.F Kirb.

Krauss, Dr. H ]jj.^

Leach, W.

Linnaeus, C. I^iu^^

Lucas, H. F. j^u^^

Motschulsky, Victor Motsch.

OUvier, A. OUv.

Pallas, P. S. Palj

Eehn, J. A. G.

Saussure, H. de Sauss.

Scudder, J. H Seudd.

Semenov Tian-Shansky, A. P Sem.

Serville, Audinet Serv.

Sharp, Dr. D.
Stal, C.

Stephens, J. Fr Staph.

Terry, F. W.

Verhoeff, Dr. K. W Verb.

Westwood, Prof. J. O Westw

Yersin, Alexandre. Yers.

209

210 APPENDICES.

c.

GLOSSARY.

Abbreviated. — Of the •wings, when tbey do not project beyond tlie elytra in

repose.
Abm-tive. — Of the wings or elytra, when only pi'esenf, as rudiments.
Anterior. — Generally speaking, that part of the body, or any organ, which is
situated forwards, regarding the mouth as the front of the insect.
Contrasted with jiosterior.
Apex, apical. — Generally speaking, that part of an organ which is most

remote from the centre of the body. In contrast to base, basal.
Base, basal. — Speaking generally, that part of an organ which is neai*est to the

centre of the body ; contrasted with apex, apical.
Bifid. — Applied to the pygidium, or to a lobe, when cleft, divided, or forked.
Carina. — A sharp ridge or keel.
Carinatc. — Having a carina.
Caudal setcB. — The segmented processes occupying the position of the forceps

in larvse of Biplatys and certain other genera.
Centre. — For the conventional centre of the insect, to which the terms
anterior, posterior, base, apex, etc. are relative, it is convenient to
take the scutelluni or base of the suture of the elytra, or, in apterous
forms, the uiesonotum.
Clavate. — Shaped like a club, i.e., abruptly thickened at or near the apex.
Compressed. — Applied to lateral compression only.
Conical. — Applied to segments which gradually increase in thickness from

base to apex where the maximum thitjkness is attained.
Costal. — The costal margin is that edge of the elytra which is in front when

the wing is expanded, and external when in repose.
Co-type. — The same as syntyjie, q. v.
Crenate. — Furnished with a row of teeth like a comb.
Crenulate. — Similar to crenate, but finer.

Crest. — An elevated compressed fold or ridge in the integument.
Ct/clolabia.— Term applied to the shorter forms of forceps when these organs

are of variable length.
Ben fate. — Tooth ed .
Benticulate. — Having fine teeth.
Bepressed. — Flattened, in a horizontal plane.
Bisc. — The flat dorsal portion of the elytra.

Borsal. — Applied to the upper surface of the body or of an organ.
Emarginate. — Applied to the edge of a plate when the outline is broken or

excavate.
Entire. — Applied to the edge of a plate when not broken.
Fold. — See " glandular folds."

Erons. — That part of the head which is situated between the eyes, in front of
the transverse suture (p. 2).

GLOSSARY.

211

Fuscous. — Applied to a coloiu- approaching a smoky, dirty black or brown.
Glandular folds.— 1^ lime souietimes applied to the projecting orifices of the

stink-glands at the sides of the third and fourth abdominal segments in

some genera.
Gmnulose. — Applied to a snrface covered with minute lumps or granules.
Length.— The length of the body is measured from the mouth to the end of the

last segment of the abdomen ; the length of the forceps is the actual

length of the exposed portion of these organs.
Lobe. — An appendage or short prolongation, rounded or pointed.
Longitudinal. — Parallel to the longer axis of the body, i. e. from Jiead to

forceps ; contrasted with transcei-sc.
Macrolabia.— Term applied to the longer forms of forceps where these organs

are of variable length.
jMetazona. — The posterior portion of the pronotum (p. 3).
Obsolete. — As conventionally used by Dermapterists : obscure ; of a tooth or

spine, only just descernible ; nearly absent.
Occiput. — The posterior portion of the head, behind the transverse suture,

(p. 2).
Ovate. — Egg-shaped ; the arc at one end being larger than that at the other.
Faratype. — A specimen which has been compared with the type of a

species.
Pos/erjon— Generally speaking, applied to that part of an organ or of the

body which is situate behind, i-egarding the mouth as the front of the

insect. Contrasted with anterior.
Prozona. — The anterior portion of the pronotum (p. 3).
Pnlvillus. — A small pad sometimes present between the claws of the tarsi.
Punctate. — Covered with small depressions ; pitted.
Pwnctulate. — Similar to -punctate, but finer.
Pygidium. — A horny, chitinous organ, of very diversified shape, situate

between the last dorsal and ventral eclerites, between the branches of

the forceps (p. 8).
Pyriform. — Pear-shaped ; applied to segments which are slender at the basal

end and gradually become thicker towards the apex which is rounded,

so that the maximum thickness is attained just before the apex.
Quadrate. — Approximately square.

Remote.— Ot the forceps, when the branches are not contiguous or sub-
contiguous.
Rugose. — Covered with small irregular wrinkles.
Rugulose. — Covered with finer wrinkles.
Scabrous. — Very rough.
Scales. — See " squamcB."
Scutellum.—A. small, hardened, chitinous portion of the mesonotum, which is

sometimes exposed between the elytra, wheu in repose, at the anal

angle or base of the suture (p. 6).
Segment. — A unit of a jointed organ or member ; applied to the abdomen,

antennffi, feet, etc.
Serrate. — Having an edge like a saw.
Setce. — See " caudal sette."
Sinuate. — Of a margin, gently concave.
SquamcB.— The horny, chitinous part of the wings, often protruding like flaps

beyond the elytra in repose.

212 APPJCNDIOES.

Squamopygidium. — A name sonutiiiK^H eii)j)l<)y(d for anal process.

Striate. — Ilaviti;; a Horice of finely iriiproHHcd linos.

Striolatc- .Siniiinr to slriuic, bul. liaviiif^ finer lines.

Sub. — A prefix liaving a (liniin\itive Uyfca ; e.g. suh-contiguous, nearly con-

tiguouB.
Sulculus. — A Hinallor furrow.
Sulcus. — A furrow.
Sutural. — The Hutural margin of t.ho elytra and wingB is that n)argin along

which, ill repose, the elytra and wings arc more or less in contact.
Suture. — Literally, a seam ; a lino marking the division between two ])latet or

Beginenls; the line of jmietion of the elytra and wings when in repose.
Syntypc. — All tlio specimens, except the tinic, upon whicii a Bj>ecie8 is based

and described.
J'fstaceous.- A coloiir-t(!rm loosely applied by various authors for (liffereiit

shades of orange, yellow, or ochre, assumed by many yellowish tints

on drying.
Transversal. — At right angles to tlio long axis of the body; in contrast to

longitudinal.
Transverse. — Broader than long, or at right angles to tlio long axis.
Trapezoidal. — liaving four sides, of which two are obviously unequal.
Tricarhiate. — 1 hiving three keels.

Irigonal. — Having tlirco edges, i.e. having a triangular cross-section.
Truncate. — Abruptly cut ofl".

Tubercle. — An elevated lump, knob, or projection ; more or less blunt.
Tuberculatc. — Furnished with tubercles.
Tumid. — Swollen.
Type (if a genus. — The first described species of a genus, or else the first

sjiecies specially designated by any author, as the type of the genus.
Type of a species. — One individual specially designated by the author as the

original specimen upon which a species is based and described.
Ventral. — Tho undcT surface of the body or of an organ.
Wing-scales. — See " si/uainm " (also p. (i).

Wings. — The posterior jiair of the organs of (light ; generally speaking applied
only to tho wing-scales or squantw.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

(Names marked * arc synonyms.)

iiceris (Forficiila), 168. iintoni (Anisiilabis), 8.^».

Adiatlictus, 141. ^aiit.oni ( KurcinoUa), 85.

*a'sciila[)ius (Eparclius), ^Apacliya, .'}2.

]'.)(■). Ai'ACiiYii).«, 31.

*a;s(!iilapiu8 (Opisflio- Aijacliyiis, .'}2.

C()8iiiia), I'.V). Apterygida, If),'},

a^sculapius (Timo- *ara(;liidis (Apterjgida),

inonus), 19(i. 12."{.

alirimanes (AUodahlia), ^aracliidis (Oliclidura),
154. 12:}.

■*ahriii>ane.s (Anoeluira), *araolii(ii8 (Ki)rlicnla),

1.54.
Allodalilia, 141).
ainbigua (Korficula),
171.
*imfyliira (Allodalilia),

151.
♦jiiifjl'Ta (.Anecliiira),

151.
■*ancylura ( Koificida),
151.
Aneeliura, I4il, 155, 157,

159, 178.
A.NKciiuKiN.i;, 148.
angii.stata (Diplatys),

44.
angustata (Picrania),64.
*angu8tata (Pygidi-
crania), (>4.
Anisolabis, 7!), 80.
*annandak!i (Anisolabis),
89.
annandalei (Borellia),

89.
annulipes (Anisolabis),
84.
*anniilipc8 (Forcinella), boiigaloiisis (Labidura),

84. 98.

*annulipe8 (Forficesila), ^bcngaiensis (Psalis),

84. 98.

^annidipos (Labidura), *biroveolaf,a (Bracliy-

84. labis), 108.

*antennata (Aniyolabin), bifovcolafa ('Mctiso-
84, 85. labi.s), 108.

12;!.
araeliitlis (jjabia), I2.'>.
■*ara<;liidis(SpliirigolabiH),

12;5.

arniiita ( l^'orficuia),

185.

*arma(a (Opistbocosniia),

185.

ariiiatiis (Oordax), 185.

asiatica (Anccliuraj,

h;i.

^asialica (Lipanira), 182,

18:5.
*aHiat,ica (Noolobopliora),
182, 18;{.
asiatica (Obeliira), IS.'j.
*.\ n(4i(!noinu8, 140.

a/.tcca (Anisolabis), 8.">.
*aztoca (l<\)rcinclla), H5.

■^bfclzebiib (Clielisocbes),
Jt)7.
bfiolzobub (Forfinila),

h;7.

*bigiittata (Forficula),

KIO.

*biha8tata (Platy labia),

118.

*bipar(,ita (Apterygida),

1H3.
*bipartita (Spliiiigolabis),

bipartitus (Klaniion),

i(;;{.

bipiinct.ata ( An('(rliiira),

1(11.
biruianum(SolenoH()ma),
140.
*biriiiaiiU9 (Auoiiono-

niiiH), I 10.
*birmaniis (Oliclisoches),
140.
bivitiala (Forficula),

99.
Borellia, 87.
*burnian8i (Anisolabis),
85.
bormansi (Diplalys),

45.
15KA(;iiYiiAniNyi:, 105.
*ljr;i(-liylabis, 80, IOC,,

108, 109.
■*bracl)ynota ( Forficula),
150, 153.
bralniia (Koanietop),

202.
*braliina(Opi8tlioco9inia),

202.
bnrri (Pseudisolabis),
lO.'J.

*ca;rnleipenni8 (Oarcino-

phora), 76.
calciatii (Anecbura),

159.
calidnsa (Diplatys

gerstiuckcri, var.), 48.

214

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

*callipyga (Pygidicrana),

60.
*cainerunensis (Platy-

labia), 118.
*Carcinopliora. 74.
*castet.si (Carcinophora),
77.
castetsi (Psalii?), 77.
*cauclelli (Bracbylabis),
109.
caudelli (Metisolabis),

109.
celeris (Forficula\
172.
"*ceylonica (Labia), 186.
*ceylonica (Opistbo-
cosmia), 186.
ceylonicus (Cordax),
186.
*Ch£etospania, 127.
Chelisocbella, 131, 132.
Cbelisocbes, 131, 132,
134, 136, 140, 14],
147.

CllELISOCHTN.E, 129.

*cinctieornis (Lobo-
pbora), 135.
cingalensis (? Forficula),
205.
*ciDgalensis(Apterygida),

205.
"cingalensis (Sphingo-

labis), 205.
*circulata (Apterygida),

158.
■^circulata (Forficula),
158.
circulata (Pterygida),

158.
clarki (Labidura), 99.
coloesea (Anisolabis),
82.
*colossea (Forcinella),

82.
*coinpriniens (Cbeli-
socbes), 135.
*Copiscelis, 115.
Cordax, 184.
coriacea (Allodahlia),
153.
*coriacea (Anecbura),

153.
*corticinu8 (Apacbyus),
36.
corticinus (Dendroi-

ketes), 36.
Cosmiella, 180.
Cranopygia, 61.
Cteuisolabis, 109.
cuiniDgi (Cranopygia),
62.

*cuniingi ( Pygidicrania),

(12.
■•^curvic-auda (Forficesila),

118.
curvicauda (Labia),

118.

decipiens (Erotesis),
114.
*decipieiis (Labidura),

]14.
*decipiei)S (Labidurodes),
114.
decolTi (Forcipula),

91.'
Dendroiketes, 36.
*dentata (Forficula), 99.
Dicrana, GO.
Dicrauopygia, 53.
*dimidiata (Platylabia),
118.

DiPLATYIN.E, 38.

Diplatys, 38.
*distincta (Labidura),

99.
*dobrui (Carcinophora) ,

76.
*dobrni (Nannopygia),
76.
dobrni (Psalis), 76.
*doria2 (Chelisocbella),

131.
*doria; (Cbelisocbes), 131.
dravidius (Adiatbetus),
143.
*dubia (Cosmiella), 180.
*dubia (Opisthocosmia),
180.
dubius (Emboros), 180.
dubronii (Anisolabis),
85.
*dubronii (Labidura),

99.
*dufouri (Labidura), 97.

dux (Eparcbus), 191.
*dux (Opisthocosmia),

191.
*Dyscritina, 38, 50.

Echiuo8oma, 70.

ECIIINOSOMATIN.E, 69.

Elaunon, 163.
electa (Gonolabis), 79.
Emboros, 180.
Eparcbus, 190.
ernesti (Diplatys), 48.
Erotesis, 114.
erythrocepbala (Forfi-
cula), 99.

Eudobi-nia, 178.
eximia (Pygidicrana),

57.
Exypnus, 132.

falcatus (Diplatys), 42.
*fallax (Platylabia), 127.
*fasciata (Labia), 117.
*fea3 (Anecbura), 156.
fete (Apacbyus), 33.
*feae (Cbaitospania),

128.
*t'ea; (Cbelisocbes), 148.
feaj (Hainaxas), 148.
feffi (Honiotages), 156.
feae (Spliingolabis),
128.
*fenioralis (Labidura),
75, 76.
femoralis (Psalis), 75.
rtetcheri (Ctenisolabis),

110.
fletcheri (Diplatys), 52.
■^F'orcinella, 80.
Forcipula, 91.
*Forficesila, 95.
Forficula, 163, 164,
178.

FoUFIClILID.E, 129.

FouFUOLix.t:, 162.

gaudens (Anisolabis),

86.
gerstackeri (Diplatys),
46.
■'•■gerstiBckeri (Nanno-
pygia), 46, 52.
gesti-oi (Platylabia),
125.
*gigantea (Forficesila),

99.
*gigautea (Forficula),

99.
*gigantea (Labidura),
99.
gladiator (Diplatys),

41.
glaucopterus (Adiatbe-
tus), 144.
*glaucopterus (Cheli-
socbes), 144.
Gonolabis, 79.
granulosa (Labidura),
99.
*gravidula (Apterygida),

123.
*gravidula (Labia), 123.
^gravidula (Sphingo-
labis), 123.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

215

*greeni (Anisolabis), 87.
greeni (Borellia), 87.
greeni (Cniuopygia
cuiniiigi, var.), 0'2.
greeni (Diplatys), 50.
greeni (Forficula), 170.
*guineeiisis (Platylabia),
118.

Hamaxas, 147.
*hercules (Chelisoches),
142.
Houiotages, 155.
*hottentotta (Forcinella),

85.
*liugeli (Anecbiira), 1.51.
*hugeli (Forficula), 151.
*hugeli (Pygiclicrana),
58.
humeralis (Hvpurgus),
188.
*liunieralis (Opistho-
cosmia), 188.
Hypurgus, 187.

^ieterica (Forficesila),

99.
*icterica (Labidura), 99.
*inermis (Labidura ri-

paria, var.), 99.
insignis (Eparcbus),

192.
*insignis (Forficula), 192.
^insignis (Opistbo-

cosmia), 192.
interrogans (Forficula),

173.

japonica (Anecbura),

160.
*japonica (Labidui'a),

99.
*jupiter (Cbretospania),

112.

kallipyga (Pvgidlcraua),
60. "^

*kallipyg08 (Pygidi-

erana), 60.
*karscbi (Labidura), 99.
Kosnietor, 200.
kudagsB (Anisolabis),
84.

Labia, 115.
*Labidopbora, 124.
Labidura, 95.
l.\bidurid,e, 67.
Labidurix.e, 90.
Labidurodes, 78.
Labiid.t;, 110.

Lariin.t:, 110.
*la!ta (Anisolabis), 85.
lefroyi (Diplatvs), 44.
lefroyi (Psali.s)"; 77.
*Leptisolabis, 106.
libera ta (Diplatys), 52.
Liparura, 288.
Lipodcs, 203.
*livida (Labidura), 99.
*lividipes (Forficula), 97.
lividipes (Labidura), 97.
*Lobopbora, 131, 134.
*longisetosa (Diplatys),

46.
*longisetosa (Dyscritina),
46, 60.
lucasi (Forficula), 172.
*ludekingi (Chelisocbes),

137.
*liigens (Eparcbus), 198.
*lugens (Opisthocosmia),
198.
lugens (Timomenus),

198.
lurida (Forcipula), 94.
*lurida (Forcipula quad-
rispinosa, var.), 94.
lutea (Spongipbora),
112.
*lutea (Spougopbora),
112.
luzonica (Labia), 117.

*macrocepbala (Di-
platys), 45.
macropyga (AUodablia),

151. '
*ujacropvga (Anecbura),

151.'
*niajor (Labidopbora),

125.
major (Platylabia), 125.
*raarginella (Labidura),

99.
maritima (Anisolabis),

83.
^maritima (Bi'achylabis),

83.
*inaritinia (Forcinella),

83.
*njaritinia (Forficesila),

83.
*uiaritinia (Forficula), 83.
*inaritiuia (Labidura), 83.
*marn)oricauda (Pygidi-

crana), 58.
marnioricrura (Pygidi-

crana), 58.
*melauocepbaIa (Lobo

phora), 138.

melanocepbalus (Cheli-
socbes), 138.
nielanoceiilialus (Pro-
reiis), 1.S8.
*nieridionalis (Forfice-
sila), 97.
^■'meridioaalis (Forficula),

97.
*nietallica (Anecbura),
178.
luetallica (Eudobrnia),
178.
*metallica (Forficula),
178.
Metisolabis, 108.
*modesta (Forficula),

137.
*modesta (Lobopbora),
137.
modesta (Pyge), 65.
*niodes(.a (Pjgidicrana),

65.
*niodestu3 (Chelisocbes),
137.
mogul (Forficula), 167.
*niongolica (Labidura),
99.
morio (Chelisocbes),
135.
*morio (Forficula), 135.
*morio (Lobopbora),

135.
*morosa (Forcipula), 92.
*morosa (Labidura), 92.
*mucronata (Forficula),
119.
mucronata (Labia), 119.

Nannisolabis, 106.
*]N'annopygia, 38.
*Neolobophora, 183.
*neolobopboroides (Cos-

miella), 200.
*neolob()])horoides (Opis-
thocosmia), 200.
neolobophoroides (Syn-

tonus), 200.
nepalensis (Labidura),
96.
*nevilli (Eparcbus), 197.
*nevilli (Opisthocosmia),
197.
nevilli (Timomenus),

197.
nietneri (Cranopvgia),
63.
*nietneri (Pygidicrana),
63.
nigrella (Labia), 117.
*nigricep3 (Diplatys), 45,
50.

216

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

nigriceps (Plarylabia),

127.
*nigricornis (Cheliso-

ches). 135.
*nigricornis (Labidura),

135.
*nigripennis (Forfice-

sila), 123.
nigrocnstaneiis (Adia-

thetus), 145.
*nigroniteiis''Lobopbora),

135.
nitidipennis (Spongi-

pbora), 112.
*nitidipennis (Spongo-

pbora), 112.

*oannes (Oijistliocosmia),
195.
oannes (Tiniomenus),

195.
Obelura. 183.
opbthalmica (Pyge). 66.
*opbtbalmica (Pygidi-

craiia), 66.
«Opisthoeosmia, 180, 184,
187,190,194,199,200.
Oi'isTiiocosMii.v.i:, 175.
orientalis (Anechura),

161.
ornata (Forficula), 169.

Palex, 68.
Palicin.b, 67.
pallidipetmis (Pygidi-
crana), 57.
*pallipes (Forficula), 97,

99.
*pallipes (Labidura), 97,
99.
Parisolabin^, 102.
parvuliiiu (Ecbinosoina),

72.
pascoei (Apachyiis), 35.
*patagonicus (Demogor-

gon), 99.
*philetas (Brachylabis),

106.
*pbiletas (Leptisolabis),
106.
philetas (Nannisolabis),

106.
Picrania, 63.
picta (Pygidicrana), 55.
*pilioornis (Forficula),
120.
pilicornis (Labia), 120.
planicoUis (Forficula),
174.

Platylabia, 124.
*pluvialis (Labidura), 99.

Proreus, 136.
*Psalidophora, 111.

PSALIN,-E, 73.

Psalis. 74.
Pseudisolabis, 102.
Pterygida, 157.
pugnax (Forcipula), 93.
*pugiiax (Labidura), 93.
*pulcbellus (Chelisocbes),

170.
*pulchripennis (Clieliso-

chella), 132.
*pulchripennis (Clieliso-

ches), 1.32.
pulcbripennis (Exyp-

nus), 132.
pulchripes (? Forficula),

204.
*punctata (Brachylabis),

109.
punctata (Liparura),

182.
Pyge, 65.

pygidiata (Labia), 122.
Pygidicrana, 53, 60, 63,

65.
Pygidicranid.*;, 37.
Pygidicranin.e, 53.

quadrispinosa (Forci-
pula), 94.
*quadrispinosa (Labi
dura), 94.

repens (Sondax), 177.
ridens (Labia), 121.
*riparia. var. inerniis,

(Labidura), 99.
*riparia (Forficula), 99.
riparia (Labidura), 99.
*ritsem£B (Chelisocbes),
139.
ritsenise (Proreus), 139.
robustus (Labidurodes),
78.
*rufesce.ns (Cyliudrogas-
ter), 47, 51.
rufescens (Diplatys), 51.
*rufitarsis (Forficula),

135.
*rufitarsis (Psalido-
phora), 135.

scabriuscula (AUodah-
lia), 150.
*scabriuscula (Anechura),
150.

*scabriuscula (Forficula),

1.50.
*schlagintweiti (Ane-
chura), 166.
schlagintweiti (Forfi-
cula), 166.
semiflava (Spongiphora),
113. '' ^^ ''
*sennflava (Spongo-
phora), 113.
.seryillei (Labidura), 99.
shelfordi (Adiathetus),
142
*sbelfordi (Chelisochella),

142.
*shelfordi (Chelisocbes),
142.
siamensis (Pygidicrana),

59.
simplex (Hypurgus),
189.
*siniplex (Opisthocos-

mia), 189.
*siniulans (Chelisocbes),

137.
*simulans (Forficula),

137.
*simulans (Lobopbora),
137.
simulans (Proreus), 137.
siva (Diplatys), 49.
Solenosoma, 140.
Sondax, 177.
sparattoides (Palex), 68.
*sparattoides (Platy-
labia), 68.
Sphingolabis, 127. 163.
Spongiphora, 111.
*Spougophora, 111.
*stali (Anisolabis), 88.

stall (Borellia), 88.
*8tali (Forcinella), 88.
*stratioticus (Cheliso-
cbes), 135.
suinatranum (Ecliino-

souia), 70.
superba (Chelisochella),
131.
*superba (Lobopbora),

131.
*superbus (Chelisocbes),

131.
*suturalis (Forficula), 99.
*suturalis (Labidura), 99.
Syntonus, 199.

*taniul (Neolobophora),

184.
ta.nul (Obelura), 184.
*tartarea (Lobopbora),

135.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

in<

temoiM (Kosnietor), 201.
*teaiora (Opisthocosmia),
201.
tenebrator (Adiathetus),

146.
*tenebrator(Chelisoche8),

146.
*tenplla (Forficula), 193.
*tenella (Opisthocosmia),

193.
tenellus(Eparchus), 193.
tenera (Pseudisolabis),
104. .
*terininalis (Forficesila),

99.
*l.lioracica (Labidoph-
ora), 126.

thoraoica (Platvlabia),

126.
Timomenus, 194.
trispiiiosa (Forcipula),

92.
*triispino8a (Labidura),

92.

valida (Pygidicrana),
56.
*vicina (Forficesila), 97.
*vicina (Labidura), 97.
*vicina (Labidura livi-

dipes, var.), 97.
*vishnu (Apterygida),
202.
vishiiu (Kosmetor). 202.

vivax (Lipodes), 204.
*Tivax (Opisthocosmia),
204.

*vvallacei (Forficula), 12.3.
"*wallacei (Sphiiigolabis),

123.
*westermanni (Echino-

soma), 71.
willeyi (Nannisolabis),

107.

■*santhopu3 (Forficesila),
99.

zubovskii (Anechiira),
160.

Printed bv T.wr.ou and Fr!\xris, Red l.inn Court. Fleet Street.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Apachyusfece, Borm., d* . Burma ; p. 33. Anal process and
forceps, from above, x 1|.
1 a. Id. from below, x 1|.

1 b. Id. Tarsus.

2. Aiiachyus fecc, Borm., $ . Anal process and forceps, from

above, x l^-

2 a, Id. from below, x 1|.

3. Dendi'oihetes corticinus, Burr, S • Type. Ceylon ;

p. 36. X 2|.

3 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from

beneath, x 4|.

3 h. Id. Tarsus.

4. Diplatys falcatus,l^\xvY, S' Type. Punjab; p. 42. x 3.

4 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from

below. X 3.

5. Diplatys lefroyi, Burr, cJ • Type. Bombay p. 44. x 4.

5 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from

below. X 6.

6. Diplatys ang:istatus, Burr, cS . Type. Bengal ;

p. 44. X 3.

6 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from

below. X 4.

7. Diplatys gersto'cl-eri, J) ohvn, J. Ceylon: p. 4G. x 4^.

7 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, from below, x 6.

8. Diplatys fietclieri. Burr, S • Type. Ceylon ; p. 52. x 4|.

8 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, from below, x 4.^.

PLATE I.

E. Wilson, Cambridge.

PLATE II.

Fig. 9. Diplatys ernesti, Burr, (5' . Type, Cej'lon ; p. 48. x 4|.
9 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, x 7h

10. Pi/c/idicrana picta, Gner., (J. India; p. 55. X ]|.

10 o. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, x 1|.

11. Pi^igldic)'cmapciUidipenms,'Kfi^n,S' Java ; p. 57. xl^.

11 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, x 3.

12. Pi/gidicrana marmoncyura,Serv., (^ . Java; p. 58. x 1.

13. Pygidlcraim siamensis, Dohrn, d . Peuang ; p. 59. x 1^.

14. Cranopycjia cunnngi^'Doh.va, S . Ceylon; p. 02. xlg.
14 cr. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, x Ig.

15. Cranopygia nietneri, Dohrn, c? . Ceylon ; p. 63. x 2.

16. Pyge ojjJithalmica, Dohrn, c? • Madras; p. 66. xl|.

17. Echi jiosom a sumatmnum, liafm, 2- Java; p. 70. x 3.
17 (f. Id. Apex of abdomen from below, x 3.

17^. Id. Tarsus, x 7|.

PLATE

E Wilson Cambridge.

PLATE III.

JFig. 18. Psalis femoralis, Dohrn, J- Ceylon p. 75. x 3,

19. Psalis dolirni, Kirby, S . Ceylon ; p. 76. x 2|.

20. Psalis lefroyi, Burr, S . Bombay ; p. 77. X 4.

21. Gonolahls electa, ^wvv, S . Type. Ceylon; p. 79. X 4|.

21 rt. Id. Apex of abdomen from below, x 4|.

22. Anisolabis maritima, Bon., cS . Japan ; p. 83. x 2.

22 rt. Id. Tarsus.

23. Anisolahis kudar/ce, Burr, J . Type. Ceylon ; p. 84.

X 21.

24. Anisolahis annulijjes, Luc., S • Europe ; p. 84. x 2^.

25. Forcipida decohjij'Bovm., S- Bengal; p. 91. X 14.

25 a. Id. Abdominal spine.

2(3. Forcipula trispinosa, J) ohvn, S- Nepal: p. 92. x 14.

26 rt. Id. Yar. minor, Burr, S . Nepal. Apex of abdomen.

X U.
26 b. Id. Abdominal spine.

27. ForcijJida2>i'^gnax,Kirhy, J. Bengal; p. 93. X 14.

PLATE III

E. AVilson, Cambridge

PLATE IV.

Fig. 28. Forcijmla quadrisjnnosa, Dohru, cS ■ Aunam ; p. 94.
X 2.

28 rt. Id. Apex of abdomen, 5. x I5.

29. Forcijyida lurida, Boh, d" . Madras; p. 94. X 1|.

29 a. Id. Abdominal spine,

30. Labidura ncpalcnsvi, Burr, J . Type. Nepal ; p. 96.

X 3.

31. Lahidaralividipes,'Du.i., S. Africa; p. 97. X 3.

31 rt. Id. Var. vicina, Luc, c? ; apex of abdomen, x 3.

32. Labidura benffalensis, Dohru, cJ . Bengal ; p. 98. (Nat.

size.)

32 rt. Id. 2 ; apex of abdomen, (Nat. size.)

33. Labidura riparia, Pall., S • East Africa ; p. 99. (Nat.

size.)

33 rt. Id, 2 i ^pex of abdomen. (Nat, size,)
33 b. Id, Tarsus,

34. Id. Var, inermis, Brunner, S - Bengal ; p, 101, x 3.

35. Pseudisolabis burri, Borelli, 6 • Syntype. Kashmir ;

p. 103. X 3.
35 rt. Id. Tarsus.
35 b. Id. Antenna.

36. Pseudisolabis fenera, Burr, cf • Type. Punjab ; p. 104.

X 3.

PLATE IV.

E. Wilson, Cambridge.

PLATE V.

Fig. 37. Sjjongiphora se7nijlava, Borm., c? . Burma ; p. 113. x 4|.
37 a. Id. Apex of abdomen, x 6.

38. Labia curvicauda,'Motsch. , c? . Burma; p. 118. X 6.

39. Labia mucronata, Stal, ^ . Annam ; p. 119. x (>.

40. Labia pilicornis, Motsch., c? . Ceylon ; p. 120. x (J.

41. Labia jii/gidiata, Borm., cJ . Sandwich Is. ; p. 122. x 4|.

42. Labia 7-idens, Borm., \ar. cychlabia, Borm., J. Syntype.

Burma; p. 121, x 4|.
42 ff. Id. Y ar. mac7-olabia,Buvv . Forceps, x 3|.

43. Plafylabia nvjriceps, Kirby, J . Sumatra ; p. 127. X f).

44. Spliingolabis fece,Bovm., cJ . Burma; p. 128. x 4.

45. Chelisoches morio, Fabr., J • Java ; p. 135. x 2|.

45 o. Id. Yar. stnUioticus, Eehn, J. Java. End of

abdomen, x 2.
45 b. Id. 5 ; end of abdomen from below, x 3.

46. Adiathetus dravidius, Burr, J . Type. Travancore ;

p. 143. X 21.

47. Adiathetus glaucoj)ter us, Borm., c? • Tonkin; p. 144.

X 2-1.
47 a. Id. 5 ; end of abdomen, x 2.

PLATE V.

E. Wilson, Cambridge.

PLATE VI.

Pig. 48. Adiatltetus nigrocastcoieus, Burr, J . Type. Bombay :
p. 145. X 2i.

49. AllodaJdiascabrmscula,Sery.,(S. Borneo; p. 150. x2^,

50. AUodaJdia macropyr/a, Westw. , c^ . Bengal; p. 151. x 2^.
50 a. Id. J forceps, from side.

51. Allodaldia coriacea, Bonn., d" . Tonkin; p. 153. x 2.

52. Aneclmra ziihovskii, Sem., c? . Kashmir; p. 160. x 2.
52 a. Id. c^ forceps, side view, x 2.

53. Elaunon hipartitxis, Islvhj, S • Ceylon ; p. 163. x 3.
53 «. Id. Tarsus, x 9.

54. Forjicida scMaginhveiti, Burr, c? . 'Sikkim; p. 166. X 1|.
54 a. Id. Var., forceps, x Ik.

55. Forficula mogul, lixiXY, S ' Type. Darjiling; p. 167. x 2.

56. ForJlcida heelzehuh, Burr, macrolahia form, ^ • Darjiling

p. 167. X 21.
56 a. Id. Porceps of cyclolahia form, x 2.

PLATE VI.

56a

F, Wilson, Cambric

PLATE VII.

Fig. 57. Forficida aceris, Bnvr, <S . Type. India; p. 168, x 2|.

58. Forjicula ambigua, J^ni'v, cS . Tonkin; p. 171. X 3.

59. Fo^i/icida lucasi, Dohvn, S' Syria; p. 172. x 2\.

60. Forficula celeris,'R\xvT, 6- Type. Assam ; p. 172. x 3.

61. Forjicula inten'or/ans, BnvT, J. Type. Darjiling ; p. 173.

X 3. '

62. Syntonvs ncolohojiJioroides, Burr, S • Tvpe. Ceylon ;

p. 200. X 4.

63. Sondax rej^ens, Burr, cJ . Type. Madras ; p. 177. X 4|.

04. Liparura ininctata,^WT\\ S- Type. Darjiling; p, 182,
X 3.

Qb. Obelura tamvJ, Jiurr, c? • Type. Ceylon; p. 184. x 3.

60. Cordao: armatus, Haan, J. Celebes; p, 185. x 2|.

67. Cor d (uv ce)/7onicus, Motsch., d" , Ceylon ; p. 186. x 3.

PLATE VII.

E. Wilson, Cambridge.

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 68. Hi/purgus humeralis, Kirby, (S . Ceylon ; p. 188. x 4.

69. Timomenus oannes, Burr, d • Type. Sikkim ; p. 195.

X 3.

70. Timomeni^s cesculajpius, Ijnvr, (S . Type. Bhutan; p. 196.

X 21.

71. Timomenus nevilU, Burr, c? • Type. Bhutan ; p. 197.

X 2i.

72. Tiynomenus h(gens,BoYm., d. Assam; p. 198. x 2i.

73. Kosmetor temora, Burr, S- Type. Darjiling; p. 201.

X 8.

74. Kosmetor vishnu, Burr, d' . Type. Darjihng ; p. 202.

X 3.

75. D'lplaiys rufescens, Kirby, c?. Type. N. India; p. 51.

X 21.
75 «. Id. Penultimate ventral segment from beneath. x4|.

"J Q. Pyrjemodesta, 'Qovin., 6 ' Syntype. Burma; p. 65. x 2.

77. PuJex sparattokles, Borm., c?. Java; p. 08. x 3.
77 a. Id. Pygidiura from above, x 6.

78. Nannisolabis ivilleyi, Burr, d • Type. Ceylon ; p. 107.

X 3.

79. CtenisolaUs fleicheri, Burr, d. Type. Ceylon; p. 110.

X -4.

PLATE VIII.

E. Wilson, Cambridge.

PLATE IX.

Fig. 80. Sponr/iphora nit'idipeiinis, Borm c^ . Sarawak; p. 112.
X 2i.

81. Labia iiigrella, Dubr., var. fasciata, Borm., 5 • Burma ;

p. 117. X Ih.

82. Labia aracJiidis, Ters., c? . Java ; p. 123. x 3.

83. Platylabia tlioracica, Dohrii, c? . Sumatra ; p. 126. x 4.

84. Exypnus puJchripennis, Borm., S . Borneo ; p. 133.

X 2.
84 a. Id. Tarsus, x 5.

85. Proreus siimdans, Stal, ^ . Malacca ; p. 137. x 3.

86. Proreus melanocephalus, Dohrn, J . Bengal ; p. 138. x 3.

87. Proreus ritsema:, Jiovva., cS . Sarawak; p. 139. x 3^.

88. Hamaxas fecP; Borm., 6 • Sumatra; p. 148. x 3.

89. Chelisocliella superba, Dohrn, (S . Sarawak; p. 131.

X 1|.
89 a. Id. ? forceps, x Ih.

89 b. Id. Tarsus.

90. DiplaU/sliberatus,'Bnvr,(S. Type. Burma ; p. 52. x2|.

90 a. Id. Penultimate ventral segment, x 6.

91. DipJat>/s bormansi, Burr, d . Type. Burma; p. 45. x 4|.

91 «. Id. Penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from

below. X 7.

PLATE IX

E. Wilson, Cambridge.

PLATE X.

Fig. 92. Forcipula Inrida, BoL, d • Madras ; p. 94. (Nat. size.)

93. Ajxi chy ns fece, Hovm., d- Burma; p. 33. (Nat. size.)

94. Crun(ypytjia aimingi, Dolirn, c5' . Ceylon ; p. 62. (Nat.

size.)

95. AnecJmra calciatii, Bor., c? • Syntype. Kashmir ;

p. 159. X 2.

96. Pterygida circidata, Dohrn, J . Northern India ; p. 158.

(Nat. size.)

97. Anisolahis dubronii, Kirby, d • Type. Tenasserim ;

p. 85. (Nat. size.)

98. Allodahlia a7n'imanes,Bnvr, d". Type. Sikkim ; p. 154.

X 2.

99. E2nircJms insiynis, Hann, J. Burma; p. 192. x 2.

100. EparcJnis tenellus, Haau, cf • Java; p. 193. x 3.

101. Homotages feae, Borm., c? . Nepal; p. 156. X 2.

102. Elaumn bipariihis, Kirby, J . Ceylon ; p. 163. x 2.

103. Forjimla greeni, Burr, d" . Type. Ceylon ; p. 170.

x 2.

104. Timomenns oannes, Burr, J • Type. Assam ; p. 195.

X 2..

PLATE X.

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