l0^'-e ;,vJ;l W& ^tJt^;-. -, «■:>,. vVrt-y--'.: ■'■ 'ijU^tataSiCiti ■'■■■ ■'■•-•<■ -i^*."' • ■y^::'ry,,^-^.i^- .',/:rt^>.-?'i '»■.," r ; ';: ■ ;.. *'.'.^.;-";''-.'.- ■ ■^:x.'>dii^- ' ' ' ' ■ ■: ' '^^i\.1^^"' A-:--ivS^^r5^> ■WM 3^1^i3-^>^'«V'l'^'.-' AS£^M {^_ THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, JT ^7 R O y INCLUDING CEYLON AND BURMA. Published under the autsoeitt of the Seceetary of State foe India in Council. edited by a. e. shipley, m.a., hon. d.sc, f.r.s. D E R M A P T E R A (EARWIGS). BY MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CALCUTTA: I BOMBAY : THACKER, SPINK, & CO. | THACKER & CO., LIMITED. BERLIN : R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, U CARLSTRASSE. 1910. PRINTED BY TAYLOR ANT) FRANCIS, RED LIOM COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON. CONTENTS. Page Editor's Preface v Author's Preface viij Systematic List of Species xiii Introduction ] General 1 Structure 2 Determination of Species 10 Development H Copulation 12 Oviposition 13 Ova 14 Habits 14 Food 17 Maternal Care 18 Geographical Distribution 19 Literature 26 Table of Families 31 ApachyidcB 31 Pygidicranidce 37 Labiduridce 67 Labiidcc HO Forjicididce 129 Species of Uncertain Position 204 Appendices : — A. On Collecting and Preserving Earwigs 207 B. List of Authors, and Abbreviations 208 C. Glossary 210 Index 213 Explanation of Plates. EDITOR'S PREFACE. In this the first of the 'Fauna of British India' Series issued under my Editorship, I would wish to record my sense of the loss Science has sustained through the death of the late Lieutenant-Colonel C. T. Bingham, He succeeded Dr. Blanford, who initiated and edited the Series for more than twenty years, in 1905, and since that time devoted himself unremittingly to the task he then took up. His loss has been widely felt, especially amongst the workers in systematic Entomology : if I may quote his own words about his predecessor : — " To few, however, will that loss be personally so great as to those who under his direction were working for the Fauna of India series/' During the year 1908 Colonel Bingham was engaged on his third and final volume on the Indian Butterflies. This, which was to have included the families Lycanidce and Hesperiidce, he left unfinished. I am happy to state that Mr. H. Druce has, with the sanction of the Secretary of State for India, undertaken to complete the work; but owing to the constantly increasing amount of material now available it will be necessary to devote a volume to each of these families. At the time of Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham's death, volumes on the following Groups had been sanctioned by VI EDITOR S PREFACE. the Secretary of State for publication : — on the Cicindelida, PaussidcE, and a General Introduction to the Coleoptera, by Canon W. W. Fowler : on the Orthoptera, by Mr. W. F. Kirby : on the Dermaptera, by Mr. Malcolm Burr : on the Butterflies (third and last volume), by Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham : on the Curculionidce, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall : on the Cetoniidce and Dynastida, by Mr. G. Arrow : on the Ichneumonid(S, by Mr. Claude Morley : on Longicorn Beetles, by Mr. C. J. Gahan : and on the Bnprestidce, by Mr. E. P. Stebbing. Since that date, sanction has been obtained for an Appendix to the volumes on the Rhynchota, by Mr. W. L. Distant. In addition to the two (3rd and 4th) volumes on Butterflies already mentioned, the Secretary of State for India has also sanctioned a half volume on the Blattida, by Mr. R. Shelford ; and a whole volume, instead of the half volume previously sanctioned, on the Acridiidce and Locustida, by Mr. Kirby. Further, approval has been given for a second volume on the Mollusca, by Lieutenant-Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen. Although there are few better known insects in Europe than the common Earwig, the Dermaptera are said to be rare in most parts of the world. The Order, however, in warm and tropical regions is rich in species. Hence, although but two species are probably indigenous to our islands, the number described by Dr. Burr from India amounts to over one hundred and thirty. In the present work Dr. Burr has adopted a new classifi- cation, and has incorporated in its pages the results of a series of systematic Papers which he has published during the last year or two. If we except some statements taken from de Bormans^ account of Earwigs from Burma, a very large proportion of this work is original. In the fifth volume of the ' Cambridge Natural History ' Dr. Sharp states: — "The classification of the earwigs is still in a rudimentary state " : I do not think I exaggerate when EDITOR S PREFACE. vii I say that Dr. Burr's work will cause the deletion of this senteuce if a new edition of Dr. Sharp's volume be called for. I cannot let this volume appear without expressing mv gratitude to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall for much time spent in proof-reading, and for much help in other Editorial tasks. A. E. SHIPLEY. October 1909. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The Earwigs form a compact, homogeneous and well-defined group of insects. Owing to a superficial resemblance to certain Staphylinida, Linnaeus included them in the Coleo- ptera, but de Geer placed them in his Order Dermaptera, which corresponded to the Orthoptera of Olivier, in the modern acceptance of the name. Kirby, in 1815, treated them as a distinct Order, restricting to them de Geer's name Dermaptera, which had been superseded by Olivier's word for the larger group. Authors were then divided into two camps, those in favour of considering the earwigs as an Order and those who preferred to regard them as a Family of the Orthoptera. The actual name employed for the group of earwigs has varied still more. Erichson and Fischer called them Labi- duroidcB ; Latreille. Serville, and Scudder, Forficulidce ; Newman and Fischer von Waldheim, Forculina, followed at first by Burmeister, who later proposed Dermaptera in an amended form, Dermatoptera. Westwood invented the appropriate name Euplexoptera, and Fischer, Harmoptera ; Lrunner called them Forficularia, as a family of the Ortho- ptera ; Bolivar regards them as a section of the Orthoptera, under the name Dermaptera, with the single family Forfi- culidce. Dohrn, Redtenbacher, Krauss and Verhoeff follow Kirby, in giving them full ordinal rank, under de Geer's name Dermaptera; but de Bormans, in his monograph published in " Das Tierreich," treats them as a family, Forficulidce. Our own inclination is to treat them as a distinct order. AUTHOR S PREFACE. IX with the name Dermaptera, sanctioned by much use^ rejecting the corrections suggested, such as Dermoptera by Agassiz and Dermatoptera by Burmeister. No attempt had been made to subdivide earwigs into smaller gi-oups until this was done by Verhoeff (1902), who based his classification upon the genitalia. His system has the double disadvantage of being impracticable for ordinary purposes, and incomplete. Many of his characters are of doubtful value, and some of his Avork will probably never be accepted, while it is not free from inaccuracy, involved synonymy, and other drawbacks. It was, however, the first attempt to reject the empirical arrangement, with which de Bormans, for want of material, had been obliged to be content. As such it merits recognition and approbation. The writer of this work has endeavoured to pick out those portions of Verhoeff's Avork which appear to him to be souna, to retain the best part of de Bormans' system, to add a considerable amount of new material and original observa- tion and to produce a harmonious whole. The result of this attempt is set forth in the following pages. Families and subfamilies were first established by Verhoeff, but his definitions are not always retained, and his separation of the Apachjidxe into a suborder under the name Para- dermaptera is rejected. Only five families are retained, each divided into a varying number of subfamilies. A careful study of the characterisation of these groups is essential to the understanding of the Dermaptera as a whole; the main outline of this new classification is presented in the synoptical table of families on page 31. The author is engaged at the same time upon a general revision and Monograph of the Earwigs of the world, and the system put forward in the following pages is that which he has so far adopted in his manuscript of the larger work. It is unnecessary to add with what pleasure criticism and suggestions will be received. Above all, fresh material is most urgently required, in order that a solution may be obtained for the still remaining problems. X AUTHOR S PREFACE, In order to be cousistent in the use of the word " type " the author lias uniformly followed the principle that one individual specimen, and one only, can be the type of a species. For instance, of Forficula sjostedti, Burr, an African species, the author has examined nearly 500 specimens. Now, it is posssible that in future generations, some entomologist, with great local knowledge, may decide that this number included two distinct forms ; consequently, if every one of these 500 specimens were labelled '' Type ^' and these "types" were scattered through the collections and museums of the world, it would have been impossible to decide which was the true Forficula sjostedti. Again, some of de Bormans' species were based on material partly in the Genoa and partly in the Vienna Museum. Each Museum claims to possess the type. Every specimen, in both collections, in many instances, is labelled " type.'^ In such a case the author has endeavoured to identify the actual individual on which the description was based, or the first specimen named, and for him that has been the type. All the others are syntypes, which have nearly, but not quite, the same value for purposes of identification. The 499 remaining specimens of Forficula sjostedti, for instance, are syntypes. A further term is paratype, which is applied to a specimen which has been identified authoritatively by comparison with a true type. A paratype has therefore a little less value than a syntype, and a syntype than the type, of a species. In the systematic part of this work, an asterisk indicates that the type has been examined by the author, two asterisks denoting a syntype. The material for this work has been derived from the following sources : — I. The results of Leonardo Fea's travels in Burma ; the collections are in the Civic Museum of Genoa ;. they have been reported on by de Bormans (88) and (94). AUTHOR S PREFACE. XI II. A few species taken in Trichinopoli, near Kodai- kanal, enumerated by Bolivar (97), in which paper de Bormans describes some new species. III. Scattered references to Indian localities in general works upon Orthoptera, or on Dermaptera, such as Gue'rin (38), Dohrn (63-67), de Bormans (83) and (00), Diibrony (79), VVestwood (39), and so on. IV. Material in the collections of the Museums of Brussels, Budapest and Paris, reported on by Burr (00), (02), (07^), (08^) and (OS^- V. Material in the Oxford University INluseum ; no account of this collection has yet been published, but the material has been kindly lent to the author by Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S. VI. A paper on the Earwigs of Ceylon, by Burr (01), based chiefly on material collected by Mr. E. Ernest Green, Government Entomologist, at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. VII. Material in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, mostly taken by Dr. Nelson Annandale, and published by Burr (05*), (06') and (07-), including some com- municated by Mr. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial Entomologist at Pusa, Bengal. VIII. Material specially collected for the purpose of this work, and communicated to the author, by Mr. T. B. Fletcher, formerly of H.M.S. ' Sealark,' quartered at Ceylon, and by Dr. A. Willey, of Colombo. IX. Material from various sources contained in the author's collection and in the collection of Mon- sieur Henri Gadeau de Kerville, of Rouen, who has very obligingly placed his specimens very freely at the author's disposition. But for the efforts of the gentlemen named above, the number of species and localities in the following work would have been reduced by about half. The author takes this opportunity of repeating his thanks for their valuable and enthusiastic help. Xll AUTHOR S PREFACE. It will be observed in the list of species ou p. 23, that a large proportion of types have been examined and it has been attempted to show where all the types are at present preserved. This has been possible in almost all cases where species have been recently described, but the older authors did not specify their types with the accuracy which is now considered necessary. Consequently it has not always been possible to state where the types are in the case of such authors as Serville, Dohrn, &c. In describing a new species the latter author often noted that his material was based on specimens in several collections ; all his original specimens are syntypes, but it is impossible to determine which individual is the type. In such instances, the where- abouts of the syntypes has been noted. It has been assumed that Dohrn's own specimens are still preserved at Stettin, but this is the only important collection of earwigs which has not been placed at the disposal of the author. The author gladly takes this opportunity of recording his gratitude to Dr. Shipley, the most courteous of editors, and especially to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, whose laborious and careful proof-reading has placed him under a deep sense of obligation. The plates and figures in the text have been drawn by Mr. Edwin AVilson, with the exception of several figures (75, 76, 79 & 90) which are by Mr. Horace Knight. No work upon this group of insects has yet enjoyed such accurate and abundant illustration. MALCOLM BURR. Eastry, Kent. July 6th, 1009. SYTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES. DEEMAPTEEA.' Family I. Apachyidae. Genus 1. Apachyus, Serv. 1. A. feci', Bonn. 2. A.jxtscoei, Kirby. Genus 2. Dendroiketes, Burr. 1 1. Z>. corticinus, Burr. Family II. Pygidicranidae. Subfamily 1 . Diplaty in ce. Genus 1. Diplatts, Serv. tl. -0. fjladiator, Burr. t2. D. falcatiis, Burr. t3. D. lefroyi, Burr. + 4. D. aufj/ustatus, Burr. 5. D. hormansi, Burr. 6. D. gerstceckeri, Dohrn. 1 7. D. erncsti. Burr. 1 8. D. siva, Burr. 9. D. greeni, Burr. 10. D. rufescens, Kirby. til. D.Jletchen,Bnvr. 12. D. liheratus. Burr. Subfamily 2. P y r/ i die r a n i n cf. ■ Genus 1. Pygidicrana, Serv. 1. P.picfa, Guer. t 2. P. valida, Dohrn. 3. P. 2icillidipennis, Haan. 4. P. en'hnia, Dohrn. 5. P. marmoricrura, Serv. 6. P. siamensis, Dohrn. 1 Species marked with a dagger (t) are not represented in the National Collection. LIST OF SPECIES, Genue 2. Diceana, Burr. 1 . D. halUpyga, Dohrn. Genus 3. Cranopxgia, Burr. 1. C. cwningi, Dohrn. 2. C. 7iietneri, Dohrn. Genus 4. Piceania, Burr. 1. P. angusiata, Dohrn. Genus 5. Pyge, Burr. 1. P. modexta, Borm. 2. P. o^hthahiiica, Dohrn. Family III. Lahiduridae. Subfamily 1 . Palicina;. Genus 1. Palex, Burr. fl. P. sparattoides, Borm. Subfamily 2. Ec hi no so m at in ce. Genus 1. Echinosoma, Serv. 1. E. sumatraman, Haan. t2. E. parvidum,J)ohxn. Subfamily 3. Psal i n ce. Genus 1. Psalis, Serv. 1. P. femora? /s, Dohrn. 2. P. dohrni, Kirby. t3. P. lefroyi, Burr. 1 4. P. castetsi, Borm. Genus 2. Labidurodes, Dubr. 1 1. L. robusttis, Dubr. Genus 3. Gonolabis, Burr. 1 1, G. electa, Burr. Genus 4. Anisolabis, Pieb. 1. A. colossea, Dohrn. 2. A. maritima, Bou. t 3. J.. litdagcB, Burr. 4. A. annidipes, Luc. 5. A. dubronii, Kirby. to. A. gaudens, Burr. LIST OF SPECIES. Genus 5. Bokellia, Burr. 1. B. greeni, Burr. 2, B. stali, Dohrn. t3. B. annandalei, Burr. Subfamily 4. L ah id u r i n cb. Genus 1. Forcipula, Bol. tl. F. decolyi, Borm. 2. F. trispinosa, Dohrn. 3. F. pugnax, Kirby. 4. F. quadrispinosa, Dohrn. 1 5. F. lurida, Bol. Genus 2. Labidura, Leach. f 1. L. 7iepalensis, Burr. 2. L. lividipes, Dufour. 3. L. benc/alensis, Dohrn. 4. L. riparia. Pall. Subfamily 5. P a r i sol ah i n ce. Genus 1. Pseudisolabis, Burr. 1 1. P. hurri, Bor. t 2. P. tenera, Burr. Subfamil}^ 6. Brack y I ah i nee. Genus 1, Nannisolabis, Burr. fl. N. p}iiletas,~Quvv. t2. N. luilleyi, Burr. Genus 2. Metisolabis, Burr. 1 1. M. hifoveolata , Bol. 2. M. caudelli, Burr. Genus 3. Ctexisolabis, Verb. 1 1. Ct. fletcluri. Burr. Family IV. Labiidae. Subfamily 1. Lahiince. Genus 1. Spongiphora, Serv. 1. /Sj»). lutea, Borm. 2. Si), ni/idipennis, Borm. 3. Sp. semijlava, Borm. LIST or SPECIES. Genus 2. Eeotesis, Burr. 1. E. deaj)iens, Kirby. Genus 3. Labia, Leach. 1. L, nigrella, Dubr. 2. L. luzonica, Dohru. 3. L. ciirvicauda, Motseli. 4. L. mucronata, tStal. 5. L. pilicornis, Motsch. 6. L. ]iygidiata, Dubr. 7. L. ridens, Bonn. 8. L. arachidis, Yers. Genus 4. Platylabia, Dohru. 1. P. major, Dohrn. 2. P. gestroi, Dubr. 3. P. thoracica, Dohrn. 4. P. nigriceps, Kirbj. Genus 5. Sphingolabis, Borm. 1. S. fecv, Borm. Faniily V. Forficulidae. Subfamily 1. C h eliso chince. Genus]. Chelisochella, Verb. 1. Ch. siiperha, Dohrn. Genus 2. Exipjfus, Burr. 1. Ex. jjulchri2)ennis, ^ovm. Genus 3. Chelisoches, Scudd. 1. Ch. morio, Fabr. Genus 4. Peoreus, Burr, 1. P. simidans, Stal. 2. P. melanocejjhalus, Dohrn. 3. P. ritsemcf, Borm. Genus .5. Solenosoma, Burr. t 1. «S'. birmanum, Bonn. Genus 6. Adiathetus, Burr. ] . A. slielfordi. Burr. t 2, A. dravidius, Burr. 3. A. cjlaucoptervs, Borm. t 4. A. nigrocastaneKS, Burr. 5. A. tenebrator, Ivirby. Genus 7. Hamaxas, Burr. 1. H. fece, Borm. LIST OF SPF.CIES. Subfamily 2. A nee h n r i n cf. Genus 1. Allodahlia, Verb. 1. A. scabriusculus, Serv. 2. A. macTopygus^ Westw 3. A. coriacea, Bonn. 4. A. ahrimanes, Burr. Genus 2. Homotages, Burr. 1. H. fece, Borm. Genus 'S. Pterygida, Verb. 1. P. circulata, Dobrn. Genus 4. Anechura, Scudd, fl. ^. calciatii, Bor. 2. A. zuJ>ovsk{i, Sem. SubFainily 3. Fo r fi ciil i n </-. Genus 1. Elaunon, Burr. 1. E. hipartitus^ Kirby. Geiuis 2. FoRFicTJLA, Linn. 1 1. F. schhigintweiti. Burr. t 2. F. mogul, Burr. t3. F. beehehuh, Burr. t 4. F. aceris, Burr. 5. F. ornata, Borm. t 6. F. greeni, Burr. t 7. F. amlngua, Burr. 8. F. lucasi, Dohrn. t 9. F. celeris. Burr. 1 10. F. interrogans, Burr. 11. F. 2yl((nicollis, Kirhy. Subfamily 4. O^j isthocosmi i n ce. Genus 1. SoxDAX, Burr. fl. /S. repens, Burr. Genus 2. Epbohrnia, Burr. 1. E. metallicd, Dobrn. (Jeiuis 3. Emboros, Burr. t I. E. dubius, Borm. Genus 4. Liparura, Burr. 1 1. E. punctata, Burr. Genus 5. Obelura, Burr. tl. 0. asiatica, Borm. 1 2. 0. taimiJ, Burr. LIST OF SPECIES. Genus 6. Cordax, Burr. 1. C. armatus, Haan. 2. C. ceylonicns, Motscli. Genus 7. Htpurgus, Burr. 1. H. humeralis, Kirby. ti. H. simplex, Borm. Genus 8. Eparchus, Burr. ■\1. E. dux, Bonn. 2. E. msignis, Haan. 3. E. tenellus, Haan. Genus 9. Timomenus, Burr. 1 1. T. oannes, Burr. ■f 2. T. (xscidaplvs, Burr. t3. T. nevilli. Burr. 4. T. lugens, Bonn. Genus 10. Syntonus, Burr. 1. »S'. neolohoj)h oroides, Burr, Genus 11. Kosmetor, Burr, t ] . K. temora, Burr. t 2. K. hrahma, Burr. t3. K. vlshnn, Burr. Genus 12. Lipodes, Burr. fl. L. vivax, Burr. Species of Uncei'tain Position. Forficnla ? pnlchripes, Borm. Forficnla ? rwr/nJensia, Dolirn. Suminari/. Subfamilies. Genera. Species. Apachyidae 1 2 3 Pygidicranidae 2 0 24 Labiduridae 6 13 34 Labiidae 1 5 17 ForficulidEe 4 25 55 Total.. 14 51 133-1-2 uncertain. DEEMAPTERA, The literature dealing with tlie Dermapterous Pauna of British India IS not very extensive. In general books upon Dermaptera and Orthoptera there are occasional references to Indian species and Indian localities, such as may be found in the M'orks of berville, Do hrn, and de Bormans. The first paper deahnj? ex- dusive ly with Indian Earwigs was de Bornians' ' first account of the collections uiade by Leonardo Tea in Bui-ma, pu Wished in the Annah del Museo Civico di Genova ' in 1888, followed six years later by his second paper (1894), in which he incorporated the first, and added a number of species, many of which Mere new In 1897 Bolivar described an extensive collection of Orthoptera from Trichmopoli, in which several species of earxviffs are recorded, three being new. ^ But these works, valuable as they are, give little assistance for the determination of species. The first paper which enabled an entomologist m India to determine the species was the account of the earwigs of Ceylon by the author of the present work, published m the ' Transactions of the Bombay Natural History bociety'm 1902 based almost entirely upon material obtained lu cf- \'T'^ ^' ^'''^"- '^^''' P^^Pe^' however, dealt only with Singhalese species, and is now out of date. In 1905 the present writer published a first list of the earwigs in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, followed in 1906 and 1907 by two more, chiefly based on material obtained by Dr. Nelson Annandale. These three papers, however, contain little beyond hsts of names and localities, and are of no use for purposes of Klentilieation, except where new species are described. In these circumstances it is evident that there is a real need for a work by the help of which entomologists in India may be able to determine such collections of earwigs as they may make It IS hoped that by its means collectors in India may be encourao-ed to take an interest in a group of insects which is by no means Jacking m fascination, and which has the undeniable advantage of being so neg ected that it offers scope and encouragement to all students. The need of such a work is further made evident by the following pages, in which it will be noticed there are frequent appeals for further material, and there remain still several species the exact position of which is doubtful. This is especially the 1 Full references to these works are giyen iu the Bibliography on p. 26. 2 INTEODUCTIOIS'. case where single females have been described, since, without an examination of the male, it is impossible accurately to determine the aiRuities of a species of earwig. It is also encouraging to collectors to know that species new to science are being con- tinually discovered. Hardly a collection, however small, is sent to England for determination that does not contain one or more undescribed species. It is to be especially hoped that entomologists in the field, having now a means of naming their specimens, will be induced to observe the bionomics — the true Natural History — of Earwigs. There remains a very great deal to be done that may be easily accomplished by a careful observer, even if he makes no claim to be a systematist or a specialist. The interesting notes of Dr. Annandale, in these pages, and, above all, the classic ob- servations of Mr. Green on DipJatys, are encouraging examples of this. As instances of work that may be well carried out in India, the following lines of research are suggested : — The post- embryonic development of Apachyvs and Pygidicrana compared with Diplatys; the variation of the allied species of Forficida', the semi-aquatic habits of Forciptda ; the elucidation of the numerous and subtle species of Diplatys ; the vertical distribution of the mountain-loving forms, such as Allodalilia, EndoJirnia, &c., and why these have deeply tinted wings ; the discovery of the males of those species of which only the females are known : earwigs are frequently accused of damaging flowers by devourg the petals ; has this been proved ? Probably they are omnivorous ; they are known to be largely carnivorous ; are they entirely so ? These and many other problems await solution. Str7(cture. The Jiead is more or less heart-shaped, varying from almost triangular to pentagonal ; the posterior margin is generally trun- cate, but sometimes emarginate in the middle. The head is divided dorsally by a transverse sritnre between the eyes into the frons or anterior portion, and the occijmt or posterior portion, the latter being divided by a median suture which runs from the middle of the ti-ansverse suture to tlie posterior margin of the head. In some earwigs the head is smooth and tumid, so that the sutures are scarcely discernible ; in others the sutures are profoundly marked and very distinct. The form of the head offers useful specific characters in the genus Di^datys, where the frons is often tumid and the occiput depressed, while an oblique keel runs from the eyes to the posterior margin of the head, but these characters are scarcely developed in the females. The mouth-parts offer practically no characters of any value to the systematist. The eyes are large and prominent in Diplatys and some Brachylahina', but are generally small, and ocelli are not present. INTRODUCTION. The antemm ofPer very valuable and important characters both generic and specific; the number of segments may be as few as ten or as great as fifty. The first or basal segment is relatively large generally clubbed at the apex ; in Eudohrnia this segment has two distinct keels. The second segment is invariably minute andcyhndrical; the third is of very variable length and form being cyhndncal ovate, or clubbed; the fourth segment is usua ly_ minute, shorter than the third and generally more simple in shape; it is sometimes barely half as long as the third but occasionally equals it or even slightly exceeds it in length.' Ihe fifth segment resembles the fourth, bnt is always a little longer ; the rest of the segments are each a httle longer than the preceding one ; sometimes the fifth equals the length of the third but when it falls short the sixth is the first to equal the third. _ The relative length of the third, fourth, and fifth segments is one of the characters most valuable to the Derm- apterist. The segments may be absolutely cylindrical, in which case they are usually very slender; more or less ovate or spindle- shaped, subcorneal or clavate, or sometimes decidedly conical in which case the apex of the cone is invariably directed basally' * e backwards towards the head. Sometimes "the segments are globular, and no_ longer than broad, and as a rule th? fewer the segments the thicker they are and the more removed from cyhn- dncal. In Mnnisolahis phihtas. Burr, there are only nine segments, but in Apaclujmfece, Borm., there are nearly fiftv ihe thorax consists of three segments, t\xQ pro-, meso- and meta- tJiorax, each covered by a dorsal sclerite, the pro-, meso- and meta- notum respectively. The pronotum is a flat disc of very varied shape ; it is as a rule more or less quadrangular • the' hinder margin IS generally more or less rounded in winged forms, or at least the hinder angles are rounded; in the wingless forms the hinder margin is usually truncate; the anterior margin ia usually truncate, but occasionally narrowed and produced Tnto a kind of neck. The pronotum is sometimes oval, or almost circular. Very useful characters are afforded by the diflferent shapes of this plate : the anterior portion or prozona is generally more or less tumid, while the posterior portion or metazona is as a rue flattened. There is often a more or less distinct median sulcidus or furrow, which may pass into a faint ridge or keel eathrde '° ^^'^ ^"""'""^ ^^^""^ '' frequently an impression on .i,'''^u-?r''f'*"' ^^''"®' *^'® ^^•^^^^'-'^ ^^'^^^ these are present, and is thus hidden from view ; in apterous forms it is visible as a short transverse plate ; in the Brachjlahince it is often furnished on each side with an obhque tumid ridge or keel. The metanotum carries the functional wings when these are present; in apterous forms it is visible as a transverse segment with the anterior margin straight, but the posterior margin shiuate or roundly emarginate. b2 4 INTBODUCTION. The corresponding ventral plates form the pro-, meso- and metasUrna. The prosternum is a longitudinal plate, generally more or less parallel-sided, with a ccmstriction near the base, but occasionally angustate or narrowed posteriorly ; this constriction admits the insertion of the anterior pair of legs. The mesosternmn is a plate of irregular outline, usually about as broad as long, with sinuate sides to admit the middle pair of legs ; the hinder margin extends somewhat beyond the middle coxae, and is truncate, or more or less rounded ; the relative width of this intercoxal portion is the expression of the breadth or slenderness of the insect. Wings. Glandular folds or stink-glands. Abdomen. •-' First tarsal segment. ' Second tarsal segment. '' T hird tarsal segment. -- Pulvillus. -- Claws. - Antenna. Frons. Frontal suture. Occiput. Median suture. Prozona. Suture. Metazona. Shoulder. Scutellum. Sutural margin. Costal margin. Posterior margin. Posterior femur. Posterior tibia. Posterior tarsus. Last dorsal segment. Pygidium. Forceps. Fig. 1. — Diagram of dorsal aspect of an Earwig. The metasternum is of the same general shape as the meso- sternum, but is larger, in order to carry the hinder or largest pair of legs ; its maximum breadth is in the anterior portion, and it is strongly narrowed behind by the emargination of the sides so that the posterior portion forms a relatively narrow lobe which generally extends beyond the coxae ; the shape of this lobe affords useful characters : its posterior margin may be truncate, sinuate INTRODUCTION. O or rounded, and its breadth may be relatively great or the contrary ; the amount of the extension beyond the coxae varies in different genera. The elytra are totally absent in Anisolabis, the Brachylabime, and certain other genera not occurring in India. In the normal development they are more or less rectangular, veinless, chitinous flaps. They are attached to the mesonotum, and in repose lie in a horizontal position over the dorsal surface of the insect, the sutural margins of the two elytra being contiguous and conse- quently forming a median suture. They are divided into a broad sternal plates. . Penultimate ventral segment. Pygidium. Fig. 1 a. — Diagram of ventral aspect of au Earwig. dorsal area or disc, and a narrow costal portion, which, in repose, assumes a vertical position along the Hanks of the thorax. These two portions are sharply separated from each other by a distinct keel in Lahidura, Forcijnda, AUodahlia and some other genera ; but as a rule there is no sharp line of demarcation, the areas passing gradually into each other. In a good many genera the shoulders of the elytra are rather prominent, rounded and pro- jecting beyond the sides of the pronotum, but when the wings are 6 INTEODUCTION. ill-developed or absent this shoulder is not developed, and the sides of the pronotum form a continuous line with those of the elytra. In normally winged forms the axillary portion of the elytra is as a rule rectangular, so that in repose the sutural margins are in contact from base to apex ; but in feebly winged or apterous forms the axillary angle may be rounded, so that a small portion of the mesonotum is exposed at the base of the suture, even when these organs are in repose : this portion of the mesonotum is in such cases hardened by exposure, and is termed the scutellum. As a rule, in fully Avinged forms the pronotum extends backwards over the base of the elytra and prevents the exposure of any scutellum ; but in Apaehijus, Diplatys, and the Pygldicranince the axillary augle is rounded off so that the elytra are oval rather than rectangular, and at the same time the pronotum is not produced backwards and cousequeutly the scutellum is prominent. The disc of the elytra is always fiat, and it is the disc which is implied when the ehjtra is used in description without qualification. The small vertical costal area is sometimes of a different colour. The elytra may be rectangular and so parallel in repose, as is usually the case, or they may be dilated and convex, broad at the shoulders and narrowing posteriorly as in Hi/jnirgus, Pterijf/iila, andiAUodahlia. In Apacliyus and Diplatys the distinction between the disc and costal area is weak and the whole elytra lie flat upon the thor'ax. The apex of the elytra is truncate in hemiapterous forms, generally sinuate in winged forms, or obliquely truncate. When rudimentary, the elytra are very much shortened ; they may be mere lateral flaps on the sides of the mesonotum (BorelUa), or they may still be sufficiently large to meet at the median suture in the apical portion (Obelura, Lijjcirura) ; the weakening of the axillary augle and consequent exposure of a scutellum is the first step towards abbreviation. The elytra may be perfectly smooth {Forficida, &c.), or granulose (AUodaJdia), or clad with short, obtuse bristles (Echimsoma), or punctulate (certain species of Forcipida). The 7iind wlnqs are often entirely absent (Anisolahis and Brachylabince) ; when perfectly developed (which is the rule) they are semicircular in shape, very ample and membranous ; the basal half of the costal margin is hardened into a leathery scale which protrudes from beneath the elytra in repose, and it is this scale \\'hich is meant when the word " wing " is used without quahfica- tion. From the apex of this scale the wing-veins radiate, and when the wings are closed they shut up fanwise about this point ; they are then folded transversely at right angles to the first line of folding and so tucked away under the scale that they are entirely hidden when in repose. In Apachyus and Diplatys, however, the membranous folds are visible along the suture during repose. The basal margins of the squamce, or hardened scales, are in contact M-hen in repose, and thus form the continuation of the suture of the elytra. The wings are frequently abbreviated, and it is INTEODTJCTIOX, 7 common to find wings well developed or abbreviated in one and the same species {Labia spp., &c,). In addition to the fan-like radiating veins mentioned there is a curved transverse vein, the radial vein, which runs the length of the wing and remains at a more or less constant distance from tlie axillary or anal margin of the wing. The wings are exceedingly delicate, and their unfolding is a matter of great difficulty. In fresh or highly relaxed specimens they may be teased open with a line pair of forceps and a camel's- hair brush ; a glass tube, drawn out to a capillary point, is useful to blow them gently out ; but considerable practice is required before they can be expanded without tearing. This operation, however, is by no means necessary, as the wings are scarcely ever referred to for distinctive characters, and there appears to be little diversity in the venation. The legs offer very useful characters. The femora are generally rather compressed, but they are decidedly thickened in Timomenvs. They are strongly compressed in the Pygidicranicke and furnished with little keels. The tihioi are gently curved as a rule and compressed ; the upper margin at the extreme apex is flattened and rather hollowed; in Ex>/pnus, Chelisoches and the allied genera, this character takes the form of a well-marked furrow or sulcus, which extends for one-third or one-half the length of the tibia. The tarsi ha\e three segments : in Apachyus the first segment is much shorter than the third, but as a rule the first segment is longer than the other two united. The second segment is invariably the shortest ; in Lahia it is very minute ; the greatest length is attained in the Bracliylabina; ; as a rule it is cylindrical, like the other segments (Labidurido', Labiidce, &c.), but in the Chclisoclunm it is produced into a long narrow lobe under the third segment; in the other Forjiculidce it is broadened and dilated into a heart-shaped lobe. The third segment is usually about half as long as the first, and generally cyhndrical ; it is rather short and broad in the Chelisocldnai. The tarsi are depressed. In Diplatys and some other genera there is a indvUlus or pad between the claws of the tarsi, but this shrivels up so much in drying that it it is not of great value as a character. The third segment is armed with a pair of claws. The tarsi are generally strongly pubescent and furnished with long stiff' bristles. The legs are long and slender in the Opisthocosmiinai and in some genera of the Chelisochina;, but as a rule they are relatively short. The hinder pair are always longer than the middle, and the middle than the anterior pair. The abdomen is the most prominent part of an earwig. It is elongate, and in bulk equal to the whole of the rest of tlie insect. In Solenosoma it is almost perfectly cylindrical ; in many Opisilio- cosmiincB it is spindle-shaped, that is, thickest in the middle, but convex, with an almost circular cross-section ; in Diplatys and Pygidicrana it is also convex, but narrowest in the middle (in the male); the commonest form of the abdomen is more or less 8 INTRODUCTIOIf. depressed, with a transverse elliptical cross-section ; the sides- may be parallel (Labidwa, Elaunon), or gently dilated about the middle {Anisolahis and certain species of Forjicula) ; in the Apacliyklce and in Platylabia the body is remarkably depressed, being as flat as cardboard. In tlie female the abdomen almost in- variably tapers somewhat towards the hinder end. There are in all ten segments ; excluding the last, there are nine, but in the female- only seven are visible, as the eighth and the ninth are aborted and reduced to mere specks of chitin which can only be detected upon dissection. In Forcijmla the sides of certain segments are furnished with ridges, keels or long spines ; in certain species of Psalince the sides of the segments are produced posteriorly to a more or less acute angle and are generally striated or furrowed. This struc- ture affords useful specific characters. In Eparchus the sides of the abdomen are studded with a series of knobs or tubercles. In the Lahidtirince the posterior margins of the segments are milled. All these structures are almost or entirely undeveloped in the females. In many genera, as in the Forjiculidie, the Labiidce, and others,, the second and third abdominal segments have at the sides tubercular folds in the integument, which are stink-glands. The segments are closely imbricated into each other ; when the abdomen is distended, the membrane holding the chitinous plates together may be seen with the minute perforation of the tracheal pores. The texture of the chitin varies from smooth to granular. The ventral surface is flat, and generally smoother and paler than the dorsal surface. The last dorsal plate, or sdcrite, is large and ample, and as it presents a great variety of form and of armature it offers valuable discriminative characters ; it is invariably more simple and almost always narrower in the female than in the male. The ■penidtimate ventral sderite is very large, so that the last ventral sderite is almost or entirely hidden ; w hen disclosed by the removal of the penultimate it is shown to be separated into two portions by a median fissure so as to permit the passage of the fseces and the reproductive cells. The outline of the penulti- mate segment is usually slightly different in the two sexes and offers useful generic and specific characters. The pygidium is a chitinous organ existing between the roots of the forceps and the edges of the apical abdominal segments ; it is sometimes hidden, but is as frequently protruded. It assumes a great variety of shapes in both sexes, thus offering very useful specific characters. In the Apadiyidce the last abdominal segment is produced without any apparent suture or joint into a depressed lobe termed the anal process ; as it appears to be a mere extension of the anal segment, it is probably not homologous with the pygidium, which is a distinct organ. The forcejys are the most characteristic organs of earwigs. They consist of a pair of more or less elongate, hard unsegmented INTRODUCTION". chitmoiig processes, rooted into the last abdominal segment, which IS enlarged in order to accommodate the powerful muscles whieli work these organs. The forceps present a great diversity of form : they may be remote or contiguous at the base ; thev may be long and slender, or stout and conical ; they may have a round or a trigonal cross-section ; they are invariably more or less attenuate towards the apex and almost always slightly hooked at the points themselves ; they may be strongly depressed and dilated near the base (Forficuln), or slender and almost cylindrical (Kos77ietor), or conical (Fsalis), very elongate (EudoJirnia), arcuate {Pterygida), asymmetrically bowed (Anisolabis, BoreUia), undulate m a vertical plane {Anechum, AUodaJiIia), armed with diversified teeth {E2X(n'hits)- in both sexes of Apachyus they are curved, siclde-shaped_ hooks. In the female they are almost invariably simpler than in the male, being as a rule straight and unarmed'; but in certain species of the CheUsocJihue the female has forceps as highly organized as those of the male, though very different from them, so that they have sometimes been described as male specimens. As a rule a given type of forceps will be found to characterize a group of species, a genus, or a group of genera, but it is far from rare to find very different forceps in closely allied species. The forceps vary in different degrees within certain limits, aud a very slight actual difference will often alter the superficial appearance of a specimen to a remarkable extent. Care must be taken in drawing deductions from the form of the forceps ; the remarks upon these organs under the heading "Variation" should be studied. The development of the forceps presents phenomena of great interest which throw light upon the phylogeny of the Dermaptera; these are referred to in the article upon the development of Dijilat'/s. The forceps are subject to malformations due to wounds and mutilations, and also to deficient nourishment. It is common to find a male earwig in which one branch of the forceps is formed as in the female ; such cases are frequently recorded as hermaphrodites, but whenever the full complement of nine seg- ments occurs together with one male branch, it is more probable that these are not gynandromorphic specimens, but merely that one branch has been unable to attain full development. Since the specialization (armature &c.) of the forceps is purely a sexual character, it is probable that the simple forceps of the female represent the more primitive form, to which there would be a natural tendency to revert. Cases undoubtedly due to traumatism are shown where an immature specimen has one branch of the forceps pronged : this is evidently caused by an attempt at reproduction of lost parts caused by an injury to the immature forceps. Cases where the forceps have the full complement of teeth but are misshapen or distorted are probably caused by an injury received when the insect has freshly emerged from the nymphal skin and is conse- quently soft and tendei-. 10 INTEODUCTION. Determination of Species. In attempting to determine the species of an earwig, until experience has taught the distinction of the leading groups, the Table of Families on p, 31 should first be consulted. The species of the ApacJiyidie are so distinctive and so few in number, that thej can be recognized almost at a glance. If the specimen is not one of the Apacliyida'., the femora should be examined ; if these are compressed and have one or two little ridges running down them, the specimen is one of the Pyg idler ani dee. The appearance of the two subfamilies of this group are quite distinctive. Each subfamily has its own strong family likeness, but although it is easy to recognize a member of the Dlplatyince or Pyr/idicranince at a glance, it is usually a matter of some difficulty to determine the species. If the femora are smooth, the tarsi should be examined; if the small second segment has any lobe or dilation, the specimen is one of the Forficulidce, and if not, it must be referred to the Labidurimc or to the Lahiida;. In the fox'mer family, the dorsal surface of the last segment is folded downward between the base of the forceps and so presents a vertical face, which sometimes is separated from the dorsal horizontal face by an angle, but the passage is often gradual. In the Lahiidiv, this does not occur, there being an opening between the roots of the forceps and the dorsal and ventral plates of the end of the abdomen, and in this space there may often be seen the chitinous organ of diversified shape termed the i^ygldium. It is worth while giving an imaginary example of these synoptical tables. The examination of our undetermined earwig perhaps shows a small lobe on the second segment of the tarsi ; we accordingly turn to the Table of the Subfamilies of the Forjtculido} on p. 129. We again examine the second tarsal segment and observe that it is broadened out on each side, thus assuming a heart-shaped out- line ; this precludes the ChelisocMno'. Next, turning the speci- men over and examining the sternal plates, we find that these are not decidedly broader than they are long, which precludes the Anechuriiue. The body is rather depressed — somewhat widened about the middle ; a cross-section would not be circular, but would show a depressed transverse ellipse. Therefore it must be referable to the Forficulince, and we turn to the Table of Genera on p. 162. The shape of the forceps, which are very broad and flat near the base, but become suddenly elongate, arcuate and slender, show that it is a Forficula, and we turn to the Table of Species on p. 165 "We see that the pronotum is not very decidedly transverse, so this precludes the first four species. Neither is it crescent-shaped, and this precludes the next two. As the dilation of the forceps is not confined to the extreme base, but extends about a quarter or a third of the length of these organs, it cannot be F. ambigna. The elytra and wings are not spotted, so it cannot be F. lucasi. INTKODrCTION. 11 The pronotum is not much longer than broad, and does not extend very far over the base of the elytra, so it cannot be F. celeris. The sides of the abdomen are not parallel, thus excluding F. interrogans, but are decidedly widened about the middle. Our specimen is therefore Forflcula 2i^(t.^^icoUis, Kirby, and we verify this by a careful comparison of the detailed description, remarks and figures on p. 174. Bevelojoment. The post-embryonic development of Dlplatys has been worked out by Green for the two Singhalese species, D. gerstcecheri, Dohrn, and I), r/reeni, Burr. The young larva has a general resemblance to the imago, but there are of course no signs of any organs of flight in the earlier stages. The second tarsal segment is fused with the first, there is no pulvillus between the claws, and the lateral abdominal glandular folds are not developed until later. But the most remarkable characteristic of the larva lies in the fact that instead of forceps, the apex of the abdomen is furnished with long segmented cerci or filaments. The number of segments in these cerci varies in the different species, and also in different indi- viduals of the same species, this being probably due to their fragihty. The following series of measurements of B. gerstcecleri is given by Green : — No. Length of hody. Length oj cerci. No. of segments in cerci. 1 .. . . 2-5 mm. 2 "5 mm. 14 o 3 .. .. 3 .. 4-5 6 10 27 with incomplete divisions where fresh joints are forming. 43 4 .. .. 6-5 incomplete (apparently injured) 5 .. .. 7-75 13-5 45 6 .. .. 9 1 1 This table brings out the remarkable development of the cerci. In the penultimate instar these are abruptly curtailed to a single segment, which retains, however, its original character, and the extremities look as though they were bitten off. The two cerci are not necessarily curtailed simultaneously. The future forceps can be seen by transmitted light, showing through the sheath thus formed by this basal segment, which is always much longer than 12 INTRODUCTION'. any of the other segments. In D. greeni, Burr, the cerci are shorter, the increase in the number of segments is more gradual, and the maximum number attained appears to be 18 or 20. Green was unable to count the exact number of ecdyses, but observed four successive moults, the last revealing the perfect insect. Each instar occupies about 10 days. In ecdysis, the skin splits along the median dorsal line of the thorax and is shed completely, even including the covering of the delicate caudal appendages. The penultimate instar, or nymph, may be recognized by the truncated cerci and also by the appearance of the radiating pattern on the metathorax, showing in miniature the future wing of the imago. The lateral glandular folds of the abdomen appear when the larva is about half grown. A curious ])oint was also noticed by Green. In the penultimate stage the anterior femora were broad and armed on the inner edge with a row of spines, which gave them a distinctly raptorial appearance : but he never saw them used for any purpose other than locomotion. The segmented caudal cerci have been recorded, but not described, in some unknown African species {vide Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, iv, nr. 2, p. 53, 1898). Terry (05) has described the egg and post-embryonic develop- ment of CheJisoclies morio. There appear to be four larval instars before the adult imago. Terry's observations on the manner of increase of the antennal segments ai-e very interesting. It appears that the larva has at first only 8 segments ; at the first ecdysis the third segment is divided into four additional segments ; at the second ecdysis, the third segment gives rise to four more; at the third, to three more ; at the fourth, to one more, so that the normal total of 20 is thus attained. Terry failed to discover any trace of segmentation in the forceps of the embryo in ovo : this is interesting when compared with Green's observations on Diplatys. Copulation. De Geer's description of the family life of the common English earwig is generally known. According to this observer, the act of copulation is effected by the male approaching the female backwards, tapping her with his forceps, and then effecting the connection tail to tail, the pair being thus arranged in a straight line. Gadeau de Kerville has noticed and described the same thing, and insists that, though the male seems to try to catch hold of the female with his forceps, this organ does not appear to be of any use either before or during the act. The male is obliged to twist the apex of his abdomen so that the ventral plates face upwards in contact with the ventral plates of the female, and this torsion sometimes goes so far as to involve the IWTEODUCTIOIT. 13 "head. The connection appears to last several hours, as observed in captivity. In another species, F. lesnei, Finot, not uncommon in West Central Europe, Lesne observed a pair in coitu while hanging from the under surface of the cork of a tube : in this case, the ventral surfaces of the two individuals were juxtaposed. In Chelklura aptera, Charp., a European Alpine species, de Bormans observed that the male applied the underside of his forceps to the ventral surface of the female. This ])osition involves the torsion of the abdomen of the male as Gadeau de Kerville observed. Xambeu noted the same thing in an allied species, Ch. 2^yi'enaica, Gene. Bennett observed the same fact in Anisolahis maritima in New York, and Gadeau de Kerville noticed it in Anisolahis mauritanica, Luc. The copulation of Labidura riparia, Pallas, as observed by Sopp, is effected in the same way. The copulation of Dlplatjis r/reeni is described as follows by Green : — " On Oct. 27, 1897, a pair of this new species, reared up in captivity, were found in coitu. The abdomen of tlie male was twisted round and the extremity was closely applied to the under surface of the pygidium [? penultimate ventral plate] of the female." Ouijposition, In Ceylon, Green observed Diplatys greeni in coitu on Oct. 27th : the first eggs were deposited on Nov. 4th, that is only a weelv later, and other eggs were added at intervals, during the following week, until a total of twenty-five had been laid. They were scattered singly over the exposed surface of the moss-covered bark, which had been provided as a shelter for the insect, adhering slightly to their support. Towards the end of the egg-laying period, a few were deposited in irregular clusters and unattached to the moss. In Sweden, de Geer found the newly hatched larvae at the beginning of June, and the writer has found them in the south of England in April. De Geer also found a female (F. auricularia) with her eggs under stones in April. Tascheuberg found the ova in Europe on February 19th after an exceptionally mild winter, and the larvae emerged on March 7th. Camerano found the ova in Southern Europe as early as January 24fch, and the larvae emerged on 30th Januaiy- With regard to the period between fertilization and oviposition, the same author records a female, which he had taken during the winter, laying eggs on 10th March ; and in temperate latitudes it is probable that this period is generally a good deal longer than in warm countries. Riihl records the emergence of young larvae from ova which had been 26 days in his possession. With regard to Ghelidura pijrc^iaicn, Gene, in the Pyrenees, Xambeu records that copulation occurs in April or May, 14 INTEODUOTIOJJ". according to the altitude (this species ranges from 4000 to 8000 ft.). The larvse hatch out about three weeks after oviposition, in mild weather. In New York, Bennett observed that Anisolabis maritima generally lays its eggs in the warm days of July and August, and a few after the middle of September. Ova. The ova are elliptical in shape. Those of Forficula auricularia are white, smooth and oval (de Geer). They are described as yellowish by Taschenberg and Eiihl ; Camerauo found them regularly piled in little heaps. The eggs of CheUdnra pyrenaica are described by Xambeu as being 1"3 mm. long and 1 mm. in diameter, ovoid in shape, yellowish, smooth and shining, imper- ceptibly punctuated, with rounded poles and a resisting shell. The eggs of Anisolabis maritima are described by Xambeu as ellip- soid, white, and surrounded by a shiuing translucent shell ; they are about 2 mm. long. A few days after oviposition the embryo is visible inside the egg-shell, in the form of a crescent, and the side of the egg bulges somewhat. At the end of 17 days the larva emerges, but this period varies with the condition of warmth and moisture. The egg of Diplati/s greeni is regularly elliptical, pale, pinkish yellow, and shining ; 0-8 mm. long and 0"5 mm. broad. Those of Anisolabis mauritanica, Luc, are of a faint yellowish white, sub- spherical, from 1 to 1*2 mm. long ; the shell is smooth, thin and transparent. Heymons describes the ova of Anisolabis littoi'ea, White, as 3 mm. long. The number of eggs laid varies : — No. of eggs. 25 90 Species. Bx-platys greeni (captivity) .... Anisolahis maritima (free) (captivity) . . (One female laid four times in a summer.) Anecliura bipunctata (captivity) . . 18-25 CJielidiira pyrenaica (free) 40-45 Forjlcula auricularia (free) .... 12-22 Observer. G-reen. Bennett. Euhl. Xambeu. Eiihl. Habits. Earwigs may be found almost everywhere out of doors. Generally they shun daylight, and many species may be found INTRODUCTION. 15' under stones, crawling in shallow galleries or chinks. Green noticed a curious habit in Diplatys ; on lifting a stone, this creature is usually found back downwards, clinging to the stone itself. Other earwigs are generally found resting on the ground beneath the stone. Apterous, alpine forms are generally found under stones, or under dead leaves, bark of trees or other rubbish. They occur up to an elevation of 8000 ft. in the Alps. In the Himalayas, ear\vigs are common up to a considerable elevation, but information as to the limits of their vertical distribution is lacking. Although nocturnal in habits, earwigs, like moths, are attracted to light, and Mr. Green has taken a good number of species in his bungalow in this manner. No earwigs are truly aquatic, but species of Forci^mla are known to frequent moist places. Dr. Annandale found F. decoJyi at Kurseoug, under stones at the edges of mountain streams, prac- tically in the water. When forced towards the stream, they swam rapidly on the surface, but they did not enter the water of their own accord. Dr. Annandale, referring to Lahidura rij^ciria, Pall., yar. inermis, Br., writes as follows': — " By far the commonest species in Calcutta. They lie in crevices such as those in the bark of trees, and when a small cock- roach or other suitable insect passes them, the abdomen is rapidly shot out sideways and the forceps seize the insect by means of a sudden twist. The prey is transferred to the mouth, sometimes being held also by the forceps ; but should the earwig be disturbed, it runs away carrying the prey in the latter. If one individual comes upon another which is feeding, the former often attempts to steal the food. The rightful owner then threatens the other by directing its forceps towards the aggressor over its back ; but I have never seen one earwig nip another, nor have I been able to induce one to nip my finger." Of an allied species, L. lividipes, Dr. Annandale writes the following note ^ : — " These little earwigs frequently come to light singly or in small numbers during the hot \Aeather and the rains, and speci- mens can generally be taken round the arc lamps in the public gardens in Calcutta at this time of the year, the two forms occurring together. Large numbers were noted round an oil lamp in the Museum compound on the evening of June IGth, after a wet and stormy day, the first of the monsoon. Several persons have told me that they saw enormous numbers of small earwigs round their lamps on the same evening in dilierent parts of Calcutta. On the pi*eceding and following evenings only a few individuals were seen." ' Burr, (06) p. 388. 2 Annandale, (06) p. 391. 16 INTBODIJCTION. " I have often watched earwigs of this species expanding and folding away their wings. The wings are generally expanded by a I'apid movement of the anterior part of the body, suggesting a shrug of the shoulders ; but sometimes a hitch occurs, and this movement is insutficient to stretch out both wings properly. The abdomen is then bent upwards and forwards, and the forceps are used to unfold the delicate membrane. They do not seize this membrane, however, but are closed together during the operation and are used as a lever or smoothing organ. In a similar manner they are often employed to push the wing into its place beneath the elytra, although movements of the thorax play an important part in this process also." Terry never saw C'helisocJies morio use its forceps in this manner. He writes (05) : — " The adults will readily take to flight, the unfolding of the wings being a very rapid process and quite independent of the forceps, the writer never having seen them used either to assist in the folding or unfolding process." The flattened forms, as Apachyus, probably live under bark. An African species of this genus was observed by Dr. Creightou Wellman, at Benguella, to live under the bark of dead trees, and to come out of wood when placed on the fire. In Burma, Fea found A.fece under bark, as well as various species of Chelisoches, and some species of Labia. The flattened genera Sparatia (which is not yet known to occur in India) and Platylahia . probably resemble Apachijus in their habits. Fea found Metisolabis caudelli and various species of Opistliocosmiince under dried leaves, vege- table rubbish, and over-ripe fruit. Pygidicrana picta is found commonly among dead leaves at the base of trees near Calcutta (Annandale), and P. cuminr/i and P. nietneri are found in Ceylon, under stones, loose bark, etc., and often come into buildings (Green). Labia mucronata was found by Green in decaying pods of cocoa and of Poincaiiia, and in the crevices of the bark of cocoa trees. Forficula greeni is often taken in bungalows in Ceylon, and one was found by Green in an empty gall on Antidesma, one of the EiiplwrbiacecB. Cordax ceyloaiciis is attracted to light (Green), and also Proreiis simuluns (Annandale). In Europe earwigs do not, as a rule, use their wings readily, except Labia minor, but in the tropics crowds of them come flying to light (de Bormans). The common European Forficula auricularia, Linn., has been recorded by Collinge (08) to fly into houses through the windows in England in considerable numbers on dark sultry evenings in June and July between 9.30 and 10.30 p.m. ; in three consecutive evenings, as many as 26 specimens flew in ; it is noteworthy that they avoided the gas, and also that they were all males. The same author notes two occasions on which they were seen to fly in broad daylight. Theobald (96) has noticed that in Kent they devour the young foliage of hops and sometimes do considerable damage ; he writes : INTKODUCTION. 17 " It seems the adults take readily to their wing on certain nights,, especially when the moon is bright. Numbers later in the year used to fly into my house of a night, attracted by the lights." The tubercular folds in the integument at the sides of the abdo- men appear to be stink-glands, but little evidence is forthcoming on this point. Green found that Elaunon hipartitus, Kirby, when handled, gave off a pungent odour, like that of the Bombardier- Beetle. The forceps, which assume such a variety of remarkable shapes, especially in the male, are useful weapons of offence and defence. We have seen (p. 15) how Lahidura riparia uses them to seize its prey. Of Diplatijs, Green writes: — "When food is? offered to an adult Dyscritma [^Diplatys] it usually goes through a curious performance to test its suitability. It takes up its position to one side of and slightly in advance of the object ; then bending its abdomen round to one side, it gives it a sharp nip with its forceps and retires quickly to note results. If the proffered object does not resent this treatment, it is then considered safe and fit for food : but if the victim makes any movement, Di/scritina immediately retires beneath its shelter." A number of interesting notes on the function of the forceps of earwigs have been collected by Gadeau de Kerville (05), who shows that they are used as a weapon of offence and defence, but never during the act of copulation. Also, the insects do, occasionally, at all events, use them as a help to fold and unfold their delicate wings and to lift their elytra. Even Forjicula auricularia was observed to do this by Paul Noel, and the same thing has been observed in an unnamed species by Morris. With reference to their use as a weapon, the author was startled by a nip of a female Lahidura riparia, which made him drop the creature, and though the forceps did not pierce the tough skin of the human thumb, it would have been a formidable adventure to an insect of its own size. Gadeau de Kerville was nipped by F. auri- cidaria so strongly that blood was drawn, and Commander- J. J. Walker had the same experience in New South Wales, from the largest known earwig, Anisolabis colossea. Baer (04) has recorded that tlie relatively weak A'ptenjr/ida linearis, Esch., in the Argentine Eepublic, is capable of raising a local inflammation by its nip, though the irritation was perhaps caused by septic matter present on the forceps, for no traces of poison glands are known. The author introduced a large bluebottle into a small glass-topped box with a male Lahidura riparia. The earwig by a lightning-like movement, instantly transfixed the fly on one limb of its forceps, and carried it about thus spiked for several hours before devouring it. Food. Earwigs are probably omnivorous, though chiefly carnivorous. Green was unable to determine the natural food of Biplatys, but c 18 INTRODUCTION. he is probably correct in supposing that it consists of soft bodied insects. In captivity, his larvae and imagines fed sparingly on the dead bodies of small spiders and flies and other minute insects, showing a preference, however, for certain species. They did not relish Lepidoptera or mosquitos, though they would devour the bodies of the latter if hungry. Bread, raw meat, petals of flowers, fruit, and minute fungi were offered and refused. The writer has fed Labidura riparia on bluebottles ; these they suck dry and leave the empty skin. Xambeu tells us that Chelidura pyrenaica is a veritable glutton. Tender vegetables, fruit, worms, larvae, all are greedily eaten ; hut they have pronounced carni\orous tastes. Many species are found in swarms on stinging nettles, but it is probable that they are less attracted by the nettles themselves than by the numbers of minute insects to which these plants offer a home. Terry records of ChelisocJies morio, Fabr., in the Sandwich Islands, that its habit of eating the leaf-hoppers has been ob- served by several people. Young hoppers are seized and devoured without the aid of the forceps, but these organs frequently assist inholding an adult hopper whilst it is eaten at leisure. An ex- amination of numerous crops invariably revealed only insect remains, often entirely leaf-hopper. Those bred in captivity showed during all iustars a marked preference for insect diet. Maternal Cava. The oft-quoted observations of de Gear on the solicitude of the mother earwig for her ova and young larvae are worthy of reproduction : — " At the commencement of the month of June, (says he) I found under a stone a female earwig accompanied by several small insects which I easily recognized as its young. They grouped round the mother and did not leave her, and even placed themselves under her stomach like little chicks under the hen. The insects of this genus have then, in a kind of manner, care for their young, even after their birth : and they seem to wish to protect them by ^remaining near them. " The young resemble their mother in figure, except in one or two of their parts I placed them in a sand-box where I had put a little fresh earth. They did not enter the earth, and it was curious to see how they ran under the stomach and between the legs of the mother, who remained very quiet and allowed them to do it : she seemed to cover them like a hen does her little chicks, and they remained often in this position for hours " Another time, at the commencement of April 1759, I found some female earwigs under some stones, together with a pile of eggs on wliich the mother was seated and of which she took the greatest care imaginable without ever moving a step away, and this M. Frisch has already observed before me. I took it INTRODUCTION. 1 9 •with its eggs and placed it in a sand-box half filled with fresh €arth, in such a fashion that the eggs were scattered here and there : but soon the mother took the eggs one after the other between her jaws and transported them. After several days I noticed she had got them all together in a like place on the surface of the earth which she found in a sand-box, and there she re- mained constantly seated on them in such a manner that she seemed to cover them." This interesting observation has been confirmed by a number of writers, including Kirby and Spence, Taschenberg, Camerano, and Fritz itiihl. Lesne found a mother sitting on her eggs near Las Palmas (Grand Canary), and Xambeu's remarks on the same habit in Chelklura pyrenaica are worth quoting^: — "As soon as the female is fertilized, she digs at the end of the gallery a small excavation in which she places her eggs one by one to the number of 40 or 45, in such a way as to make a small bundle of them, upon which she soon places herself in much the same way as a hen sits on her eggs. It is with a solicitude without equal — an unexampled attachment — that she devotes herself to this maternal task (a rare case in the entomological world), and this continues up to the time of hatching. If during the course of sitting, anything disturbs or exposes her eggs — in raising the stone which shelters them — she takes them with lier mandibles and conceals them in the soil at tlie bottom of her gallery. " During the first days which follow the hatching, the young Caelidura are watched by their mother and led, like a hen leads her chicks, towards the places where they will find the means of satisfying their great appetites. Tender vegetables, fruits, worms, larvae, in fact anything is good enough for these gluttons who are insatiable. As soon as their bodies are fortified, and their in- tegument has acquired a certain stability, the mother ceases her care and abandons them to themselves. They tlien disperse, each taking a different direction, and this scattering has become very necessary, as, owing to their very pronounced carnivorous tastes, they would injure and devour one another, which it is necessary to avoid for the preservation of the species." Green's ova of Dlplatys greeni were watched by the parent who remained constantly near her eggs, visiting each in turn, and mouthing them in a peculiar manner, as if to keep them clean. Geofjraj^ >h ical D istr ih ution. Although the state of our knowledge of the Dermapterous fauna of India is still meagre, some generalization may be permitted. As would be expected, we find in the Himalayas marked Palae- arctic aflSnities : for instance, the essentially Eurasian genus Anechura is represented by two species, both occurring in Kashmir ; one of these, A. calciatii, is probably peculiar ; the other, ' (1903) p. 143. c2 20 INTRODUCTION. A. zuhovsl-ii, is a local form of the common European Alpine- A. hipxmctata, which passes iuto A. asiatica in the mountains of Central Asia. Allied to Aneclmra is Allodalilia which has its headquarters in the mountains of Northern India, whence it has spread through Burma into the Malayan Archipelago ; thus of the four known species, A. ahrimanes is prohably confined to the Eastern Himalayas, A. viacrojjijfja and A. coriacea extend to the uplands of Northern Burma, and A. scah-iuscula has reached Java. Of the eleven known Indian species of Forjicxda, eight are Himalayan ; as this genus is eminently Palsearctic, it is probably from Northern India that it has gained a precarious footing in the remoter parts of the Oriental Eegion. The occurrence of two species of Pseudisolabis in the mountains of the north-west of India is carious, as this genus was hitherto only known from a single species in New Zealand. It may be that it is a very ancient geiuis. The hills of Northern India seem to be the headquarters of some other genera, which have thence extended their distribution into the heart of the Oriental Eegion. Thus Kosmetor is re- presented by three species, the other two being Malayan ; the same may be said of TimomeiiKs, which has however, an outlying representative in the extreme" north-east of the Palsearctic Eegion. The distribution of the genus Forci])ida is remarkable, as it is a veil-marked group ; two species are known in the Neotropical Eegion, and two in the Ethiopian, but eight are purely Oriental, of which five are only found in India. One of these, F. Iwida, is a South Indian form, but the other four are characteristic of Northern India and Northern Burma ; perhaps this district is the headquarters of the group, for the non-Indian Oriental forms are rare, and less highly specialized. Another M'idely-distributed genus well represented in India is DipJatys ;. this is certainly a primitive and ancient group, with representatives in all tropical regions except Austraha, so far as is known. Of the two dozen described species, no less than twelve occur in India and are probably peculiar. Well-marked genera which are ronfined to India, so far as we know, are Lijximra, Eudohmiay and the curious Solenosoma, all being specialized monotypic genera only known from North India and Burma. Lipodes, of which a unique defective specimen from Dikraugs is in the Calcutta Museum, is probably also peculiar. The BrachyJahince are an apterous group m ith some distinctly archaic features recalling the Tertiary earwigs of Florissant. Probably they are the survivors of an ancient group, which would account at once for their comparative scarcity and wide distribution in all tropical regions. Of the seven known genera, three are re- presented in India : Nannisolahis has two known species, both peculiar ; Metisolahis has four, of which two are Indian and two Ethiopian ; and Ctenisolabishas three, one Indian, one Ethiopian, and one Neotropical. No one species of Brachylahince occurs in any two regions. INTRODUCTION. 21 In Southern India and Ceylon we find several peculiar genera, «uch as Cranopy<jia (two species), DemlroiJcetes, Obelura, Sondax, and Si/ntonus, all inonotypic. We find here also peculiar species of genera which have their headquarters in the Burmo-Malayan districts, such as EcJiinosoma, Hypurgas, and Cordax. Adia- thetus is mainly Indo-Buraian, but extends to Borneo : Oonolahls is an Australo-Oriental genus with a single Ethiopian species and one peculiar to Ceylon. In Burma we find, as would be expected, marked Malayan affinities, as shown in the occurrence o£ several species of Eparclius, Hypurgus, Platylabia, Pyge, all of which are better developed in the eastern parts of the Oriental liegion, though not confined to it. Palex is a monotypic genus common to Burma and Sumatra. The Chelisochince are well represented in all tropical Old World regions, but most of the genera re- presented in India are better developed in the Malay Archipelago. Psalis is a cosmopolitan genus, with four species probably [confined to India. Anisolahis, BoreUia, Lahidura, Lahin, Spongiplwra, are all cosmopolitan but represented in India by several peculiar species. Pygidicmna predominates in the Oriental Region, and has four purely Indian species, but it is also represented in South America. Echinosoma is essentially an Old World genus ; of the two Indian species, one is peculiar to Ceylon, the other x*anges from Burma to Borneo. Apachyus is also an Old AVorld geuus, with perhaps two species peculiar to India. The following analyses of genera and species and their geo- graphical distribution is of course purely provisional. That of the genera is particularly incomplete, as many of the limits are vague, and the classification of some of the large genera, such as Spongiphora and Labia, requires a thorough revision, as a good many heterogeneous forms are included. A glance at the list, however, will show which genera are confined to the Oriental Region, and of these, which are peculiar, i. e., confined to the Indian Fauna ; the geographical relations of the others are shown by the regions ' in which they occur. The analysis of species supplements the list of genera, and here it is possible to be more exact ; in this list it is also stated in what collection or what Museum the type is preserved, where known to the author, what material has been examined in the case of types, syntypes ' or paratypes ", what species are represented in the Nationr.l Collection, and what species are peculiar. ' The usually accepted zoogeographieal regions, namely Palajarctic, Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian, Neotropical, and Nearctic, are represented by obvious iabbreviations. ^ These terms are explained in the glossary, q. v, p. 210. 22 INTRODUCTION. Name of Genus. Peculiar. Distribution. EemarJcs. Apachyus Or., Austr., Eth. 6sp. Dendroikctes . . + Or. Monotypic. Diplatus Or., Eth., Neo. Or.,Neo.,Eth.,Austr. Out of 24 sp., 12 in India. Vqgidicrana ... Dicrana 1 Or., Eth. Chiefly Ethiopian. Cranopygia ... + Or. 2sp. Ficrania Or., Eth. 2 9p. Pnne Or., Aiistr. Palex Or. Monotypic. Echinosoma . . . ! Or., Austr., Eth. 1 Psalis Or., Eth., Neo. ? Or., Austr. One little known species. Labidurodes ... Gonolabis Or., Austr., Eth. 0 sp. ; 5 are Oriental. Anisolahis 1 Cosmopolitau. Borellia Cosmopolitan. ' Foroipula Or.,Eth.,Austr.,Neo. Out of 12 sp., 5 in India. Lahidura Cosmopolitan. Pseudisolabis . . . Or., Austr. 1 sp. in New Zealand. Nannisolabis ... + Or. 2 sp. Mefisolabis Or., Eth. Ctenisolahis ... Or., Eth., Neo. Sjwngipkora ... Or., Austr.. Eth., Neo. Requires further revision. Labia Cosmopolitan. Or., Eth., Austr. idem, idem. Plati/labia Sphi/igolabis ... Or., Eth., Austr. idem. Erotesis Or. Or. 2sp. Monotypic. ChelUocheUa ... E.vypnus + Or. idem. Chelisocltes Or., Eth., Austr. Proreus Or., Austr. Mainly Oriental. Solenoso7na ... + Or. Monotypic. Adiathcfus Or. Of the 5 known Indian sp., only one occurs elsewhere within the Eegion. Hamaxaa Or. Allodahlia Or. Mainly Indian. Homotages + Or. Monotypic. Pterygidd Or. 2 sp. Anechura Or., Pal. Mainly Pala^arctic. Elaunon Or., Eth. Or., Eth., Pal. Mainly Pal. ; over 40 Forjicula sp. known. Soiidax 4- Or. Monotvpic. Eudohrnia 4- Or. idem. Emboros 4- Or., Eth. Or. idem, idem. Lijxtrurn Obelura + Or. Or., Eth. Or., Eth. 2 sp. Mainly Oriental. idem. Cordax Hypurqus Eparcfius Or. Timomenus . . . Or., Pal. Mainly Indian, but 1 sp. occurs in Korea. Syntonus + Or. Monotypic. Kosmetor Or. Mainly Indian. Lipodea + Or. Monotypic. INTBODrCTION". 23 IName oj Species. Apachi/Hs fc(P A. pascoei Deudroiketes corticinus. . . Biplatys gladiator D. falcatiis D. lefroyi D. angustatus D. hormansi D. ernesfi JD. siva B. green i D. n(fescevs B. gerstcBciceri B. Jletchcri B. lihcratus Bygidicrana 'picta P. valida P. pallidipen nis P. eximia P. 7narmoricrura P. siamensis Bicraiia kallipyga Cranojiyg ia cu mingi C. nictncri Picrania angustata , Byge modesta , P. ophthalmica Palex sparattoides Echinosoma sumairanum . E. parvuhim , Psalis femoral is P. dohrni , P. lefroyi , P. castetsi Labidur odes rob iistus Gonolabis electa Aiiisolabis colossea A. maritima A. aiimdipes A. JcudagcB A. duhronii A. gaudens Borellia green i li. annandalei B.stdli Furcipula dcculyi ... F. frispinosa F. pugiia.v F. quadrispinosa ... F. liirida Labidura nepalensis L. lividipes L. riparia , Bistribuiion. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or., Austr. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. ? Or., Austr. Or. Or., Austr. Cosmopolitan. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. and Eth. Or. and Austr. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or., Eth., Pal. Cosmopolitan. Type at : Genoa. B.M. coll. Burr. Calcutta. coll. Burr, coll. Burr. Paris, coll. Burr. B.M. Berlin, coll. Burr. B.M. Leyden. ? Stettin. ? Stettin. Vienna. ? Stettin. Berlin. Genoa. ? Stettiu. Genoa. Lejden. Berlin. ? Stettiu. B.M. coll. Burr. coll. Burr. ? Paris, Vienna, or Stettin. coll. Burr. B.M. Paris. coll. Burr. Calcutta. Stockholm. Genoa. Vienna. B.M. Paris or Berlin, Calcutta. Material examined. Syntype. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Syntype. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Syntype. Type."" Type. B.M. Peculiar + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 24 INTRODUCTION. Name of Species. Lahidura hcngalensis Or, Distribution. Fseudtsolabis burri Or. Fs. tenera I Or. Nannisolabis philetas i Or. N. willeyi Or. Metisolahis bifoveolata ... " M. caudclli Ctenisolahis Jletcheri Spongiphora lutea *S'. nitidipcnnis <S'. semifiava Erotesis decipiens Labia nigrella L. luzonica L. curvicauda L. mucronata L. pilicoi'nis L. pygidiaia L. rideiis L. arachidis Platylabia major P. gestroi P. thoracica P. nigriceps Sphingolabis fees Chelisochella sujyerba .. E.vypniis pulchripennis . . Chelisoches tnorio Proreus simulaiis P. mela7wcephalus , P. ritsemce Solcnosoma birmaiium . Adiathetus shelf ordi A. dravidius A. glaucopterus A. nigrocastaneus A. ieiiebraior HamaxasfeeB Allodahlia scabriuscula A. macropyga A. coria^ea A. ahrimanes Homotages few Pterygida circidata .... Aneclmra calciatii A. tubovskii Elaunon bipartittis Forficula schiagintweiti F. mogul F. beelzebub F. aceris F. ornata Etb., Neo. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or., Or. Or. Or. andAustr. Or. Cosmopolitan. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or., Etb., Austr. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or Or. Or. Or O Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Type at : Vienna or Berlin. Turin, coll. Burr. coll. Burr, coll. Burr. coll. Burr. coll. Burr. Genoa. Genoa. Genoa. B.M. Genoa. Stockholm. Genoa. Genoa. Genoa. B.M. Genoa. ? Berlin. Genoa. Stockholm. Material examined. B.M. Peculiar Syntype. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Syutype. Type. Syntype. Syntype. Syntype. Type. Syntype. Leyclen. Genoa. Sarawak Calcutta. Genoa, Pusa. B.M. Genoa. Vienna. Oxford. Genoa. coll. Burr. Genoa. Vienna. Turin. St. Petersburg. B.M. Paris. Paris. Brussels. Calcutta. Genoa. Syntype. Type. Type. Syntype. Type. Syntype. Type. Type. Syntype. Type. Syntype. Type. Syntype. Syntype. Paratype. Type. Type. Type. Syntype. Type. Syntype. + + + 4- + + + + + + -f + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + INTRODUCTION. 25 Name of Species. BistrihiUion. Ty2}e at : Material examined. B.M. Peculiar Forficula greeni Or. Or. Or., Etb., Pal. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or., Eth. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. coll. Burr. Paris. Paris or Vienna. Calcutta. Paris. B.M. Oxford. ? Berlin. Paris. Oxford. Leyden. B.M. Genoa. Genoa. Leyden. Leyden. coll. Burr. Madrid. Paris. Genoa. coll. Burr. Paris. Paris. Paris. Type. Type. Type."' Type. Type. Type. Type. Type.'" Type."" Syntype. Type!" Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Tvne. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- F. anibigiia. F. lucasi F. ceteris F. interrogans F. planicoUis Soiidax repens Eudohrnia metallica Emboros dicbius L iparurci punctata, Ohelura asiatica 0. tanuil C. aniudus Hypurgus humercd is H. simplex Eparchus dux E. insignis E. tenellus Ti MO mentis oannes T. (sscidapius T. nevilli T. lugens Si/ntonus ncolobophoroides . Kosmetoi' temora K.. brahma K. vishnu Lipodcs vivax Calcutta. 1 Tvne. 26 LITERATURE. LITERATURE. Annandale, Dr. Nelson. (06). Note on the habits of the Earwig, Lahidura lividipes, Dufour. An Appendix to Mr. Burr's paper. (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beuo-ai, N.S. p. 391, 1901.) Baer, Ct. a. {04). Note sur la piqure d'un Forficulide de la Republique Argentine. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 163, 1904.) Bateson, W., & BiuNDLEY, 11. H. (92). On some Cases of Variation in Secondary Sexual Characters statistically examined. (Proc. Zool. Soc' London, p. 66Q, 1892.) Bold, T. J. (60). Note on the Use of the Forceps of the Earwig. (Zoologist, xix. p. 7411, 1860, and Tyneside Nat. Field Club, iv. p. 335, 1860.) BoLiVAU, Ignacio. (97). Les Orthopteres de St. Joseph's College, a Trichinopoly, sud de I'lnde. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixvi. p. 282, 1897.) Borellt, Dr. Alfredo. (07). Ortotteri raccolti da Leonardo Fea nell' Africa occidentale. Dermatteri. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (3) iii. pp. 345-390, 1907.) (09). Nuove forficole del Kashmir. (Boll. Mus. Tor. xxiv. no. 603, pp. 1-4, 1909.) BoRG, Hjalmar. (04). Forficuliden aus Kamerun. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun, (Arkiv f. Zool. i. p. 563, pi. 26, 1904.) Bormaxs, a. de. (83). Etude sur qiielques Forficiilaires nouveaux ou peu connus, precede d'un Tableau synoptique des genres decette famille. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. p. 59, pis. 2 & 3, 1883.) (84^). Six Forficulaires nouveaux de Sumatra. (Notes from the Leyden Museum, vi. p. 183, 1884.) (84-). Description des deux Sexes de la Labia gravidula, Gerst. (Notes from the Leyden Museum, vi. p. 197, 1884.) (88). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, vii. Dermapteres. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 431, 1888.) (94). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, Ixi. Dermapteres (2me partie). (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xiv. p. 371, 1895.) (00^) Quelques Dermapteres du Musee civique de Genes. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xx. p. 441, 1900.) (00-). Forficulid«5, in "Das Tierreich," 1900. Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (82). Prodromus der europiiischen Orthopteren. (Leipzig, 1882.) Burmeister, H, (38). Handbuch der Entomologie. (Berlin, 1838.) (40). Audinet-Serville, Ilistoire naturelle des Orthopteres verglichen mit H. Burmeister's Handb. der Entomologie, etc. (Germar's Zeitschr., 1840, ii. p. 1.) BtiBR, Malcolm. (98). On the Species of Dyscritina, reared by Mr. Green, (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 387, pis. xviii. & xix. 1898.) (99). Notes on the Forficularia, II. Apteryyida or Sphingolahis ? III. A N«w Species of Anisoluhis, from Ceylon. (Ann. Mag. N, H, (7) iv. p. 254, 1889.) (00'). Notes on the Forficularia, V. Descriptions of New Species, and a New Genus. (Ann. Mag. N. H, (7) vi. p. 79, pi. vi. 1900.) ((X)-). Forficules exotiques du Musee royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Bruxelles. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 47, 1900.) (00'). Notes on the Forficularia, VI., On a collection of Forficularia from Sarawak. (Ann. Mag. N. II. (7) iv. pp. 89-101, pi. vi. figs. 1,2, 4 & 6, 1900.) LITERATURE, 27 Burr, Malcolm. (01). The Earwig's of Cevlon. (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1901, pp. i5U-78 & 310-330, pis. A & B.) (02). On the Fortlcularia of the Hungarian National Museum of Budapest. (Terniesz. Fiiz. xxv. p. 477, pi. xx. 1902.) (03). Notes on the Forficulaiia, VIH. Five New Species from the de Bormans collection. (Ann. Mag-. N. H. (7) xi. p. 270, 1903.) (04), Observations on the Dermatoptera, including revisions of several genera and descrijjtions of New (lenera and Species. (Tr. Ent, Soc. London, p. 277, 1904.) (05'). Descriptions of Five new Dermaptera. (Ent. Mo, Mag. (2) no. 184, p, 84, 1905,) (05*). Notes on the Forficularia, IX. On New Species, with Synonymic Notes, (Ann. Mag. N, II. (7) xvi. p. 486, 1905.) (05'). Earwigs of the Indian Museum, with Descriptions of New Species. (Journ, Proc, Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N. S.), vol. i. no, 2, p. 27, 1905.) (05^). Una especie nueva de 0/«s?^ocos?»i« (Dermapteros), (Bol, R. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Diciembre, 1905.) (06), A Further Note on Earwigs (Derniaptera) in the Indian Museum, with a Description of New Species, (Journ. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N.S.), vol. ii, p. 387, lUOH.) (07'). A Preliminary lievisiou of the ForficuHdtP- (sensu stricto) and of the Chelisochidfe, Families of the Dermatoptera. (Tr. Ent. Soc. Loudon, 1907, p. 91, pi. iv.) (07-). A Third Note on Earwigs (Dermaptera) in the Indian Museum, with Description of a New Species. (Rec. Ind. Mus, Tol. i. pt. 3, no. 15, Calcutta, 1907,) (07*). Catalogue des Forficulides des Collections du Museum National d'llistoire Naturelle de Paris. (Premiere I'artie.) (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1907, no. 7, p. 508.) (08'). Notes on the Forficularia, XII. Notes on the Genr.s Apachyus^ Serv. (Ann. Mag, N. II, (8) i. p. 51 , 1908.) (08^) Catalogue des Forticules des Collections du Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Deuxieme Partie.) (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1908, no. 8, p. 29.) (083). Catalogue des Forticules du Collections du Mus^e National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Iroisieme Partie.) (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 190S, no. 2, p. 115.) (OS'). Notes on the Forticularia, XIII. A Revision of the Brachylabidce {Isolnhidce). (Ann. Mag. N. II. (8) ii. p. 246, 1908.)" (08'). Notes on the Forticularia, XIV. A Eevision of the Py^i- dicmnidce. (Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) ii. p. -382, 1908.) (09'), Note on the Classitication of the Dermaptera, (Deutsch, Ent. Zeitschr, p, 320, pi. iv, 1909.) CoLLiNGE, W, E, (08). A Note on the Flight of an Earwig, Forjicula auricularia, Linn. (Journ, Econ. Biol, iii, pt. 2, pp, 46 & 47, 1908,) Costa, Oronzio Gabr, (-39), Fauna Vesuviana, ossia descrizione degli Insetti che vivono nei funiajoli del cratere del Vesuvio. (Atti K, Accad. Sc. Nap, iv. ZooL 18-39, p. 21, tab. 1.) DoHRN, Dr, H. (62). Die Dermaptera von Mexico, (Stett, Ent. Zeit. xxiii. p. 225,1862.) (63). Yersuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. (Op. cit. xxiv. pp. 35 & .309, 1863.) (64). Id. (Op. cit. xxv. pp. 285 & 417, 1804.) (Qo). Id. 'Op. cit. xxvi. p. 68, 1865.) (67'). Id. (Op. cit. xxviii. p. 341, 1867.) 28 LITERATURE. DoHRN, Dr. H. (67^). Neue imd bisher nicht genugend bekannte Forficuliden. '(Op. cit. xxviii. p. 343, 1867.) DuBEONY, A. DE. (79). Enumeration des Orthopteres des regions Indienne et Austro-Malaise, rapportees par MM. J. Doria, 0. Beccari, et L. M. d'Albertis. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 348, 1879.) DuFouR, LfeoN. (20). Description de dix especes nouvelles ou peu conuues d'Insectes recueillis en Espagne. (Ann. gener. des Sc. Phys. de Bruxelles, 1820, vi. p. 307, tab. 1.) (28). Eechercbes anatomiques sur les Labidoures. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 1828, xiii. p. 337, tab. 19-22.) _ Fabricius, J. C. (75). Svstema Entomoloiricie. (Felsenberg et Lipsise, 1775.) (93). Entoniologia systematica emendata et aucta. (Hafnise, 1792-94, torn. II, Orthoptera, 1793.) (81). Species Insectormn, exhibentes eorum dift'erentias specificas, etc. (Plamburgi et Kiloni, 1781.) {S7). Mantissa Insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas, etc. (Hafnise, 1787.) FiEBER, Fr. (53). Synopsis der europaiscbeu Ortbopteren (aus dem iii. Jahrg. der Zeitschrift " Lotos," 1853, besonders abgedriickt). Prag, 1854 (recte 1853.) Fischer, L. H. (53). Othoptera europaea. (Lipsioe, 1853.) Qadeau de Kerville, H. (03), L Accouplement des Forficulides. (Bull. Mus. Soc. Ent. Fr. no. 4, p. 85, 1903.) (05). Notes sur les Fonctions de la Pince des Insectes Ortho- pteres de la Famille des Forficulides. (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXX. p. 53, 1905.) (06). Sur I'Accouplement et les ceufs d'Atiisolabis onauritanica, Lucas. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. no. 18, p. 252, 1906.) ■ (07). Note sur I'Accouplement, les oeufs, et ramour maternel des Insectes Orthopteres de la Famille des Forficulides. (Kouen, 1907.) Geer, Carl de. (73). M^moires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes, I. Orthopteres, vol. iii., avec 44 planches. (Stockholm, 1773.) GENi, Giuseppe. (32). Saggio di una Monografia delle Forficule indigene. (Ann. delle Sci. di Regno Lombardo-Veneto, Padova, ii. p. 215, 1832.) Gerstaecker, a. (73). Baron Karl von der Decken's Reise in Ost- Afrika, III. 2 Abth. Gliederthiere, Insecta. (Lipsite, 1873.) (83). Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthopteren-Fauna Guineas, nach den von T. Buchholz wahrend den .Jahre 1872 bis 1875 dasselbst gesammelten Arten. (Mitth. des naturw. Ver. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, 1883.) Green, E. Ernest. (96). Notes on Dyscritina lonf/isetosa, Westw. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 229, 1896.) (97). Dyscritina lonyisetosa, Westw. is a Forficulid larva. (Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) viii. p. 235, 1897.) (98). Further notes on i>?/scr/<m« Zo«^;se^o«a, Westw. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 381, pis. xviii. <fc xix., 1898.) Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (38). (Magasin de Zool. (2) Paris, viii. p. 23, 1838.)' IIaan, Dr. W. de. (42). Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera. (Verhandl. over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittiugen, 1842.) LITERATURE 2^ JaCobson, G. G., &Biank:i,V. L. ((T)). IIinnioKpu.ibiH ii JoHiiiocliiHaTOKiibMua PocciiicKoii IlMuepiu ii coiipeAfi.ibiii.ixi cTpaiii. (St. Petersburg, 1905.) Karsch, Dr. F. (86). Ueber einige neue oder wenig bekannte Oehrwuermer (Dermapteru) der asthiopischen llegion. (Berl, Eut. Zeit. XXX. p. 85, 1886.) Kkrville. See Gadeau. KiRBY, W. F. (91). A Revisioij of the Forficulidse, with Descriptions of New Species iu the British Museum, (Liun. Soc. Jourii., Zool. xxiii. pp. .002-512, 1891.) (96). Descriptions of New Species of Forficulidc'e, in the Col- lection of the British Museum (N. II.). (Linn. Soc. .Journ., Zool. xxv. pp. 520-529, 189G.) (03). Notes on Forficulidae, with Descriptions of New Species in the Collection of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. (Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xi. p. 60, 1903.) (04). A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. (Vol. i. 1904.) Krauss, Dr. II. (92). Dermaptera oder Dermoptera ? Eiue nomen- clatorische Eroerterung. (Wiener Ent. Zeit, xi. p. 164, 1892.) (9-5). Beschreibung einer neuen Forficula aus Tunis, nebst Bemerkungen ueber das Vovkounnen yon Forficula lucnsi, Dohrn. (Entom. Nachr. xxi. p. 97, 1895.) Leach, "W. (15). Article on Entomology, in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, ix. p. 57 , 1815. LiNN^us, C. (59). Systema Natune. (Ed. X., Holmife, 1759.) Lucas, II. F. (47). Forficesila annulipes, sp. n. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) V. p. Ixxxiv, 1847.) (49). Ilistoire Naturelle des animaux articules de I'Algerie. (Expl. Sci. d'Alg., Zool. iii. Orthopteres, 4 pis. Paris, 1849.) MoTSCHULSKY, V. VON. (63). Essai d'un Catalogue des Insectes de I'ile Ceylan. ii. Dermapteres. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou, xxxyi. II p. 1, pi. XX., 1863.) Olivier, A. G. (72). Introduction a I'Histoire naturelle. (Encyclopedie methodique. Hist. Nat. yol. yi. Pari-^, 1772.) Pallas, P. S. (73). lieise durcli verschiedene Provinzen des Russ- ischen Reiches in den Jahren 1768-74, (St. Petersbur"-, II. Anhang, p. 30, 1773.) Rehn, James A. G. (05). Notes on Exotic Forficulides, or Earwios with Descriptions of New Species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. .501, 1905.) Saussure, Dr. H. de. (74). IlyTeiuecTBie bi TypKecTan-L; A. II. *e4'ic[u;o. (Fedchenko's Trayels in Turkestan, Orthoptera. MoscoAy, 1874.) Scudder, S. H. (70). Critical and Historical Notes on the Forfi- cularifB. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xyiii. pp. 287 -.332, 1876.) Semenov, a. p. (01). PyccKie uiubi po^oob Anechura, 'Scudd. u Forficula (L.) Scudd., ii iixt. reorpa'tii'iecKoe pacnpe4li.ienie. (Russian species of the genera Anechura Scudd, it Forficula (L.) Scudd., and their geographical distribution). (Hora3 Soc Ent. Ross. XXXV. p. 185, 1901.) (02). Dermatopera KpiineaeHHbis H. A. 3apy4nbiMi iis'b nyTeuiecrnia 1900-1901 IT. no BocTOfnoii nepciii. (Dermatoptera brought by N. A. Zarudny from his journey in 1900-1901 in Elistern Persia). (Horae Soc. Ent. Ross, x^xxyi. p. 192, 1902.) Serville, Atjdinet de (31). Reyue Methodique des Insectes de I'ordre des Orthopteres. (Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. pp. 28, 1,34 & 262, 1831.) (39). Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Orthopteres. Suites a Buffon Paris, 1839. 30 LITBRATUEE. Sharp, Dr. D. (95). The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. v. (London, 1895.) (ForJicvUdce, pp. 202-216.) Stal, C. (60). Fregatten Eugenies Rasa omkring Jorden. Insekten, Orthoptera. (Stockholm, 1860.) Stephens, J. Fr. (37). Illustrations of British Entomology, or a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects. Maudibulata, vol. vi. (London, 1837.) Terry, F. W. (05). Leaf Hoppers and their Natural Enemies. (Ent. Div. Bull. no. 1, pt. 5. Report of Work of Experimental Station of Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1905.) Theobald, F. V. (96). On some Hop-Pests. (Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) vii. p. 60, 1896.) Verhceff, Dr. K. W, (02'). Ueber Dermapteren. I. Aufsatz. (Zool. Anzeig. no. 665, p. 181, 1902.) (02-). Ueber Dermapteren. II. Aufsatz. (S.B. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, no. 1, p. 7,1902.) Westwood, J. O. (39). (Riizel's Himalayas, pi. ix. fig. 12, 1839.) (40). An Introduction to the Modern Classitication of Insects, II. (London, 1840.) - — (81). On the Earwig. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, i. p. 157, 1881.) Xambeu. (03). Instinct de la Materuite chez le Chelidura dilatata, Lafresnave, Orlhoptere du groupe des Forticuliens. (Le Natur- aliste, Pcxris, ISjuin 1903, p. 143.) Yersin, Alexandre. (60). Note sur quelques Orthopteres nouveaux ou pen connus. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) viii. p. .509, pi. x., 1860.) CLASSIFICATION. 31 DERMAPTERA. Table of Families. 1. Last dorsal egment of abdomen produced between the forceps into a depressed and dilated lobe, formed by a fusion with the pygidiura. (Body very strongly de- pressed ; antennae with over 40 segments; elytra very weak at axillary angle, exposing a very prominent scutellum.) 1. Apachyidae, p. 31 1.1. Last dorsal segment of abdomen not strongly produced and forming no prominent process. 2. Second tarsal segment simple, not lobed, cylindrical. 3. Last dorsal segment with posterior margin entire, not fused with the pygidium, which is free. 4. Femora compressed and keeled, . 4.4. Femora not compressed or keeled 3.3. Last dorsal segment deflexed between the forceps, fused with the pygidium, which thus presents a vertical face 2.2. Second tarsal segment lobed Pygidicranidae, p. 37. Labiidae, p. 110. Labiduridae, p. G7. Forficulidae, p. 129. Family I. APACHYID^. Apachyidse, Verhaff, (02^) p. 200. This family is well characterized. The body is uniformly depressed, extremely so in the dominant and typical genus Ajxichi/us, less so in DendroiJcetes ; the latter only differing from Apacliyus in the somewhat less depressed body and subquadrate pronotum . With the exception of these two points the common characters of the family, to save repetition, are given in the characterization of the genus Apachyus. There are a few species confined to the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and jN'ew Guinea, but only three have as yet been recorded from British India. Owing to their remarkable appearance, they may be easily recognized, and the few Indian species cannot be confused. Table of Genera. 1. Body very strongly flattened; pro- notum elliptical Apachyus, Serv., p. -32. 1.1. Body less strongly flattened; ]iro- notum nearly square Dkndroiketes, Burr, p. 36. 32 APAOHTID.!). Genus APACHYUS, Serville. Apachyus, Serville, (31) p. 35. Apachya, Serville, (39) p. 54. Type, Forfinda depressa, Pal.-Beauv. Entire body remarkably flattened and depressed. Antennae long, with from 30-50 segments, 1st segment stout and long, 2nd minute, remainder cylindrical or conico-cylindrical, 3rd long, 4th to 7th very short, the remainder gradually lengthening. Head rather broad, triangular in front, truncate posteriorly, sutures distinct ; eyes prominent. Pronotum elliptical, angustate anteriorly, the sides convex and constricted quite near the posterior margin, which is truncate. Scutellum coriaceous, acutely triangular. Elytra ample and smooth ; costal portion very narrow ; humeral fold very faint. Wings ample and long, the coriaceous part with a nearly obsolete faint longitudinal ridge ; the folds of the mem- branous part well exposed along the suture. Prosternum parallel, widened posteriorly ; mesosternum ample, subquadrangular, truncate posteriorly, the posterior angles rounded. Metasternura ample, posterior margin sinuate. Eemora compressed, carinu- late, fairly stout ; tibiae slender ; first tarsal segment short and thick, second very minute, third long and slender, considerably longer than the first. Pulvillus present between the claws. Abdomen parallel-sided, very flat, generally smooth ; lateral tubercles not visible. Last dorsal segment ample in both sexes, subquadrate. Penultimate ventral segment produced posteriorly into a long acuminate lobe in both sexes. Last ventral segment visible at the sides of this pointed lobe. Anal process produced between the forceps from the last dorsal segment into a flat lobe, rounded, pentagonal or lanceolate. Forceps with the branches very similar in both sexes, flat, arcuate or incurved at an angle, without teeth. Eanrje. Tropical Asia, New Guinea and Africa. In the nymph the anal process is lanceolate ; the sixth ventral segment is produced to a pointed lobe, but still leaves the 7th and 8th segments visible, and the 9th is visible as a triangular area on each side of the under surface of the anal process. This genus is easy to recognize, as all the species are very similar and the generic and family characters are very distinctive ; the very strongly flattened body, the form of the organs of flight, the elliptical pronotum, the anal process, and sickle-like forceps are very noticeable. Table of Species. 1. Aual process with side angles not very sharp ; last dorsal segment granulose ; reddish chestnut fecc, Borm., p. 33. 1.1. Anal process with side angles sharp; last dorsal segment rugose ; colour deep choco- late-brown pascoei, Kirby, p. 35. APACHYUS. 33 1. Apachyus feaB, Bormans* ^ (Figs. 1, 2, & 93.) ^\o^r?. Jl^'^""'"*""' (^^^ P- -^3 ; ^"'-'V (05) p. 27, (07^) p. 508, c\3ZJ'7 /^'^'Vk r?''^^"', ^^'^' ^^^'^^^^*' ^b^«"^en reddish- chestnut, shaded ^vIth black ; legs testaceous, ^^-ings stra^A'-coloul•ed He r/ rf ? ?^""^'f ' '-'' ^^^^^'^"«' ^^- -«t dark chestnut.' Head dark chestnut, mouth-parts paler. Pronotum dark chest- nut, narrow and rounded anteriorly, the sides strongly convex thnlZT ^"Tl '^' P°'''"°^' "^"^'Sin, which is" truncate: thus the iormot the pronotum is a posteriorly truncate ellipse- median sulcus distinct, sides somewhat incrassate. Scutellum' dark chestnut; in the form of an isosceles triangle, the ape^ pointing posteriorly. Sternal plates pale yellowish. ElyU-a broad and ample, somewhat convex and obhque posteriorly smooth, dark chestnut. Wings ample, straw-coloured or testa- ceous ; eoriaceous and membranous parts scarcely differentiated Legs reddish testaceous Abdomen deep reddish chestnut, shaded n ?I.^ ?Jl ""^f ^% '''''' '^-^'^^''^' ''''^^ ^ P^^'' «f «^^iooth spots m the middle ot each segment. Penultimate ventral segment of the c? hidden by the 8th, which has a faint median sulcus and IS produced posteriorly into a rather short obtuse triangle not reaching the anal process ; it is hidden in the $ by the 6th the furrow IS obsolete, the hind margin produced into a very long narrow acuminate lobe extending almost to the apex of the anal procesl Las dorsal segment in the 6 ample, longer than broad, with a shallow median depression ; rough, with a mass of small tubercles • dorsal surface separated from the ventral by a row of minute sharp black tubercles; in the $ somewhat shiter, but struZr: and pattern similar. Anal process in the c^ pentagonal ; that is, he sides are at first convex, slightly ema^ginate at the base Itself; outer angles marked by a short point, thence convergino- to an apical point; the edge itself is shghtlv thickened and studded with minute tubercles; under surface smooth with a shallow median suicus ; upper surface somewhat smoother than the last dorsal segment ; m the $ lanceolate, that is, more strond v emarginate at the base itself so that the sides form' Tsha p a"! e near the base, beyond which they converge to form an acSe angle; edges studded with minute sharp t^ubercles, espSa ly ? the angles. Forceps with the branches deep red, darker at the apex with minute pittmgs ; in the d regularly arcuate in the basal hird, hen bent inwards at an obtuse angle and very distinctly thickened the inner margin straight and Lter marg n gently arcuate, rather blunt at the apex itself ; in the $ the 1 Whenever a species is marked with an asterisk, it indicates that the tvn« ZsZ::sZ!''''' "'""^' '' '''' ^"^^^^ ■' '^' -^-^^^« -S-^y that a S3 ntj^: 34 APACHYID^. branches are regularly curved and arcuate, sickle-sliaped, very slightly thickened at the apex itself. Length of body (without anal process) . . 40 mm. 29-39 mm. „ forceps (with anal process) . . 5-7 „ 4-7 „ Bhutan : Maria Basti (Paris 2Ius.) ; Sikkim (Lid. Mus., coll. Burr); AssAM (Brit. 3Ius.) • BuRMA : Karen-ui, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., May to Dec, 4000-4500 ft., Jan. (Genoa Mu^., Brii. Mus., coll. Burr) ; ToNKiN (coll. Gadeau, coll. Burr). Type in Genoa Museum. Larva. The author has examined three nymphs, one of which, being considerably larger than the others, may perhaps be in the penulti- mate instar. In this specimen the anal process is simply a long acute triangle, the tenth ventral segment only visible as a trian- gular area on each side of the base of the anal process, as in the imao-o ; the ninth ventral segment is obtusely rounded posteriorly ; the other segments have the posterior border truncate, except the basal three, which have it sinuate. The radiate structure of the wings is visible on the metanotum, which is deeply but roundly emarginate posteriorly ; the mesonotum is truncate posteriorly and anteriorly, the sides convex ; the forceps are gently arcuate and do not overlap. The total length of the body to the apex of the anal process is 38 mm. The two undoubted nymphs measure respectively 36 mm. and 37 mm. ; the form of the mesonotum is the same as in the larger specimen, but the lateral convexity is more pronounced and distinctly suggests incipient elytra ; the radiating wings are distinctly visible on the metanotum, showing the first dorsal segment beyond it. The form of the anal process is almost that of the adult female. The ventral surface of one agrees with that of the larger specimen — that is, the eighth segment is convex posteriorly, only it is obtusely triangular rather than rounded. This specimen has therefore the full complement of dorsal segments behind this convex one, and is therefore probably a male. In the other specimen the eighth ventral segment, also the seventh, is gently rounded, and the sixth is very distinctly produced in the form of a triangular lobe passing over the seventh to the edge of the eighth ; the specimen is therefore probably a female, and in the imago this triangular lobe completely conceals the seventh, eighth and ninth segments. In both these specimens the ventral part of the tenth segment is the same as in the adult. I can find no other signs of sexual differentiation in either the anal process or forceps, which decidedly resemble those of the APACHYUS. 35 adult female. The full number of dorsal segments is also visible in both. We may therefore conclude that, as this lobed ventral segment is far more acute and produced in the $ than in the d , it is more pronounced in the last instar, and consequently shows the sex at this stage better than any other part or organ. Variation. This species varies considerably in size. The following are the dimensions of a number of specimens iu different collections from various localities, measured from the mouth to the apex of the anal process. Burma (Genoa Mns.) 42 mm. 40 mm. Tonkin (coll. Burr) 43 „ 41 „ " 31 „ Bhutan {Paris Mus.) 30 „ It is easy to recognize by its usually great size and the form of the anal process and forceps. 2. Apachyus pascoei, Kirhy* Apachyus pascoei, Eirby, (91) p. 521, pi. 20, fig. 1 ; (04j p. 3. Very closely resembles A.fecp,, Borm., the description of which applies well to this species, with the following points of distinction. The colour is generally decidedly darker, being a deep chocolate- brown ; the forceps are less coarsely pitted ; the abdomen is shorter and decidedly broader in proportion. The last dorsal segment is rugose rather than granulose, and the granules are far more densely crowded ; finally the anal process is more angular, owing to the fact that the projections at the edges, not only in the middle but at the sides, are more marked, and so emphasize the angles. J . 6 Length of body. . , 35 min. „ forceps 8 „ Assam : Sylhet {Brit. Mus.). Type iu the British Museum. This species has always been sunk as a synonym of A. fece, Borm., but a comparison of Kirby's type with authentic specimens of A. fece from de Bormans' own collection shows the distinctions as given above. It is consequently prudent to suspend judgment. and leave the final decision to collectors on the spot. d2 36 APACHYID^. Genus DENDROIKETES, Burr. Deudroiketes, Burr, (09') p. 321. Type, Apacliyus cortichius. Burr. Kesembles Apachyus generally, but body less depressed ; head less flattened, occiput tumid. Antennae with about 30 segments ; first long and thick, third long and cylindrical ; fourth and fifth short and subcorneal, together not longer tlian third ; sixth and ninth slightly longer, subconical ; the rest more elongate, nearly cylindrical. Pronotum rectangular ; elytra and wings perfectly deve- loped ; femora somewhat compressed ; tibia? slender ; tarsi slender, first and third segments about equally long. Abdomen parallel - sided, depressed and smooth. Last dorsal segment of S and $ ample, slightly broader than long, densely granulated ; penultimate ventral segment of S convex, rounded and obtusely triangular, punctate ; in $ punctate, produced into a long, slender, sharp- pointed lobe. Anal process smoother, depressed, the margin itself finely crenulated, rounded in c^ ; iu $ parallel-sided at the base itself, then obtusely triangular. Forceps with the branches depressed, finely punctulate ; in 6 unarmed, incurved ; in $ straighter. Ilanr/e. Ceylon. This genus was founded for a single Singhalese species Avhich represents the passage from Apachyus to typical earwigs. It resembles Apachyus in its main features, especially in the form of the apex of the abdomen and the forceps, and in the penultimate ventral segment of the female, but in the less depressed body, rectangular pronotum, somewhat different tarsi, and penultimate ventral segment of the male it approaches the normal earwig. 3. Dendroiketes corticiiiiis, Burr* (Fig. 3.) Apachyus corticinus, Burr, (08^) p. 51. Dendroiketes corticiuus, Burr, (09) p. 321. Of small size ; general colour greyish fuscous ; antennae with first three segments yellowish, the rest grey ; head smooth, yellowish, the mouth-parts darker; sutures distinct. Pronotum rectangular, nearly square, prozona tumid, median suture distinct, metazona depressed, sides reflexed ; scutellum obtusely triangular ; elytra narrow, not rounded at the shoulders, about twice as long as the pronotum, smooth, greyish brown ; wings very prominent, longer than the elytra, the scales of the same colour ; legs yel- lowish, the femoi-a with darker shading ; abdomen depressed, parallel-sided, yellowish brown, smooth. Last dorsal segment of cJ and $ ample, reddish brown, a little broader than long, coarsely scabrous, with a faint median depression. Penultimate ventral segment of (^ punctate, decidedly convex, obtusely triangular ; of 5 produced into a long slender sharp-pointed lobe. Anal process smoother, depressed and prominent, the edge finely crenulate ; in DENBEOIKETES. 37 S rounded, iu $ parallel-sided at the base itself, then obtusely triangular, with rather sharp points at each side. Eorceps de- pressed, finely punctulate, deep red ; in d sickle-shaped, unarmed, regularly arcuate ; in 5 with a blunt tubercle on the underside near the base, rather thick, straight and parallel near the base itself, then bowed inward at an obtuse angle, then straight, converging to the points, which are abruptly attenuated and slightly hooked. 6 2 Length of body 8-5 mm. ] 0 mm. ,, forceps 1-5 „ 1-5 „ Cetlon : Peradeniya, in October (coll. Burr). One larva from Ceylon (Vienna Mus.). Type in the author's collection. This species, the only known Singhalese representative of the Apachyidce, may be easily recognized by the generic characters. It was discovered by Mr. Green, who found a single pair. Family II. PYGIDICKANIDJE. The compressed and carinulate femora afford a convenient mesns of separating this family. Fig. 2. — Leg of Fygidlcrana siconensis, Dohrn. The elytra are weakly attached — that is, the anal angle is rounded, so that a triangular scutellum of var^'-ing size is exposed at the base of the elytra when closed. The antenna have numerous segments, the fourth and fifth shorter than the third, which is long. 38 pygidicrajVid^. The abdomen is cylindrical and generally narrower near the base than at the apex, whieli is usually more or less dilated. No known Indian members of the family are apterous, but totally wingless forms occur in certain parts of the world. Two subfamilies are represented in India. Table of Subfamilies. 1. Antennae with 15-25 segments, the fifth cylindrical, longer than broad. (Size [p. 38. small or medium, build fragile.) .... I. Diplatyince, 1.1. Antennae with over 30 segments, the fourth, fifth, aud sixth short, globular, not longer than broad. (Size large or very large, build robust and powerful [p. 53. as a rule.) II. P>/gidicraiiince, Subfamily I. DIPLATYIN^. This subfamily contaius the single genus Dijilaiys, Serv., if we agree to sink Cylindrofj aster, Stal. Genus DIPLATYS, Serv. Diplatys, Servilh, (31) p. 33. Dyscritiua, Westioood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lo7idon, 1881, p. 601 (larva). — Tt/2)e, D. longisetosa, JVestw. Nannopygia, Dohrn, (68) p. 60. — Type, N. gerstfeckeri, Dohrn. Type, Forficula macrocepJiala, Pal.-Beauv. Body glabrous or hairy. Stature small and slender. An- tennae with 16-20 rather thick segments, almost cylindrical ; first long and thickened at the apex, second very short, third longer, fourth about half as long as third, fifth a little longer ; the remainder gradually lengthening. Head rather broad, pen- tagonal, usually different in the sexes ; in the S globose, smooth, and tumid, with obsolete sutures, or more often tumid between the eyes and strongly depressed posteriorly, the two parts often sharply separated by the transverse suture ; sutures very distinct or obsolete ; posterior margin truncate or emar- ginate, somewhat reflexed into an incrassate transverse ridge which continues round the corners to the eyes ; a more or less sharp ridge often runs from behind the eyes to the posterior angles of the side ; sides of the head parallel or converging pos- teriorly, in which case the head is lanceolate ; median suture sometimes very distinct, sometimes replaced by a short keel ; in the $ the head is generally simpler, more approaching quadrate, smooth, not notably tumid or depressed, and somewhat broader. Prouotum small, narrower than the head, sometimes a little longer than broad, usually as broad as long, produced and narrowed anteriorly with a short neck ; sides parallel or convex ; posterior margin truncate, the angles rounded ; prozona usually tumid ; UU'LATTS. SO' sides and metazona flat ; in the $ usually more rounded and broader ; the pronotum extends shghtly over the elytra. Scu- tellum small and triangular. Elytra broad and ample, usually long and convex or truncate posteriorly, M-ith no humei'al carina. Wings generally long ; squamse generally pointed ; a triangular membranous patch often exposed ; rarely abortive. Femora feebly keeled ; first tarsal segment very long and slender, longer than second and third united ; second very short, rather broad ; third segment about half as long as first, a little broader; pulvilius present between the claws. Abdomen in the 6 slender and cylin- drical ; the segments distinctly separated ; lateral tubercles on segments three and four generally more distinct in the $ than in the 6 ; towards the apex a little broader, sometimes notably so. Last dorsal segment of d" ample, smooth, tumid, truncate posteriorly, sometimes very remarkably widened and quadrate. In the 5 the abdomen is usually broader and more depressed, not widened apically, but narrowed down the last dorsal segment which is sloping, long, and veiy narrow. Penultimate ventral segment in the d very ample, completely covering the last seg- ment, quadrate, angles rounded, posterior margin truncate or sinuate, or deeply emarginate. Pygidium not visible. Forceps of c? stout, straight, conical and contiguous, usually depressed, flat beneath and keeled above, dilated near the base to form a flat dilation recalling typical Fovficula or merely forming a flat triangular tooth, and then attenuate and arcuate so as to enclose an elliptical area. In the $ simple, straight, very short, and contiguous. Larvae depressed ; instead of forceps, having long segmented caudal styles, resembling antennae ; number of segments varying from about 15-30 ; segments cylindrical, gradually lengthening after the second, the basal segment equalling in length the next five or six segments. This long basal segment is the sheath of the future forceps. Eange. Tropical Asia, Africa and America. This genus is one of the most interesting and also one of the most difficult. In 'Das Tierreich,' de Bormans gave a table for the half dozen species which he knew, based entirely upon colour alone. It is consequently impossible to discriminate any species by means of that work. The inherent difficulty of the genus is complicated by the sexual dimorphism ; it is, at present at least, only possible to allocate females to their respective places by guesswork, as the form of the head and pronotum is usually different in the female from the same pai'ts in the male, and, of course, the anal parts differ also. It is accordingly particularly desirable that no new species of Diplatys be described from females only. It is also probable that there may be two different types of coloration in one species. It may eventually be proved that D. gersto'clceri, \2Lr. caUdasa is really a yellow variety of the large fuscous D. siva, and the same thing may occur in certain African species. 40 PYGIDICRANID.E. The name Di/scritina was proposed by Westwood (1881) for the larval form, with long segmented cerci, which proved to be identical with the insect described by Dohrn under the name Ncmnopygia gerstcBckeri. This is, of course, a true Diplatys, so Nannopygia must fall, although de Bormans describes Namio- pygia gerstceclceri and Diplatys loagisetosa, Westwood, as separate creatures in distinct genera. Table of Species, 1. Forceps strongly depressed and dilated near the base. 2. Last dorsal segment strongly dilated, much wider than the waist ; broad and flat part of forceps quite pro- minent. 3, Elytra short, only li time as long as broad, rounded at apex ; wings abortive ; occiput not strongly depressed gladiator, Burr, p. 41. 3.3, Elytra at least twice as long as broad, narrow at apex ; wings well developed; occiput depressed, falcatus, sp. n., p. 42. 2.2. Last dorsal segment not strongly di- lated, but little wider than the waist; dilated part of forceps very short, scarcely visible from above. 3. Penultimate ventral segment roun- ded, gently sinuate at hinder margin; forceps stout, very gently arcuate lefroyi, sp, n., p. 44. 3.3. Penultimate ventral segment nar- rowed ; binder border produced to a small truncate lobe ; forceps more slender and arcuate angustatus, sp. u., p. 44. 1.1. Forceps gradually attenuate. 2. Penultimate ventral segment with posterior margin distinctly excavate or emarginate. 3. Penultimate ventral segment with round emargination bormansi, sp. n.,p. 45, 3.3. Penultimate ventral segment with one or more deep triangular emarginations. 4. Penultimate ventral segment bi- emarginate (small Singhalese species). •5. Colour red (/ersfcscJieri, Dohrn, p, 46, 5.5. Colour black ernesti, sp. n., p. 48. 4.4= Penultimate ventral segment with three triangular emarginations (large North Indian species) . . siva, Burr, p. 49. 2.2. Penultimate ventral segment entire or gently sinuate. DIPLATTS. 41 3. Penultimate ventral segment very gently sinuate \ greeai, Burr, p. 50, 3.3. Penultimate ventral segment trun- cate. 4. Last dorsal segment scai'cely wider than the abdomen; forceps trigono-conical. 5. Penultimate ventral segment rectangular, the angles not rounded rnfescens, Kirby, p. 5] . •5.5. Penultimate ventral segment with the angles rounded. . . . Jletcheri, sp. n., p. o'2. 4.4. Last dorsal segment decidedly wider than the abdomen ; for- ceps depressed liberatus, sp. n., p. 62. 4. Diplatys gladiator, Burr* Diplatys gladiator, Burr, (05) pp. 28 & 29, (OG^) p. 319. Pale testaceous or reddish ; elytra black. Antennae with 14 segments, pale straw-coloured ; third segment not very long, fourth much shorter, and fifth a little shorter than the third, all cylindrical. Head tumid between the eyes, not remarkably depressed on the occiput, postocular keels nearly obsolete; sutures not very distinct ; there is a faint small ridge on each side of the median suture and parallel to it ; colour fuscous or reddish. Pro- notum of S and 5 as broad as long, subquadrate, with rounded sides and angles, truncate posteriorly, testaceous ; prozona tumid ; metazona and sides depressed. Scutellum pale, larger in the $ than in the S • Elytra black, short and broad, convex posteriorly ; in the $ the elytra slope away at the base and so expose a larger scutehum than in the J. Wings abortive. Legs pale and slender. Abdomen yellowish near the base, reddish or darker near the apex ; cylindrical in the S , rather depressed in the $ ; smooth lateral tubercles on the third and fourth segments distinct in both sexes. In the S the eighth and ninth segments are wider than the others but very short ; in the $ they are normal and somewhat narrowed. Last dorsal segment in the c? very ample, quadrate and smooth, the median sulcus nearly obsolete ; posterior margin subsinuate, shghtly convex on each side over the forceps; exterior angles depressed, prominent, and rectangular. In the $ the last dorsal segment sloping, narrow, normal. Penultimate ventral segment of d" as ample as the last dorsal segment, posterior margin gently rounded, angles rounded. Forceps of the c? with the branches very depressed and strongly dilated near the base itself, forming a flattened but sharp tooth, at which point the two inner- margins touch ; then suddenly and strongly attenuate and arcuate, enclosing an elliptical area : in the 2 straight, simple, and slender. (S Leugth of body 8-75 mm. „ forceps 1-5 „ 42 PYGIDICRANIDiE. Bengal : Calcutta {Ind. Mus., coll. Burr). Tyije in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Larva. Antennae of same number of segments and form as adult. Pronotum almost circular, ample, anterior and posterior margins straight ; elytra present as free short rounded flaps ; legs very slender, depressed and rather broad ; lateral tubercles very dis- tinct ; lateral dorsal segment very small and narrow ; caudal setae very long, with 20-30 segments, considerably longer than the body ; basal segments very long, about equalling the next seven segments together ; the segments all cylindrical, rather long, gradually lengthening after the second. Head, elyti'a, apical half of abdomen and cerci, except at the very base itself, blackish, the rest of the body straw-coloured. Length of body 5*5 mm., of basal segment of cerci 1"7 mm., total length of cerci 7'75 mm. (The soft body is of course rather shrivelled.) This is a very distinct species, being the only one known in which the wings are abortive, and the elytra so short that they are almost square ; the coloration is also distinctive ; in the strongly dilated last dorsal segment of the male and the depressed and dilated forceps, it approaches D. fakatus, but in that species the inner margin of the dilated part is crenulate, and the forceps are bowed so that the outer margin is sti'ongly arched ; in D. gladiator the outer margin is almost straight. it has hitherto only been record(jd from Calcutta, where Dr. Aunandale found the larvae during hot weather under flower- pots, resting on stones. 5. Diplatys falcatus, sp. n. (Fig. 4.) Size relatively great. General colour reddish brown. Antennae pale yellowish grey. Head blackish brown, broad, especially in the S , depressed, sutures strongly marked, postocular carina strong and sharp, occiput depressed. Pronotum of d suboval, a little longer than broad, a little narrower posteriorly than an- teriorly, the sides rounded; yellowish brown, M'ith indistinct blackish markings ; in $ , the prozona bi-own, the metazona pale yellowish, pentagonal, slightly longer than broad and narrowed posteriorly ; anterior margin roundly convex, sides and posterior margin almost straight. Scutellum yellowish, broader in the $ than in the J • Elytra ample, long and narrow, purplish black. Wings long and prominent, creamy, the scale blackish. Legs dirty yellowish, shaded or banded with brownish. Abdomen reddish brown, with stiff' reddish bristles at the sides ; long and slender and dilated posteriorly in the 6 , stouter and narrowed posteriorly in the $ ; lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal DIPLATYS. 43 segment of c? very large, ample and smooth, nearly square, much broader than the abdomen, yellowish brown ; sides somewhat converging posteriorly, posterior margin truncate ; in $ ample, but narrower than the abdomen, truncate posteriorly. Penultimate ventral segment of d" ample, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, the sides straight and converging ; posterior margin gently sinuate, with a triangular depressed area m the middle ; in 2 narrow, acutely convex. Forceps with the branches iu the cT strongly flattened throughout their length and almost sulcate above, strongly dilated at the base itself, this portion ending abruptly in a blunt tooth, as the branches are sharply attenuated near the base and diverging, then strongly arcuate, so as to enclose a slightly transverse oval area ; in the $ the branches are simple, straight, contiguous, tapering. 6 2 Length of body 13-5 mm. 11 mm. „ forceps 1 „ 1 „ Punjab : Simla Hills, Kasauli, about 6300 ft., 16.V.08 (Tnd. 3IUS.) ; Lower Burma : Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3.iii.08 {Ind. II us.). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Pig. 3. — Apex of abdomen of male, showing penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from beneath , of six species of Biplatys. A. D.falcatus. B. D. Irfroyi. C. D. anrjiisfatus. D. D. gersi(pchen. E. D. ei-)iesfi. F. D.flet chert. This is a fine species, which most nearly approaches the African D. macrocephala, but the penultimate ventral segment is of a diflferent shape, and the forceps are very strongly arched. Perhaps de Borraans included this species in his D. macrO' cephala from Burma. 44 PTGIDICEANID.i:. 6. Diplatys lefroyi, sp. n. (Fig. 5.) Eelatively large, General colour blackish brown, body reddish. Antennae brown, yellowish near the base, blackish towards the apes. Head black, the frous tumid and smooth, the transverse suture obscure ; postocular keels sharp and distinct ; median suture distinct only near posterior margin, which is depressed, as also the occiput. Pronotum of d about as broad as long, irregularly pentagonal, with rounded angles ; anterior margin roundly convex; posterior roargin truncate, sides gently converging so that the pronotum is somewhat narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona black ; metazona yellowish. Scutellum yellow. Elytra ample, smooth, black. Wings long, smooth, black. Legs yellow, banded with blackish. Abdomen blackish red, gently widening posteriorly. Last dorsal segment not very strongly dilated, about half as wide again as the middle of the abdomen, rather longer than broad, smooth, tumid, black with yellowish pubescence. Posterior margin simple, gently sinuate in the middle, the sides obliquely truncate. Penultimate ventral segment ample, rounded, the posterior margin gently sinuate. Forceps with the branches stout and trigonal, not very much depressed ; at the very base itself the inner margin is produced into a depressed triangular tooth, which is best seen from below, as it does not extend beyond the edge of the last dorsal segment, and so is not easily visible from above ; the branches are gently tapered, nearly straight or gently incurved, the points scarcely hooked ; the interior margin in the apical portion is denticulate ; the basal portion of the forceps is pale yellow, the apical portion black. 6 Length of body 12 mm. ,, forceps ] "5 „ S. Bombay : Belgaum, 2000 ft., iv.OS (Pasa Coll.) ; Tratan- CORE : E. side of Western Ghats, Madras frontier, Shencottah {Ind. Mus., coll. Burr"). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. This species is related to D. falcatus. The dilation at the base of the forceps is so short that it is not at first noticeable, and thus the forceps appear to resemble those of D. bormansi. The penultimate ventral segment also is different from that of D. falcatus, being rounded or sinuate, thus approaching the African D. macrocephala, but the last abdominal segment is very little broader than the abdomen. 7. Diplatys angustatus, sp. n. (Pig. 6.) Size small, general colour black. Antennae black with a yellowish ring near the base ; IG segments, all cylindrical, third rather short. Head black, tumid ; occiput depressed, with sharp postocular DIPLAXiS. 45 carinse and a pair of small keels in the middle of the posterior margin. Pronotum as broad as long, all margins gently convex ; black, with a narrow yellowish posterior border. Elytra and wings ample, black. Scntellum minute, black. Legs black, ringed with white at the base of the femora, the knees and base of the tarsi. Abdomen slender, black, the tubercles on second and third segments very distinct ; gradually widening towards the apex. Last dorsal segment tumid, but scarcely wider than the abdomen and about as long as broad. Penultimate ventral segment broad at the base but rapidly narrowing towards the apex, which is trun- cate. Porceps with the branches depressed at the base itself and so contiguous there ; then immediately and abruptly attenuate, the branches very slender, elongate and arcuate, enclosing an ellip- tical area. $ unknown, S Length of body 10-5 mm. „ forceps 1*75 „ N. Bengal : Purneah District, Bhogaon, 30.ix.0S (0. A. Paiva, Incl. 31 us.). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. This species, based on a single male, approaches D. lefroyi in the form of the forceps and the last dorsal segment, but is smaller and more slender ; the forceps especially are far less robust. The form of the penultimate ventral segment is perfectly distinctive. 8. Diplatys bormansi, sp. n. (Figs. 91, 91 a.) Diplatys macrocephala, Borm. {nee Beauv.) (88) p. 433, (94) p. 372, (OQi) p. 9 (text) (partim). Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (04) pp. 279 & 284 (partim). Diplatys bormansi, Kirhij, (04) p. 1 (nomen nudum). Puscous varied with whitish, not very pubescent. Antennae with 14-16 segments, basal two fuscous, the remainder greyish testaceous. Head of J with transverse suture rather distinct, the tumid frontal part very distinct from the depressed occiput ; postocular ridges shorter than the diameter of the eyes, not very sharp ; median suture fairly distinct, with one or two faint ridges on each side ; in the 5 broader and flatter, the sutures more faint, so that the somewhat tumid part passes gradually into the depressed occiput ; postocular ridges rather more blunt ; black ; the eyes very prominent, especially in the male ; eyes sometimes white. Pronotum with median sulcus faint ; prozona tumid, brownish black, occupying the greater part of the disc ; metazona narrow and flat, white or yellowish, which colour extends forwards along the flat sides to form a crescent ; trapezoidal, nearly rectilinear in the 6 , the sides subconvex in the 5 , angles rounded in both sexes, slightly narrowed posteriorly, about as broad as long, but distinct] V broader in the $ than in the d*. Scutellum transverse 46 rTGIDICBANID.E. in the S ; very small in the $ . Elytra smooth, ample, long, fuscous, with a distiuct purple sheen ; with a few stifi' bristles ; some- times with a pale transverse baud at the shoulders. Wings ample ; squamae long and narrow, pale and with a central fuscous spot. Legs pale, femora and tibiae with fuscous rings ; former with distinct carinulse. Abdomen of c? slendei-, shining purplish black, gently and slightly broadened towards the apex ; $ broader, somewhat depressed, angustate posteriorly, with a short thick yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segments of c? quadrate, smooth, scarcely broader than the base of the abdomen ; in the $ sloping and narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment of <S parallel-sided, posterior margin rather deeply emarginate in the middle, with broadly rounded lobes. Forceps with the branches not depressed, stout, straight, subcontiguous, trigono-conical, acuminate and very slightly hooked at the apex ; in the $ cylindro-couieal, short, contiguous, straight. Length of body 10 mm. 9 mm. „ forceps 1 „ 0'75 „ Burma : Bhamo, April and August (coll. Burr, Genoa Mus.) ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft. {coll. Burr). Type in the author's collection. This species was confused by de Bormans with D. liberatus, Burr, under the name of D. macrocephala, which is a very distinct African species, and by the author of this work with D. nigrkejps and D. greeni. It differs from them all in having the penultimate ventral segment of the male emarginate in the middle ; in D. liheraius this plate is truncate ; in the true D. nigncejys from Hong Kong it is somewhat convex in the middle. Superficially it also resembles D. greeni. It is impossible to determine which of the localities quoted by de Bormans should be attributed to this species, and which to D. bormansi without an actual examination of each spe- cimen. Those quoted above are all represented in the author's collection. .9. Diplatys gerstseckeri, Dolim. (Pig. 7.) Nannopygia gerstseckeri, Dohrn, (63) p. 60 ; Scudder, (76) p. 326 ; Kirby, (91) p. 508 ; Bormans, (94) p. 372, (00-) p. 11. Dyscritina lougisetosa, Westioood, (81) p. 601, pi. 22, figs. 1, \a-i; 'Green, (96) p. 229, (98) p. 383. Diplatys longisetosa, Burr, (98) p. 388, pi. xviii, figs. 4, 5 & 16 ; pi. xix, tigs. 9-14 ; Borm. (00') p. 10, fig. 6. Diplatys gerstseckeri, Burr, (01) p. 74, pi. A, figs. 4 & 5, (05) pp. 279 &282. DIPL ATI'S. 47 Diplatys gerstajckeri, var. calidasa, Burr, (04) pp. 279 & 282, (OG) p. 387, (07=) p. 508. Cylindrogaster rufesceiis, Burr {nee Kirhy)^ (00^) p. 48. Small and slender ; general colour reddish tawny shading to yellow with a few reddish bristles. Antennae with 15 segments, typical, testaceous. Head : in the S not very tumid between the eyes, this part passing gradually into the narrowly depressed occiput, owing to the transverse suture being obsolete ; eyes large, the postocular keels shorter than the eyes, a sharp hinder border somewhat incrassate, the median suture short but distinct, cutting the incrassate margin ; sides of the head converging posteriorly : in the $ the eyes smaller and postocular keels rela- tively a trifle longer and less sharp ; the head is somewhat broader and less tumid but otherwise it resembles the J , only the characters are weaker, sometimes nearly obsolete ; the colour is yellowish testaceous, sometimes shaded with darker. Pronotum of c5"as broad as long, subquadrate, posterior margin gently I'ounded ; very slightly narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona ample, tumid, metazona and sides flat ; yellowish or reddish testaceous ; in the 5 similar, but somewhat broader. Scutellum minute. Elytra reddish to golden yellow, sometimes shaded \^'ith fuscous ; ample, long and broad, obliquely convex posteriorly, with a few bristles on the shoulders. AViugs long, of the same colour as the elytra. Legs yellow, very slender; posterior femora with cariuulas almost obsolete. Abdomen reddish, in the (S slender and cylindrical, slightly broadening posteriorly ; in the $ somewhat depressed, a little broader apically. Last dorsal segment ample, tumid and smooth, quadrate in the S , and slightly broader than the abdomen ; in the § narrower, sloping and angulate posteriorly. Penultimate ventral segment in the 6 ample, as broad as long, the posterior margin deeply triangularly emarginate, tlie apex of the emargination produced posteriorly into a short sharp equilateral triangular lobe, so that the outline of the posterior margin forms a W ; in the $ longer and narrower, angustate posteriorly. Porceps of S with the branches short, depressed, narrow, tapering and quite straight, slightly hooked at the apex itself ; in the $ similar, but shorter and more slender. c? 2 Length of body 7-4-14-75 mm. 7*5-8 mm. „ forceps 1-1-5 ,, 1-1-5 „ Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft.. May to Dec. (Genoa Miis.) ; Ceylon: Punduluoya (Brit. Mus., coU. Burr), Maskeliya (coll. Burr). Ti/pe in the Berlin Museum. Although a female of one of Mr. Green's original specimens of Dyscritina longisetosa has the head with the male characters almost obsolete, whereas another female from Maskeliya has them fairly 48 PYGIDICRANIDiE. well developed, there are probably not two species in the Island of Ceylon, and the author therefore maintains his opinion that Dyscritina Jongisetosa of Westwood and Nannopygia gerstceckeri of Dohrn are identical. 9 a. Diplatys gerstaeckeri, var. calidasa, Burr. This name was proposed for a few females, in the Paris Museum, from Northern India, which resemble the females of B. gerstceckeri in every respect but size. They are a great deal larger, their dimensions being as follows : — Length of body 12-12-25 mm. „ forceps 1-1-25 ,, It is possible that when the male is discovered it will prove to be a yellow variety of the large D. siva. Sikkim: Darjihng {Paris Mus.); Assam: Kurseoug {Ind. Mus.). Type in Paris Museum. 10. Biplatys ernesti, sp. n. (Fig. 9.) Small and slender ; with long dense pale pubescence ; dark fuscous brown. Antennae with 16 segments ; yellowish, rather darker towards the apex, the second segment fuscous. Head black, S \vith the tumid frons not entirely replete, passing fairly sharply into the depressed occiput, but the transverse suture not distinct ; postocular keels rather blunt, shorter than the promi- nent eyes ; posterior margin with a short broad raised space in the middle, divided by the short but distinct median suture ; in the 2 the tumid frons is replete, and passes gradually backwards, reaching the posterior margin itself, so that the occiput is not depressed ; the postocular ridges are short, blunt, and obtuse, capped with a low sharp crest ; as usual in the genus, the head is somewhat more quadrate posteriorly in the $ , and the eyes a little smaller. Pronotum dark brown, about as broad as long, decidedly convex anteriorly, gently narrowed posteriorly, slightly longer iu the $ than in the S , the sides straight, the posterior margin truncate, and the posterior angles rounded ; flat margin very narrow. Scutellum brown, relatively large. Elytra ample, broad, blackish brown, paler towards the shoulders. Wings blackish brown. Legs long and slender ; femora distinctly crenu- late, fuscous -, tibise pale, banded with fuscous ; tarsi pale. Abdo- men nearly black, relatively not very slender, very gradually and slightly broadening towards the apex in the c5' , almost parallel-sided in the $ . Last dorsal segment of S quadrate, sloping, scarcely wider than the abdomen ; narrowed in the 5 . Penultimate ventral segment of S quadrate, ample, deeply emarginate on the posterior border, the apex of the emargi nation produced again DIPLATTS. 49 posteriorly into a short triangular lobe, so that the outline forms a W ; in the 2 narrow, triangular. Forceps with the branches very short, rather broad, depressed, straight and tapering in the d ', in the $ shghtly longer, more slender. c? 2 Length of body 6-75 mm. 6 mm. „ forceps 0-5 „ 0-75 „ Ceylon : 'Peradeniysi (Green, coll. Bun-), Madulsima (Fletcher)- Type in the author's collection. In colour and in the gradually widening abdomen, this species resembles D. greeni and D. bormansi, but is smaller than either and more slender ; it differs from the former in the short depressed forceps, from the latter in the somewhat different pronotuin and shorter and broader forceps. It differs from both in the double triangular emargination of the penultimate ventral segment of the male, thus approaching D. gerstcecl-eri, which it also resembles in form and build, but the middle triangular lobe between the two excisions is much broader and less acute in this species than in D. r/erst(ecJceri. It is dedicated to Mr. Ernest Green. 11. Diplatys siva, Burr* Diplatys siva, Burr, (04) pp. 278 & 283 ; (06) p. 387 ; (O?^) p. 508. Large; glabrous ; reddish fuscous. Antennae with 15 segments, typical, reddish fuscous. Head in the c? not very tumid on the f rons, nor very depressed on the occiput ; transverse suture fairly distinct and postocular ridges obsolete ; in the 5 the irons is still less tumid, the transverse suture marked by a vague shallow depression, and occiput normal. Pronotum : c? sub(iuadrate, convex anteriorly, sides parallel and posterior margin gently rounded ; $ slightly broader and truncate posteriorly ; prozona tumid, ample ; metazona flat and narrow in both sexes and median suture distinct. Scutellum smaller in d" than in 2 . Elytra and wings ample, smooth, fulvous brown, with a dense short yellowish pubescence. Legs brownish, long and slender ; posterior femora cannulate. Abdomen slender, not broadened postei'iorly. Last dorsal segment of the cJ rectangular, short, transverse, not broader than the abdomen, smooth, posterior margin oblique at sides,, truncate in the middle ; in the 2 sloping and strongly angustate. Penultimate ventral segment of the d ample, subquadrate, posterior margin with three deep triangular emarginations, forming thus two triangular lobes in the middle ; in the 2 narrow and rounded. Eorceps : in the cS with the branches rather depressed, rounded above, flat beneath, quite straight and unarmed, conical and tapering ; in the 2 shorter, stouter and conical. 50 PIG1DICRA]S'ID^. Length of body 14 mm. 13 mm. „ forceps 1 "S „ 1 „ SiKKiM: Darjiling; Assam: Kurseong (^ njmph) {Ind. 3£us.); United Pkovinces : Kumaun, Bhim Tal, on flowei's of stinging nettles (Iiid. 3Iiis.). Type in the Paris Museum. This is one of the largest species of the genus ; it is distin- guished by its size, fuscous colour, and the form of the penultimate ventral segment of the male. In a larva, the length of tiie basal segment of the cerci was 2-5 mm. ; the whole cercus 13 mm., composed of 15 segments ; the body measured 10-5 mm. 12. Diplatys greeni, Burr. Diplatys greeni, Burr, (04) pp. i>80 & 2So ; Kirhy, (04) p. 2. Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (nee Kirhy, uec Borin.) (98) p. 389, pi. xviii, tigs. 1-3 & pi. xix, figs. 6-8 & 15 ; (01) p. 76, pi. A, tigs. 1-3; Bonnans, (00") p. 10 (partim). Dyscritina longisetosa, Green, (96) p. 229 (partim). Dyscritina, n. sp., Green, (98) p. 383. G-eneral colour dark greyish brown, not very pubescent. Antennae with 16 segments ^ greyish brown. Head dark reddish brown, not very tumid between the eyes, this part passing o-radually into the depressed occiput, as the transverse suture is not very distinct ; median suture very short, with a few faint blunt short ridges on each side ; postocular ridges sharp, about as long as the diameter of the eyes. Pronotum a trifle longer than broad, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, the sides straight and posterior margin truncate ; median suture distinct ; prozona tumid and occupying greater part of the area ; metazona flat, very short, sides flattened and somewhat reflexed ; dark greyish brown. Scutellum very small. Elytra long and broad, smooth, reddish-brown, convex at the posterior margin. Wings long and of the same colour (membranous part clearly hyahne). Legs with the femora fuscous, the carinulse obsolete, just perceptible on the pos- terior pair ; tibise and tarsi very slender, pale and typical. Abdomen browii, with a bronze sheen ; gradually increasing in girth towards the apex ; last dorsal segment large, scarcely broader than the abdomen, tumid, smooth, quadrate, the median sulcus faint; postero- external angles rectangular. Penultimate ventral segment ample, quadrate, posterior margin slightly emarginate, with a short 1 Owing to the fragility of these organs, it is difficult to be certain what is the normal number of segments even in living specimens : the antennae often differ in this respect in the same individual. Green has counted as many as 17 and as few as 13 segments ; probablj 16 is the normal number. DIPLATYS. 51 median sulcus. Forceps with the branches not quite contiguous at the base, trigonal, very short, then suddenly and notably attenuate, the apical half very slender, cylindrical and tapering, gently incurved, thus enclosing an elongate elliptical area ; under surface flattened. S Length of body 8-5 mm. „ forceps 1 „ Ceylon: Puuduluoya (Brit. Mas., coll. Bwr), Peradeniya (coll. Burr). l^ype in the author's collection. This species was formerly confused with B. hormansi. Burr, from which it differs in the form of the penultimate ventral segment of the male, which is gently sinuate, having in D. hormansi a central round emargination. In D. greeni too, the forceps are stout at the base, and convex, cyliudro-conical, quickly attenuate, and slightly arcuate towards the apex ; in D. hormansi they are trigono-conical and almost straight. D. greeni as a rule has no white markings, which are commonly present in D. hormansi. 13. Diplatys rufescens, Kirhg.* (Fig. 7,5.) Oylhidrogaster rufescens, Kirhy, (96) p. 524, pi. 20, fig. 2. Diplatys rufescens, Kirhy ^ (04) p. 2 ; Burr^ (0"') P- 508. Antennae yellowish, typical. Head with frons tumid and occiput depressed, postocular keels sharp ; chocolate-brown. Pronotum suboval, slightly longer than wide, well-rounded in front, the sides convex and posterior margin truncate ; chocolate-bro-vn in colour with an indistinct darker shade outlining the somewhat tumid prozona. Scutellum wide and pale. Elytra reddish chocolate-brown. Wings whitish, shaded with brown. Legs yellowisli, the femora shaded with brown. Abdomen clear brick-red, siiiooth, decidedly darker at the apex. Last dorsal segment decidedly wider than the abdomen, smooth, nearly square, but not dilated. Penultimate ventral segment of S ample, quadrate, feebly depressed in middle near hinder margin. Forceps straight, contiguous, conical, tri- gonal, the inner margin serrulate, apices slightly hooked. 5 un- known. 6 Length of body 12 mm. „ forceps ........ 1 „ Sikkim: Darjihng (7?»-i^. J/«s., Pcf/'ts J1/?(S.); ToNKijf. Tijpc in the British Museum. This species was wrongly considered by de Bormans as synony- mous with B. cjcrstaickeri, from which it is quite distinct. EL' 52 PYGIDICBANID^. 14. Diplatys fletcheri, sp. n. (Fig. 8.) Of small or medium size, colour reddish brown, varied with blackish. Antennae typical, greyish and yellow. Head dark brown, the frous strongly tumid ; the occiput depressed and postocular keels strong. Pronotum in J a little longer than broad, convex anteriorly, the sides parallel, rounded posteriorly^ ; in 5 a little shorter and broader, the sides gently rounded, the hinder margin straight. Elytra reddish bx'ovvn. Wings whitish. Legs reddish, shaded with brown. Abdomen reddish brown, darker apically; last dorsal segment in S dark brown, square, smooth, ample, distinctly broader than the abdomen M'hich widens gradually to it; in 2 narrow and sloping. Penultimate ventral segment in c? ample, broad, rounded, the hinder border straight, the angles well- rounded ; in 5 narrow, lanceolate. Porceps in cj with branches rather stout, short, trigouo-conical, the inner margin very crenu- late, almost straight, the apex hooked ; in $ simple, straight and conical. 6 2 Length of body 9-5 mm. 7 mm. ,, forceps 0"75 „ 0-5 „ CEYLOjf : Madulsima, 1.07 & 1.08 (T. B. Fletcher, coll. Burr). Type in the author's collection. This f^pecies is founded on a pair sent me by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, from Ceylon ; the male is darker than the female, and at first glance it looks like D. bormansi, or D. greeni, but the simple penultimate ventral segment distinguishes it from the former. The trigono-conical forceps are like those of D rufescens, but D. Jletcheri differs in the well-rounded penultimate ventral segment of the male. The female, from the same locality as the male, is redder in colour, but is referred with little hesitation to the same species, though it is probable that females of D. cierstceclceri may be easilj'' mistaken for it. 15. Diplatys liberatus, sp. n. (Figs. 90, 90 a.) Nannopvgia gerst8ecl<eri, Borin., (nee Bwr, nee Kirhy) (94) p. 372 ; (04) p. 11 (partim). Dark brown, varied with whitish. Pronotum narrow and long, the sides straight, somewhat converging posteriorly. Abdomen gradually widening posteriorly^ so that the last dorsal segment, though not strongly inflated, is distinctly wider than the base of the abdomen. Penultimate ventral segment broad, truncate, the hinder margin entire. Forceps with branches short, depressed, bowed, contiguous, tapering. 6 Length of body 10-5 mm. ,, forceps 1 „ DIPLATYS. — PYGIDICRA>rA, 53 Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v-xii. T7j2^e in the British Museum. In the British Museum there is a single male, one of de Bormans' originals, although he only records females. It is quite distinct from D. gerstceclcerl from Cejdon, with which de Bormans confused it. In appearance it resembles D. nigriceps, but differs in the non-convex posterior margin of the penultimate ventral segment and the rectilinear pronotum (which also separates it from D. rufescens). In the short, broad, flat, straight forceps it approaches the African forms, D. raffragi and D. tethiops, thus differing also from D. jacohsoni. The non-emarginate penultimate ventral segment of the male distinguishes it from the allied U. bormanst. Subfamily II. PYGIDICRANIN.E. This subfamily comprises all the species which were formerly included in the capacious genus Pggidicrana, which is now sub- divided into five, all of which are represented in the Indian fauna. They are large and powerful insects, some being among the largest known earwigs. They all have a decided family likeness and cannot be confused with the members of any other group. Tahle of Genera. 1. Elytra ample ; scutellum small and narrow. iJ. Pronotum oval ; (penultimate ventral [p. 53. segment of male ample) Pygidicrana, Serv., 2.2. Pronotum rectangular. 3. Penultimate ventral segment of male ample and broad Dicrana, Burr, p. 60, O.3. Penultimate ventral segment of male narrow. [p. 61. 4. Head as wide as pronotum .... C'RANorYGiA, Burr, 4.4. Head narrower than the pronotum Picrania, Burr, p. 63*. 1.1. Elytra short ; scutellum broad, almost or quite as wide as the pronotum Pyge, Burr, p. 65. Genus PYGIDICRANA, Servilh. Pygidicrana, Serville, (31) p. 30. Dicranopygia, Biirm., Germ. Ent. Zeitschr. ii. p. 79 (1840). — Type, Pygidicrana Y-nigrum, Serv. Type, Pygidicrana V-nigrum, Serv. Size large. Antennse with over 35 segments, first segment long and thick ; second very small, cylindrical ; third decidedly shorter than first; the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh small, globular, hardly longer than second, and scarcely longer than broad ; the rest gradually lengthening and passing to cylindrical. Head depressed, 54: PYGIDICEA>^ID.^. smooth; eyes prominent. Pronotum more or less ellipticai. Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra ample, long, rather narrow, depressed, not as a rule truncate at the apex, rounded at the axillary angle, so as to expose the scutellum ; costal fold strongly marked but not earinate, the costal area pressed inwards, very distinct from the dorsal area. Prosternum somewhat convex on the anterior margin, constricted posteriorly, Mesosternum about as broad as long, posterior margin straight, the sides rounded. Metasternum generally slightly longer than broad, the posterior margin of the lobe more or less sinuate. Wings generally pro- minent. Legs long ; femora compressed, keeled and rather broad tibiae slender ; tarsi (in Indian species) long and slender, the first segment longer than the third ; pad present between the claws. Abdomen almost circular in cross-section in the male, somewhat depressed in the female, narrowest near the base and somewhat dilated apically in the inale ; broadest just beyond the middle in the female. Last dorsal segment smooth and ample. Penulti- mate ventral segment of male ample and broad, rounded at the apex. Pygidium not prominent, but never fused with the last dorsal segment. Forceps stout, depressed, of various forms : always simpler in the female than in the male. Bange. Australia, Asia, Africa, South and Central America. The genus Pycjidicrana is now restricted to those species which have a more or less oval pronotum, with broad and ample elyti'a, and therefore a small scutellum. Even thus reduced, there are half a dozen species known in India., Table of h<pecies. 1. Penultimate ventral segment of male with a depressed groove or canal in the middle of the posterior margin ; (dark fuscous, varied with tawny lines and bands) .... ^ncffc, Guer., p. 55. 1.1. Penultimate ventral segment of male with posterior margin entire. 2. Branche° of forceps of male contiguous, not arcuate or bowed ralula, Dohrn, p. 56. 2.2. Branches of forceps of male arcuate or bowed, often enclosing an oval or elliptical area. 3. Branches of forceps of male not elongate, strongly bowed, dilated on inner margin near apex; (pronotum, elytra and \\ings tawny ; legs speckled) ^j« //»/?};?» wi>, Haan, 8.3. Branches of forceps of male elongate, [p. 57. arcuate, not dilated, but toothed just before apex. 4. Size very great (44-47 mm.) ; bands of pronotum confluent behind .... eximia, Dohrn, p, 57. 4.4. Size less great (20-35 mm.) ; bands of pronotum irregular or parallel. PYGIDIOBANA. 55. 5. Size large (32-35 mm.) ; head black with au irregular tawny spot on the occiput '. mannoricrura, Sarv., 5.5. Size medium (20-21 mm.) ; head [p. 58. tawny with a blaclv border .... siamensis, Dohrn, [p. 59. 16. Pygidicrana picta, Guerin. (Fig. 10.) Pygidicrana picta, Guei: (38) p. 236, fig. 1 : Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ;. Scudd. (70) p. 329; Bonn. (00") p. 18; Burr, (00) p. 48, (01 )• p. 69, (00) p." 387, (08^) p. 384; Kirbi/, (04) p. 5. Size medium. Antennae with 35 segments, light brown, except the two basal segments which are testaceous. Head testaceous, the mouth-parts blackish, occiput bordered with black, with a black central longitudinal stripe which is sometimes broken in the middle. Pronotuni subovate, slightly longer than broad, roundly truncate posteriorly, testaceous, with two irregular broad blackish bands whicb vary in detail but converge about the middle, being broader anteriorly and straight posteriorly. Scutellum testaceous. Elytra ample, rather short, with a narrow testaceous stripe near the axillary and costal margins and a central stripe which may be broad or narrow, entire or broken into a series of spots, but does not extend much beyond half way down the elytra. Wings testaceous with a fuscous band. Legs testaceous^ with narrow fuscous stripes and sometimes with spots. Abdomen of c^ cylindrical, gently widened posteriorly; of $ more depressed, nearly parallel- sided ; blackish with a dense short pale pubescence. Last dorsal segment of S ample, scarcely wider than the abdomen, subquadrate, punctate, pubescent, the posterior margin rounded, posterior angles rectangular. Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded in the c? ; narrow, triangular, and apically rounded in the $ . Forceps with the branches stout, trigonal, depressed ; in c? subcontiguous at the base, rather elongate, gently arcuate, enclosing a narrow elongate oval area, the inner margins crenulate ; meeting just before the apex, at a rather strong, blunt, dilated tooth, beyond which they are attenuate, converging, crenulate, acuminate and hooked at the apex ; in the $ subcontiguous, straight, regularly acuminate,, crenulate on the basal half of the inner mar<?in. 6 ? igth of body . . . , 24 mm. 18-5-28 mm, „ forceps . . 5-5 „ 4-5- 5-25 „ S. India : Tinnevelli District, Kudiraimalai (Brif. Mus.) ; Bengal: Calcutta {Ind. Mus.); Assam: Kurseong {Ind. M%is., Brit. Mus., Brussels 3his.) ; Bhutan : Maria Basti (Madrid Mus.) ; Ceylon : Dedurin and Kurunegala ( Willey, December), Trincomali,. May 1908 (Brit. Mus.). Dr. Annandale tells us that this species is common in Calcutta among dead leaves at the foot of trees. It belongs to the group 56 PYGIDICRANID^. of P. marmoricrura, and resembles that species generally in structure, but is somewhat stouter and smaller ; it is distinguished by the variegated pattern of the anterior portion of the body. The markings of the head, pronotum, elytra and femora vary consideriibly in detail, but always conform more or less to the pattern as described. 1 7. Pygidicrana valida, Dolim. Pjgidicrana valida, Dohrn, (67) p. 344, S ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Borm. (94) p. 375, (00^) p. 22; Kirhj, (04) p. 5; Burr, (08^) p. 385. Size large, stature powerful ; not very pubescent. Antennse entirely reddish testaceous. Head black, with a broad central yellowish spot. Pronotum oval posterior margin truncate, the others and all angles rounded ; equally wide anteriorly and posteriorly ; testaceous, with two broad black bands w hich unite posteriorly and reach the posterior margin ; anterior margin narrowly bordered with black. Scutellum small, testaceous. Elytra ample, long, nearly twice as long as the pronotum, blackish, with an oblique large yellowish spot on the disc near the shoulder. Wings prominent, testaceous. Legs testaceous, with a very narrow fuscous stripe on the femora. Abdomen dark reddish black, rather depressed in both sexes, very sliglitly widened posteriorly in the 6 ■, parallel in the 5 ; with a tine, dense, short, yellowish pub- escence and a few bristles. Last dorsal segment quadrate, very finely granulate, angles rather sharp, posterior margin rounded alike in the two sexes, a little wider in the 6 than in the $ , with a faint lateral longitudinal keel. Penultimate ventral segment of S broad, rounded ; of $ triangular, rounded apically. Forceps stout, trigonal, and decidedly depressed ; contiguous along the inner margin ; in the S broad and flat, the inner margin crenulate in the basal half, which is neai'ly straight, but directed somewhat towaras the right; then half way down, both branches bent abruptly to the left, so that the inner margin of the right branch is concave and that of the left branch is decidedly convex ; then tapering and directed to the left, as far as the apex which is hooked ; the outer margin of the right branch is convex at the bend, that of the left branch decidedly concave ; in the $ the forceps are straight and rather elongate. 6 2 Length of body . . . . 27-25 mm. 80-34-5 mm, „ forceps . . 6-5-7 „ 5-5-6 „ Madbas: Madura (coZZ. ^itrr) ; Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., May-Dec. {Genoa Mus.); Tonkin {coll. Burr). In the form of the forceps this species resembles Cranopygia cumingi ; in colour, build, and general structure it resembles P. imperatrix, from which it differs in the unarmed forceps. PYGIDICEANA. 57 18. Pygidicrana pallidipennis, Haan. (Fig. 11.) Forficula (Pygidicrana) pallidipennis, de Haan, (42) p. 240, pi. 23, lio-. 8. Pygidicrana pallidipennis, Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Bonn. (88) p. 433, (94) p. 375, (00") p. 18 j Kirby, (G4) p. o; Burr, {OS') p. 385. Large ; general colour tawny, the abdomen and forceps blackish. Antennae entirely tawny. Head tawny ; eyes, frons, and mouth- parts blackish. Pronotum tawny, with a few dark dots. Elytra darker tawny, somewhat paler in the centre of the disc. Wings tawny. Legs tawny, the femora speckled with numerous black dots. Abdomen shining reddish black, very finely riigulose. Last dorsal segment more strongly rugulose, very much wider than the abdomen, widened posteriorly ; posterior margin rounded and incrassate in the middle ; externo-posterior angles produced into a short rounded Fold. Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded. Forceps in S with the branches strongly depressed, smooth, broad and nearly contiguous at the base, diverging and rapidly narrowing, then abruptly bowed inwards at an angle, thus enclosing a nearly equilateral triangular area ; then strongly broadened and incrassate so that they meet ; thence sti'aight, contiguous, attenuate aud unarmed towards the hooked apex. 6 Length of body 27"o mm. „ forceps 6"5 „ Burma : Kakhyen (Kachin) Hills, Aug.-Nov. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, ;^000-3700 ft., May-Dec, 4700-5000 fc, March-April {Genoa Mas.). Occui"s also in Borneo, Sumatra and Java, Tyjje in the Leyden Museum. This fine species is easily recognized by the dark speckling on the outer face of the pale legs. 19. Pygidicrana eximia, Dohrn. Pygidicrana eximia, Dohrn, (65) p. 49; Scudd. (76) p. 328; Bonn. (00-) p. 18, fig. 11; Kirhij, (04) p. o; Burr, (05') p. 27, (08') p. 385. Very large, black, with orange-yellow markings. Antennae brown, the first two segments yellowish. Head black, with a yellowish-bi'own, irregular spot in the centre. Pronotum oval, a little longer than broad, yellowish with two black bands, which converge and meet posteriorly. Elytra blackish, with a long oval tawny spot occupying the greater part of the disc ; costal area tawny in the basal half. Wings tawny. Legs tawny, sometimes with dark lines. Abdomen black, elongate, parallel-sided in $ , 58 PYGIUICRANID.i:. gradually widened to\^ards the apex in the c? • Last dorsal segment broad and ample, black, smooth, wider than the abdomen in the J , as wide in $ . Penultimate ventral segment rounded in d" , narrower in $ . Forceps with branches in the c5' subcon- tiguous at the base, which is rather broad, flat and dentate ; then gently arcuate, denticulate along inner mai*gin, with a tooth near the apex ; in 2 contiguous, depressed and straight. c^ 2 Length of body 33-36 mm. 36-39 mm. „ forceps 11 „ 8 „ SiKKiM : Darjiling ; Madras : Berhampur (coll. Burr) ; Assam : Khasi Hills, Bangkok, 1000-3000 ft., vi.05 (Pusa Coll), Sylhet (Brit. Mus.). Type in the Stettin Museum (?). This fine species may be easily recognized by the build and pattern of coloration. 20. Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serville. (Fig. 12.) Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serville, (t!9) p. 20 ; Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ; Smdd. (76) p. 328; Bormans. (00-) p. 19; Burr, (OO") p. 47, (01) p. 69, (02) p. 478, (07^) p. 509, (08') p. 385 ; Kirhy, (04) Forficula (Pygidicrana) marmoricrura, Haan, (42) p. 239. Pygidicrana marmoricauda, Sharp, (95) p. 215. Pygidicrana liugeli, S/iai-p, (95) pp. 202 & 215, fig. 102. Size medium, relatively slender. Antennae with segments one and two tawny, the rest greyish brown, with a thin darker band at the base of each segment. Head fuscous with a large central tawny spot (shaped like ++) which has a small fuscous dot in the middle ; the actual detail of the spot varies considerably in different specimens. Pronotum tawny, with two longitudinal broad fuscous bands, sometimes interrupted in the middle, some- times united posteriorly. Scutellum tawny. Elytra fuscous, usually with an oblique oval yellowish spot on centre of the dis- coidal surface. Wings prominent, tawny. Legs tawny, with irregular fuscous bauds and markings on the outer surface of the femora. Abdomen dark reddish black, relatively slender and cylindrical in the cJ , rather \^ider and depressed in the $ . Last dorsal segment of J ample, subquadrate, globose, sloping, and slightly widened posteriorly, with a distinct median sulcus, almost smooth, the posterior margin irregularly rounded, the middle part rather flattened and incrassate ; in the $ similar but the characters less marked. Penultimate ventral segment in c^" broadly rounded ; in 2 narrow, triangular, with the apex rounded. For- ceps with the branches in the <S elongate and depressed ; the basal part dilated, thick and with its inner margin strongly denticulate ; PYGIDICRANA, 59 then depressed and slender, elongate and gently ai'cuate, so as to enclose an elliptical ai'ea ; in the apical quarter the branches meet, are thickened and strongly toothed on the inner margin, beyond which they are straight, contiguous, tapering, hooked and crossed at the apex ; in the § the branches are long and straight, unarmed, slender and contiguous, not depressed, almost cylin- drical, the apices hooked and crossing. d 2 Length of body 23-27'5 mm. 28 mm. „ forceps 9-10-5 „ 7 , Ceylon (Bnt. Mm., Oxford Mus.)-, Bhutan: Maria Basti {Paris Mns,). The determination of the above specimens is not beyond reproach. This species is common in Java, but it is doubtful whether the true P. marmoricrura, of 8erville, occurs in India. One specimen in the British Museum is a fragment, with imma- culate elytra ; another is complete, but is a female ; it is probably a distinct species. Variation. — I have a specimen from the Tengger Mountains, in Eastern Java, in which the elytra are of a uniform fuscous, owing to the absence of the yellow discoidal spot, thus resembling P. cele- bensis. The star-shaped spot on the bead varies considerably in detail, but always resembles, more or less distinctly, a + + . The dark bands on the pronotum sometimes unite posteriorly, thus forming a dark V ; sometimes they are broken in the middle ; they vary also in breadth. The black marbling of the outer surface of the femora also varies considerably in detail but always consists of two or three more or less broken blackish bands. There is a single specimen, probably referable to this species, in the Hope Collection, Oxford, labelled " Thwaites, Ceylon." It is common in Java, and is to be found in most collections. In the " Cambridge Natural History," Sharp (I. c.) incorrectly calls it P. marmoricauda, and figures it under the name P. hugeli, calling it a "nondescript form," but giving it a nomen nudum, with no description beyond a ])assing reference to general characters. 21. Pygidicrana siameiisis, Dolmi. (Fig. 13.) Pygidicrana siamensis, Bohrn, (63) p. 51 ; Scudd. (70) p. 329 ; Bonn, (94) p. 375, (00-^) p. 19 ; Kirbi/, (04) p. 5 : Burr, (08''j p. 385. Eelatively small. Antennje with two basal segments yellow: the rest reddish testaceous. Head yellowish, mouth-parts blackish, sides blackish with blackish markings on the posterior margin. Pronotum ovate, nearly circular, truncate posteriorly, testaceous, with two narrow stripes converging behind the prozona, almost meeting in the middle and diverging posteriorly. Scutellum small, testaceous. Elytra reddish brown, with a testaceous band 60 PYGIDICRAIS^IDJ'. aloDg the costal margin ; a small testaceous spot at the shoulder and a clear testaceous spot in the basal portion of the disc. Wings 3'ellow, with an outer fuscous stripe. Legs testaceous ; femora with two narrow black lines and a number of blackish dots. Abdomen cylindrical, gently widened posteriorly, blackish brown, with a dense close yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segment of S subquadrate, exceedingly finely rugulose ; posterior margin straight, the sides rounded, but slightly folded and not very pronounced. Penultimate ventral segment of d" broad, posterior margin straight, corners rounded. Eorceps with the brauches strongly depressed, subcontiguous, and rather dilated at the base itself, which is toothed on its inner margin ; then attenuate, elon- gate, arcuate, enclosing an elliptical area, with the inner margins creuulate and with a strong tooth before the apex. 6 Length of body 22"5 mm. „ forceps 5*25 „ Burma: Pegu, Palon, Aug.-Sept. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 4300-4700 ft., Febr.-March {Genoa 2Ii(s.); Penang ; Siam. Tf/pe in the Stettin Museum (?). Genus DICRANA, Burr. Dicrana, Burr, (08') p. 387. P^'gidicrana, Authors. Type, Pijgidkrana frontalis, Kirby. This genus differs from the preceding in the almost rectangular pronotum, and the broad penultimate ventral segment of the male distinguishes it from Cranopygia. It contains about half a dozen little-known African species, and also a few Oriental ones. The single known Indian species has strong affinities with Cranopygia in the form of the last dorsal segment and of the forceps, but the broad penultimate ventral segment of the male makes it necessary to place it here. It is unlike the other members of the genus in appearance. llange. Asia and Africa. 22. Dicrana kallipyga, Dohrn. Pygidicrana kallip^'gos, Bohrn, (G3) p. 53 ; Scudder, (76) p. 328 ; Bol. (97) p. 283. Pyg-idicraua callipyga, Bormans, (00'-) p. 21, fig. 13 ; Kirby, (04) p. 5. Pygidicrana kallipyga, Burr, (07^) p. o09. Dicrana kallipyga, Burr, {06") p. 387. Dark blackish brown. Antennae tawny. Head brick-red, DICEANA. CBANOPYGIA. 61 depressed, smooth, sutures not very distinct, Pronotum black, narrowly edged with yellowish, square, the angles rounded. Scutellum black, nearly equilateral. Elytra black, granulose, weak at the axillary angle, short, truncated apically. Wings abortive. Legs orange-red. Abdomen black, widened gradually towards the apex in the c? , nearly parallel in the 5 . Last dorsal segment in d very broad, smooth, but riigulose in the middle, the sides produced into strong crested folds; in 5 square, the exterior angles produced into rectangular folds but less strongly than in the c?. Penultimate ventral segment of c? broad and rounded; in 2 triangular and rounded at the apex. Forceps with the branches in (S very strong and broad, depressed, trigonal, subcon- tiguoiis, the upper and outer edge near the base is somewhat crested irregularly and asyrametricaJly sinuous, the right branch more strongly bowed than the left, both curved upwards at the tip ; in the 2 depressed, stout, trigonal and conical, contiguous, depressed, gently hooked at the apex. c^ ? Length of body 20 mm, 18-20 mm. „ forceps 5 „ 4 „ SiKKiM: Darjihng {Brit. Mus.); Madras: Kodaikanal (coll. Bolivar), Guynol, Nilgiri Hills [Pusa Coll.], Utakamand {Brit. Mus., coll. Burr). T>i2^e in the Vienna Museum. The strongly dilated and crested last dorsal segment and the upcurved, stout, dilated forceps readily distinguish this species. Genus CRANOPYGIA, Burr. Cranopygia, Burr, (08') p. 389. Pygidicrana, Authors. Typb, Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn. Pronotum subrecrangular, the angles themselves rounded. Penultimate ventral segment in d" narrow, lanceolate, the apex itself, rounded ; last dorsal segment in $ with the external angles on each side furnished with a compressed crested tubercle. Forceps of 6 depressed and contiguous. Otherwise agrees with the preceding genera. Range. Ceylon. This genus contains two Singhalese species characterized by the nearly square pronotum and narrow penultimate ventral segment of the male. 62 PTGIDICRANID-i:. Table of Species. 1. Forceps of S with a crested tooth above ; elytra reddish, with dark borders ; pronotum with two black bands cumingi, Dohrn, p. 62. 1.1. Forceps of <5 unarmed above; elytra dark; pronotum dark testaceous with three pale lines niebieri, Dohrn, p. 63. :23. Cranopygia cumingi, Dohrn. (Figs. 14 & 94.) Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn, (63) p. o4; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Borm. ■^(00-) p. 21; Bun; (01) p. 71, pi. B. fig-. 26 ; Kirby, (04) p. 5. Cranopygia cumingi, Burr, (08') p. 389. Size medium. Antennfe with two basal segments dark, the rest lighter reddish brown. Head black, with an ill-defined yellowish transverse spot in the centre of the occiput ; in the male there are distinct ocular keels. Pronotum longer than broad, nearly parallel- sided, anterior and posterior margins convex, the angles rounded orange-yellow, with two broad black longitudinal bands. Scutellum yellowish, small, especially in the female. Elytra rather stout, truncate apically, orange-yellow with a black border. Wings abortive. Legs orange-yellow, with long bristles. Abdomen not cylindrical, depressed in both sexes ; parallel-sided in the female, regularly Midening posteriorly in the male; blackish, with yellowish indistinct markings above near the base. Last dorsal segment ample ; in the 6 transverse, very wide, very finely granular like the rest of the abdomen, at each side raised into an irregular crest- like fold extending down to the postero-exterior angles, postei'ior margin rounded ; in the $ not wider than the abdomen, not transverse, sides not crested, and posterior margin rounded. Penultimate ventral segment of d rather narrow; in $ triangular, rounded at the apex. Forceps with the branches in the J broad and flat, armed near the base on the upper margin with a strong nearly vertical triangular tooth ; regularly tapering, both branches curved towards the left, the inner margins subcon- tiguous, the apices hooked ; in the 2 depressed, contiguous and straight. 6 2 Length of body 20-5 mm. 21 mm. „ forceps 5-5 „ 4 „ Variation. — The elytra are sometimes entirely black, with a faint reddish tinge in the centre. The wings are sometimes visible, in which case they are yellow, with a fuscous outer boi-der. The variety with fully developed wings and uniform fuscous elytra is also a little smaller. (Length of body 17-5 mm., length of forceps 3 mm.) Por it the name var. greeni is proposed. Ceylon : Punduluoya (typ. form and var., coll. Burr); Watawella (var., coll. Burr). CRAXOPYGIA. PICRAIflA. 63 Type iu the Stettin Museum (?) ; type of r/reeni in the author's collection. Mr. Green found this insect in the adult state in May, and from September to November, and larvas in June and July. It is found under stones and loose bark, and often comes into buildings. 24. Cranopygia nietneri, DoJim. (Fig. 15.) Pvgidicrana nietneri, Dohni, (03) p. 53 ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Bonn. '(00'^) p. 21 ; Bun; (01) p. 70; Kirhy, (04) ix 5. Cranopygia nietneri, Bun; (08') p. 389. Stature medium ; colour dark testaceous. Antennte dark testa- ceous, typical, with 31 segments ; each segment is fuscous basally and yellowish apically. Head reddish yellow, rather tumid, sutures distinct ; eyes black. Pronotum almost as broad as the head, rounded anteriorly, truncate posteriorly, the angles rounded, sides parallel ; dark fuscous, with whitish median line and borders. Scutelium rather long, fusco-testaceous. Elytra rather short, blackish. Wings abbreviated. Sternal plates yellow. Legs tes- taceous, slender ; tarsi very slender. Abdomen reddish, slender at base, widening gradually towards the apex ; with a dense fine yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segment red, smooth, large, quadrate; the external angles are compressed into a blackened crest which is produced posteriorly to a point ; posterior margin black, convex, truncate in the middle. Penultimate venti-al seg- ment narrowly rounded at the apex. Eorceps with branches yellowish, darker at the margin, blacker at the tips ; subcon- tiguous at the base, depressed and wide through the first half of their length, then abruptly attenuate and arcuate, the right branch more so than the left and armed with a strong blunt tooth in the middle of the curve. c? Length of body 17 mm. „ forceps .... 8 „ Ceylon : Peradeniya (Brit. Mus., coll. Dolirn, coll. Burr), Diya- talawa, 12.ix.08 {Fletcher):, Watawella (C'o?Ze«). Type in the Berlin Museum. Somewhat resembles Dicrana Icallipyga., but differs in the colora- tion, the weaker armature of the last dorsal segment, and the less curved almost horizontal forceps. Genus PICRANIA, Bxirr. Picrania, Burr, (OS^) p. 390. Pvgidicrana, Authors. Type, Forficesila liturata, Stal. Agrees generally with the preceding genera, but the head is narrow, being scarcely as broad as, and never broader than, the 64 PYGIDICEANID.^. pronotum ; the elytra are short ; the tarsi long and slender ; the abdomen narrow and nearly parallel-sided. Range. Ceylon ; S. Africa. The type of this genus is P. litiirata, Stal, from South Africa but P. aufjustata, from Ceylon, is placed here provisionally. 25. Picrania angustata, Dohm. Pygidicrana angustata, Dohm, (63) p. o4 ; Borm. (00-) p. 23 ; Burr, '(01) p. 71; Kirhj, (04) p. 5. Picrania angustata, Burr, (OS-") p. 390. Small, dark, greyish, with yellowish markings. Antennso greyish yellow. Head smooth, globose, dark reddish brown, marhled with yellowish ; sutures distinct ; posterior margin truncate, not emarginate ; not broader than the prouotuin. Pronotum rather long, narrow, parallel-sided, pale yellowish tes- taceous, with two broad fuscous bands and a narrow dark line along the suture. Scutellum narrow, pale. Elytra short, greyish fuscous, with an oblique yellow discoidal spot and a narrow yellowish stripe along the basal half of the sutui'e and along the costa. Wings short, yellowisli. Legs short, pale, testaceous; femora rather broad, femora and tibiae with broken black lines. Abdomen rather slender, gradually widening posteriorly, dark reddish brown, marbled with yellowish ; the whole apparently grey owing to a short greyish pubescence. Last dorsal segment not pubescent, not inflated, very finely rugulose, deep chestnut ; posterior margin truncate, obliquely truncate at the sides. Penul- timate ventral segment of the 6 narrow, truncate posteriorly, the sides oblique ; of the $ trianq;ular, the apex rounded. Forceps of S with the branches deep red with an orange spot near the base above and beneath, depressed, rather slender, remote at base, elongate and gently arcuate, with onn or two teeth on inner margin about the middle and a stronger one near the apex ; in the 5 broad, finely rugulose, trigonal, subcontiguous throughout their length, gradually tapering, erenulate along the inuer margin ; apices hooked. c? $ ength of body . 22 mm. 16 mm „ forceps . . . . 5 „ 3-5 „ Ceylon {Brit. Mus., Berlin Mus.). Type in the Berlin Museum. The approximately equal width of the head and pronotum, the narrow parallel-sided body, the gently arcuate and remote forceps, readily distinguish this species. It is so far only recorded from Ce>lon and appears to be rare. There are Dohrn's types, two females in the Berlin Museum, and one male in the British Museum. PYGE. Qo Genus PYGE, Bun: Pyge, Bun; (08') p. 390. Pjgidicrana, Authors (partim). Type, Pygidicrana modenta, Borm. Body narrow. Pronotum nearly square. Scutellum very broad, transverse, almost or quite as broad as tbe pronotum, with a median sulcus. Elytra short, excavate at the axillary angle so as to expose the scutellum ; the costal fold sometimes keeled. Wings rudimentary. Legs short ; tarsi short, rather thick ; the third tarsal segment as long as, or a trifle longer than, the first. Last dorsal segment ample. Penultimate ventral segment of the c? narrow, roundly acute ; branches of forceps in the J short, contiguous and depressed. Range. Asia and Australia. This genus is well characterized by the abbreviated elytra, with weak axillary angle, thus exposing an ample and broad scutellum. There is sometimes a distinct keel on the costal fold of the elytra, and the wings are abortive, sometimes represented by a pair of leathery flaps showing beneath the shortened elytra. The species are confined to the Oriental and Australian regions, but do not appear to be common. They are of relatively small size, and the colour is usually dull brown or black. The forceps are depressed, subcontiguous and asymmetrical. About half a dozen species are known, of which two are recorded from Burma. Table of Species. 1. Scutellum as broad as pronotum ; last [p. 65. dorsal segment of J not crested modesta, Borm., 1.1. Scutellum narrower than tbe pronotum; last dorsal segment of J with angles [p. 66. crested ophthahnica, Dohru, -0. Pyge modesta, Bormans.* (Fig. 76.) Pygidicrana modesta, Bonnans, (94) p. 375 (00-) p. 21 : Burr, (02) p. 477; Z/%, (04) p. 5. Pyge modesta, Burr, (08') p. 391. Antennae typical, tawny, with 2S-30 segments. Head smooth, pubescent, sutures distinct ; dull brown, with a reddish spot near each eye. Pronotum a little nari-ower than the head, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, the sides parallel. Scutellum black, aimple, nearly equilateral. Elytra short, dull brown, feeble at the axillary angle, thus exposing the ample scutellum. Wino-s abortive. Legs yellow ; tarsi rather short and slender, the first and third segments equally long. Abdomen blackish i-ed, smooth, gradually widening in the S to the apex, which is twice as broad as the base ; in the 5 almost parallel-sided. Last dorsal segment of the S ample, smooth. Penultimate ventral segment of the S rounded but narrower towards the apex, where 1" 66 PYGIDICEANID^. there is a small emargination ; in the $ more strongly narrowed^ with no notch at the apex. Forceps : in the d" with branches stout, broad, trigonal, contiguous, asymmetrical, the left branch longer, arched outwards and hooked in\Aards at the apex, both arched to the left ; in the $ the branches are straight, trigonal, subcontiguous ; the inner margin is finely serrulate in both sexes. 6 2 Length of body 17'5 mm. 19 mm. „ forceps .... 3-3-3 „ 4 „ Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft,, v,-xii. (B7nt. Mus., Genoa IIks., coll. Burr). Type in the Genoa Museum. The powerful and strongly curved asymmetrical forceps dis- tinguish this species. 27. Pyge ophthalmica, Dohm. (Fig. ITj.) Pygidicraua ophthalmica, Dohrn, (63) p. 55, (67) p. o44 ; Scudder, "(76) p. 328 ; JBormans, (88) p. 433, (94) p. 375, (00' ) p. 22 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 6. Pyge ophthalmica, Bun', (08') p. 391. Body pubescent. Antennae testaceous. Head black, indistinctly marked with yellowish, and two small yellowish spots between the eyes. Pronotum granular, dark brown, varied with yellow ; sides square, the angles rounded. Scutellum decidedly narrower than the pronotum. Elytra varying in breadth, but always narrow ; brown, shaded with yellow above, granular. Legs yellowish, marked with black. Abdomen brown, widened towards the apex. Last dorsal segment of the 6 ample, square, smooth, the sides marked by a crested ridge of tubercles separating the dorsal from the ventral surface. Forceps subcontiguous, depressed, trigonal, stout, hooked at apex, inner margin dentate near the base; the right branch more strongly bowed than the left. S Length of body 15 mm. „ forceps 4 „ Burma : Senmyingyan ( Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasseeim ( Genoa Mtis.) ; Madras : Madura {coll. Burr). Type in the Stettin Museum (?). Originally described from Moreton Bay in Australia ; it is very doubtful whether de Bormans's Burmese specimens are really to be referred to the same species. The above description is drawn from a male from Toowoomba in the British Museum, agreeing well with a poor specimen from Dohrn's own collection. Another specimen in the author's collection from ' Madura ' has no yellow spots on the head and the pronotum is orange- yellow, with tM'o irregular black markings on the prozoua. The coloration is very variable. LABLDUEID^. Family III. LABIDURID^. This family is well marked by the form of the pygidium. The essential feature is, however, rather difficult to describe and to illustrate ; the last dorsal segment is produced and folded down between the branches of the forceps, so that the end of the body, viewed from behind, has the appearance of a vertical triangular plate, apex downwards ; this is the pygidium, and it consequently does not assume the complex and varied forms of the same organ in. other groups, in some of tlie Lahiida'. and Forficulida;, for instance. It is practically invisible from above ; the fusion with the last doi'sal segment is sometimes so complete that no suture or ridge is visible. This is an extensive family comprising several well marked sub- families, of which six are represented in India. Tcible of Subfamilies. 1. Body very strongly depressed and flattened 1. Palicince, p. 67. 1.1. Body not strongly flattened. 2. Metasternum with posterior margin [p. 69, sinuate: (body covered withbristles). 2. Echinosomatina', 2.2. Metasternum with posterior margin truncate. 3. Mesosternum rounded posteriorly . 3. Psalince, p. 73. 3.3. Mesosternum truncate posteriorly. 4. Antennae with at least 25 seg- [p. 90^ ments. Elytra well developed. 4. Labidurince, 4.4. Antennae with not more than 15 segments ; apterous forms. [p. 102. 5. Last dorsal segment truncate. 5. Parisolabince, 5.5. Last dorsal segment with posterior margin emarginate [p. 105. and bilobed 6. Brachylahince, Subfamily I. PALICIN^. This subfamily comprises at present a single monotypic genus which is very different in many features from the other members of the Lahklurida'. In general appearance and the strongly depressed body it so closely resembles the Sparattino' that the only species was described as a Platylabia. In the Labidurine antennae, and in the form of the tarsi, it approaches Mecomera, but the form of the pygidium, which is adpressed r2 -68 LABIDURID.^. and fused with the last dorsal segment, shows beyond doubt that it must be ranked in the Lahiduridcp.. A new genus and new subfamily are consequently required for its reception. Genus PALEX, n. g. Entire body strongly flattened. Antennae with 19-20 segments, the first long and subeonical, second minute, third long and cylin- drical, fourth globular, fifth and sixth ovate, the latter a trifle longer, seventh cylindrical, longer, but shorter than third, the remainder cylindrical, gradually lengthening. Head smooth and depressed. Pronotum subquadrate, but convex anteriorly. Prosternum parallel-sided, scarcely constricted ; meso- and metasterna about as broad as long, more or less rounded, and truncate posteriorly. Elytra perfectly developed but rather short, rounded at the apex ; feebly developed at the axillary angles, thus exposing a small scutellum ; no keel. Wings short but usually visible. Legs not very long ; femora broad and compressed ; tibice short and slender; tarsi slender, first segment short, the third longer than first and second united. Abdomen strongly depressed ; no lateral tubercles. Last dorsal segment ample, simple. Penultimate ventral segment quadrate, triangular. Pygidium short, broad, adpressed, vertical, fused with dorsal segment and with no marked suture. Porceps remote at the base, broad, nearly straight at first, then bowed. This curious genus has no resemblance whatever to any other known Labidurine form, but owing to the build, coloration and strongly flattened body, may be easily confused with the Sparattince. The single known species, which is therefore the type, occurs in the Oriental Kegion. 28. Palex sparattoides, Bonnans. (Fig. 77.) Platylabia sparattoides, Bonti. (OQi) j). 459 ; Kir/>tj, (04) p. 22. Brown or blackish, very strongly depressed. Antennte with 20 segments, brownish, yellowish, paler towards the apex ; basal segment darker ; third segment cylindrical ; fourth only about half as long as the third ; fifth a little longer than the fourth ; rest longer, cylindrical. Head depressed, posterior margin sinuate. Pronotum with anterior margin decidedly convex, sides straight, posterior margin straight, angles rounded ; reddish brown. Elytra brown, coriaceous. Wings of same colour and texture as the elytra. Legs yellowish. Abdomen strongly depressed, chestnut, slightly widened towards the apex ; lateral tubercles absent. Last dorsal segment ample, in the c? quadrate, posterior margin truncate, flatand smooth ; a little narrower in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment in the 6 ample, rounded, very gently emarginate in the middle of \)Osterior margin. Pygidium: in the d" scarcely prominent, trans- verse, with a vertical face ; in the $ slightly larger, witn a minute PALEX. 69' tubercle at each angle. Forceps : in the (S with branches remote at the base, trigonal at the base itself, quite straight in the basal half, tapering, then abruptly bent inwards at a right angle, the points overlapping, the apical half thus forming a line parallel to the posterior margin of the last dorsal segment and at right angles with the main axis of the insect ; about half way down the straight part there is, on the inner margin, a short tooth : in the 5 the branches are elopgate, very gently sinuate, almost straight, incurved at the apex, with a sharp depressed tooth on the inner margin in the basal third, and strongly creuulated as far a» this tooth. c? ? Length of body 7*5-9 mm. 9-10*5 mm. „ forceps 1-1*5 ,, 2*25-3*5 „ Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (colL Bu7'r,JBnt. JIiis.); PuloPenaxg; Sumatra ((?e?ioa if ms.) ; Java; AjfNAM (coll. Burr). Type in the Genoa Museum. Although originally described by de Bormans, from Pulo- Penang and from Sumatra, the pair in the author's possession were from Pea's collection and came to him through de Bormans ; yet the latter never quoted this species from Burma. The only specimens from Karen-ni, May to December, quoted by de Bormans are referred by him to Platijlahia major, and perhaps, owing to the inconspicuous pygidium, he regarded them as identical with that species in 1894, but separated them in his later work in 1900. The form of the forceps is quite characteristic and they are not likely to be confused with anything else. This species is totally distinct from any other known Labidurine earwig ; but it has so strong a resemblance to the genera Platij- labia and Sparatta, that the structure of the pygidium must be carefully examined. Subfamily II. ECHIN0S0MATIN.51:. Pronotum transverse, decidedly broader than long, elytra complete, with no lateral keels, entirely concealing the scutellum. Pemora not compressed or keeled. Abdomen short, broad, rather dilated, body clothed with short stiff bristles ; forceps short, cylindrical, remote at base in male, arcuate and unarmed. This subfamily includes only the old genus EcJiinosoma, which has close affinities with the Labidurhuc. The short, thick-set body, densely clad with stiff hairs and many obtuse thick bristles, gives these earwigs a very distinctive appearance. 70 LABIDURID^. Genus ECHINOSOMA, Serv. Echinosoma, Serv. (39) p. 34. Type, Forfieula afra, Pal.-Beauv. Stout and small or medium-sized insects, the whole body covered with shoi't stiff bristles and long yellow hairs. Antennae with about 30 segments ; third segment long and cylindrical, nearly as long as the first, the rest very short, fifth and sixth each a trifle longer than fourth, the rest gradually lengthening, the apical segments approaching cylindrical, fourth, fifth and sixth together scarcely longer than third. Head broad, flat and smooth. Pro- notum transverse, as broad as the head, subrectangular, hinder angles broadly rounded. Elytra broad, truncate, bristly. Wings generally prominent, bristly. Scutellum concealed. Prosternum broad, scarcely narrowed posteriorly ; mesosternum broad ; meta- sternum broad, the lobes slightly produced, the hinder margin gently sinuate. Legs short ; femora thick, not keeled. Abdomen short, broad. Last dorsal segment : in the cJ smooth, transverse ; in the $ somewhat narrower. Pygidium : in the (S almost con- cealed ; in the $ forming a short blunt tubercle. Foi'ceps with the branches in both sexes remote at the base, short, cylindrical, unarmed and arcuate, more strongly bowed in S , gently curved in $. Range. Asia, Africa, Papua. The members of the genus are easy to recognize owing to their short, rather thick-set build, the simple sickle- shaped forceps of the male, and especially the short, thick bristles with which they are densely clothed. About 14 species are known, inhabiting all the tropical countries of the Old World. The discrimination of the different forms is difficult, as the specific characters are not very well marked, and the coloration varies within certain limits. Only two species are known from India and these are easy to distinguish. They occur chiefly in rotten wood. Table of Sjyecies. 1. Antennse with first segmeut light yellow ; segments of apical half of antennae slender, subcyliudrical or ovate ; size [p. 70. medium (12-14 mm.) sumatranum, Haan, 3.1. Antennfe with first segment dark yellow or brownish : segments beyond seventh or eighth short, thick, pyriform or snb- conical ; size small (G-8 mm.) parvidum, Dohrn, p. 72. 29. Echinosoma sumatranum, Haan. (Pig. 17.) Forficnla (Echinosoma) sumatranum, Haan, (42) p. 241. Echinosoma sumatranum, Dohrn, (63) p. 65; Scudder, (76) p. 310; Dubr. (79) p. 352 Bonn. (SS^ p. 433, (94) p. 377, (00'-) p 28 ; ECHINOSOMA. 71 Burr, (OQi) p. 89, (02) p. 478, (05') p. 28, (073) p. 510 ; Kirby, (04) p. 8. Echinosomca westermanni, Dohrn, (63) p. 60 ; Scudder, (76) p. olO Duhr. (79) p. 352 ; Borm. (00-) p. 28 ; Kirby, (04) p. 8. Pronotiim broader than the head, depressed, transverse, anterior margin gently convex, angles rounded ; sides broadly reflexed ; prozona somewhat tumid, and with a strong sulcus ; metazona depressed, varying in colour from a uniform pale yellow to almost black, with a few dark markings. Elytra ample, rugulose and densely clad with dark bristles ; brown or blackish, sometimes with a small red spot in the middle. A\'ings usually prominent, but occasionally short and scarcely protruding, pale yellowish, with a dark spot at the tip. Legs pale yellowish, the femora and tibiae usually ringed with blackish. Abdomen dark brown to black, densely puuctulate and densely bristly. Last dorsal segment in the S transverse, with a median impression, posterior margin trun- cate, tumid over the roots of the forceps ; in the $ similar but narrowed. Pygidium: in the c? rectangular, very short and very broad ; in the $ conical. Forceps : in the d with branches remote and roundly trigonal at base, smooth, stout, nearly straight basally, then gently arcuate ; in the $ remote at base, straight at first, then arcuate, but less strongly than in 6 • c? ? Length of body 9-14 mm. 10-14 mm. „ forceps 1*5-2 „ 1-5-2 „ Bhutan: MariaBasti(P«r«s3/Ms.); Sikkim (/wc?. J/ms.) ; Assam: Khasi Hills, Sibsagar {Ind. Mus.); Burma: Metanja in April, Teinzo, Katha, in November, Bhamo in July, Shwegu in October, Palon in August and September (G-V/io«Ji«s.); Ceylo'S (Brit. Mus.). Widely distributed and abundant throughout the Oriental Eegion, extending as far as New Guinea and Northern Australia. A careful examination of numerous specimens, offering many differences of pattern, from all parts of India, Burma, Annam, Tonkin, Siam, the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, fails to reveal any structural distinction, and consequently £. wester- manni, Dohrn, is sunk, as being based merely on coloration or wing-development. Tlie burden of proof lies with the advocates of separation. Perhaps the intensity of coloration depends upon the age and condition of the specimen when caught. The following variations are represented in the Burr col- lection : — I. Genei'al colour ranging from light brown (Java) to almost entirely black (Annam). II. Labrum blackish (Tonkin, Java, etc.) or yellow (Annam, Tonkin, Java). III. Pronotum uniform pale yellow (Java); more generally black, with yellowish markings at the sides and pos- teriorly. 72 LABIDUIIID.I. IV. Elytra light brown or deep black (usual) or with a small not perfectly distinct red spot on the disc near the suture. V. Wings abbreviated, slightly developed or promiuent. VI. Tirown ring of femora faint or absent, especially in the anterior pair. There is presented nearly eveiy stage in the transition between each of these varieties ; that is why, in the author's opinion, it is necessary to sink E. westermmmi, Dohru (labrum yellow, wings- short, anterior femora not I'inged). 30. Echinosoma parvulum, DoJim. Ecliinosoma parvuluiu, iJo/ini, (63) p. 66; Bonn. (00") p. 29; £nrr,, (01) p. 77; Jvirbij, (04) p. 8. Size small; colour dark brown, with dense, stiff, dark pubescence,, and numerous thick reddish bristles. Antennae with 19 segments, the first thick and dark yellow, second minute and pale yellow ; the rest grey-brown ; third rather elongate and perfectly cylin- drical ; fourth globular ; fifth, sixth and seventh subcylindrical and a little longer than the fourth : the rest pyriform, but none equalhng the third in length. Head dark brown, broad, depressed, with a few thick bristles ; eyes prominent, mouth- parts yellowish. Pronotum decidedly transverse and a trifle wider posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona somewhat tumid and metazona flattened ; sides broadly reflexed, all angles rounded,, sides very slightly convex, dark brown, with a few scattered thick bristles. Sternal plates smooth, yellow. Elytra of the same colour, texture and clothing as the pronotum, the shoulders scarcely developed, truncate posteriorly ; in the short-winged form short, scarcely longer than the pronotum ; in the long-winged form quite double as long as the pronotum. Wings either abortive (short- winged form) or long and ample (long-winged form), in which case they protrude very prominently, the scale being even longer than the elytra, of a lighter brown colour, especially near the base and the suture, where the Avhitish membranous part is descernible ; densely clothed with short bristles. Legs yellow, the femora ringed with brown near the base. Abdomen broad and rather flat, nearly pai^allel-sided, ^itli a dense and close pubescence, and rows of yellowish, thick, short bristles ; ventral surface red, smoother. Last dorsal segment in the d strongly transverse, about three times as broad as long, of the same colour, texture and hairiness on the rest of the abdomen, truncate posteriorly ; in the 2 similar, but longer and narrowed posteriorly, the margin subsinuous. Penultimate ventral segment : in the ^ transverse, with a median depression, posterior margin with a round median emargination with thick yellowish pubescence ; in the 5 posterior margin straight. Pygidium: in the J rectangular, very short and very broad ; in the $ short and conical. Forceps with the branches in ECHINOSOMA. 73: the c? remote at the base, smooth, deep red, stout, and rather broad at the base, very slightly diverging at first, then strongly arched in a semicircular curve ; in the $ short, contiguous, straight, stout, conical, with a very blunt tooth near the base. ^ 2 Length of body 6-8-5 mm. 7-8 mm. forceps 1 „ 0-75-1 „ The larv£e resemble the female in the form of the abdomen and forceps ; the colour is light brown, with darker longitudinal bands. Ceylon : Peradeniya, in August and November (coll Burr). Type in Berlin. This species has hitherto been known only from Dohrn's description of the female. Mr. Green found it commonly at Peradeniya, in rotten Avood ; a larva was taken in a termite's nest. Of the specimens sent by Mr. Green, there is one male of each form, and four females of the short-winged form, which would thus appear to be commoner, though Dohrn's type is evidently winged. De Bormans incorrectly describes the first antenual segment as brown. Ow-ing to its small size, strongly bowed forceps and thick pyriform antennal segments, it is easy to recognize. Dohrn describes the sixteenth antennal segment as yellowish^ but this uncertain character is of no value. Subfamily III. PSALIN.E. The dominant genus of this subfamily is Amsohbis, but Psalis IS chosen as the typical genus because it is the oldest. It has many features in common with the Labidunnce, with which group it is closely allied. It is exceptional for the forceps to be slender or remote at the base, whereas the reverse is the case in the Labidurince. In this group we find a gradual transition from the fully winged Pscdis to the entirely apterous Anisolabis. Fig. 4. — Antenna of Psalis dolrni. The glandular folds of the third and fourth abdominal segments, which are absent in Labidnra, are often present in Anisolabis ; and Eehn (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1903, p. 301) has 74 LABIDURIDJE. shown that in the Neotropical species, l-'salis americana, Pal.- Beauv., these folds are present in the larvae and nymphs, but disappear when the creature attains maturity. This is evidence in favour of the view that these organs are useless as generic characters. The possession of fully developed elytra is the chief distinction between Psalis and AnisoJahis, so that immature specimens of the former are easily mistaken even for adult specimens of the latter genus. The Psalime are generally thick-set, dark-coloured earwigs, with stout forceps. Table of Genera. 1. Elytra perfectly developed ; (abdomen subparallel-sided ). 2. Antennse with 12-22 segments; sides of abdomen with no glandular folds . Psalis, Serv., p. 74. 2.2. Antennae with 20-30 segments ; sides [p. 78. of abdomen with glandular folds . . Labidurodes, Dubr., 1.1. Apterous forms; elytra entirely wanting or rudimentary. 2. Abdomen dilated from the base to the apex. (Elytra absent.) Gonolabis, Burr, p. 79. 2.2. Abdomen subparallel-sided, or slightly dilated about the middle. 3. Iillytra entirely wanting Anisolabis, Fieb., p. 80, 3.3. Rudimentary elytra present Borellia, Burr, p. 87. Genus PSALIS, Serv. Psalis, Serv. (31) p. 34. Carcinophora, Saidd. (76) p. 291. — Type,C robusta, Scudd. Type, Forficula americana, Pal.-Beauv. Body stout ; antennae with 12-22 segments ; basal segment very long and conical ; third segment cylindrical, half as long as the first ; third and fourth short, no longer than broad ; fifth a little longer ; sixth and others gradually lengthened, the sixth nearly as long as the third. The segments are nearly cylindrical, but in the Indian species they are almost clavate. Head convex, smooth and shining. Pronotum nearly as broad as the head, subquadrate, widened somewhat posteriorly (especially in Old World species) ; posterior margin convex. Mesosternum convex ; metasternum with the lobe produced between posterior coxae, truncate. Elytra and wings smooth, well developed, the former with no carina. Legs rather short, stout. Abdomen broad and depressed, last doi'sal segment quadrate in both sexes ; sides of the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth segments acute ; no glandular folds in adults. Penultimate ventral segment of the c? broad, obtuse, rounded ; in the $ roundly triangular ; pygidium indistinct. Porceps with PSALIS. 75 branches conical, stout, subcontiguous, gently curved in the d ; contiguous in the $ . Range. Asia, Africa, America. This genus was confused by the older authors with Lahidura. De Bonnans remarks that it ap])roaches nearer to AnisolaUs, and this is correct, for it is practically the same thing but with fully- developed organs of flight. The genus Carcmophora, Scudd., only differing from typical Psalis in the absence of wings, cannot stand, and must be absorbed in Psalis. Table of Sj)ecies. 1. Wings perfectly developed ; forceps of male not contiguous at base ; (colour shining chocolate, vaiied with yellow- ^^") femoralis, Dolirn, p. 75. 1.1. Wmgs abortive; forceps of male con- tiguous at base. 2. Elytra rectangular, showing no scu- tellum. 3. Colour brilliant shining reddish black, with blue sheen on elytra, which are truncate posteriorly. . dohml, Kirby, p. 76. 3.3. Colour reddish black, with no blue sheen ; elytra oblique posteriorly, h'froyi, sp. n., p. 77. 2.2. Elytra strongly cut away at the axillary angle, thus being tri- angular ; exposing a small scu- tellum cnstetsi, Bonn., p. 77. 31. Psalis femoralis, DoJim. (Fig. 18.) Labidura femoralis, Boltrii, (63) p. 321 ; Scudder, (76) p. 522 (nee Dubr.). Psalis femoralis, Bonn. (88) p. 434, (94) p. 378, (00^) p. 38 ; Burr, (01) p. 78, pi. B, fig. 3, (08-^) p. 29 ; Kirby, (04) p. 13. Stature small but robust ; general colour deep chestnut-brown, varied with yellowish and often with a bluish sheen. Autennje greyish yellow, the basal segments paler. Head shining deep dark brown. Pronotum chocolate-brown, shining, the sides some- what paler, longer than broad and broadeued posteriorly ; anterior and lateral margins straight; posterior margin subcouvex, the angles rounded. Elytra shining chocolate - brown, truncate apically, with a faint bronze sheen. Wings long, pale yellowisli at the base, of the same colour as the elytra at the apex. Le^s pale yellow, the femora banded with dark brown. Abdomen deep chocolate-brown, smooth and shining. Last dorsal segment quad- rate in both sexes, faintly rugulose posteriorly in the d" , with a median depression and a faint tumid tubercle over the insertion 76 LABIDUBID^. of the forceps. Forceps : in the J flat beneath, convex above, stout,, tapering, subcoutiguous, straight, gently incurved at the apex, denticulate near base on inner margin ; in the $ straight, conical, contiguous. Length of body .... 8*5-9 mm. 10 ram. „ forceps.. l'25-l-5 „ 1*75 „ Burma : Metanja, viii. ; Teinzo, v. ; Bliamo, vi.-viii. ; Katha, ii.-vi. ; Rangoon, v. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. {Genoa Sf Brit. J/its.) ; Tenasseeim : Thagata, iv. {Genoa Mas.); Ceylon: Punduluoya, Gralagedara, Pei-adeniya {Green\ Amhegammoa {Willeij, coll. Burr), Diyatalawa {coll. Burr) ; Tonkin {Brit. 4' Paris Mus.). Type in the Stettin Museum (?). This species has no strong resemblance to any other, its shiny deep colour being very characteristic. Its nearest resemblance, perhaps, is to the African species of the genus. The bronze sheen is much more striking in some specimens than others ; this may be due to the age of the specimens, or perhaps the sex, season or locality in which they were caught. 32. Psalis dohmi, Kirhy.^ (Fig. 19.) Namiopygia dohrni, Eirby, (91) p. -508; Bonn. (00*) p. 11. Labiduva femoialis, Dubr. (79) p. 353 (nee Dohrn). Carcinophora caeruleipennis, Borm. (00-) p. 40. Carcinophora dohrni, Burr, (01) p. 328, pi. B, fig. 8 ; Kirby, (04) p. 15. Small ; black, shading towards reddish black posteriorly, smooth, shining, with an oily lustre. Antennse with 17 segments ; the first three are yellowish, the rest greyish, except second and third (probably varying) before the apex, which are pale. Head very convex and smooth, shining black. Pronotum of same colour, someuhat longer than broad and broadened posteriorly. Elytra rather short, but longer than the pronotum, truncate at the apex, brilliantly shining with a bluish bronze metallic sheen. Legs pale testaceous, the femora strongly banded with black. Abdomen intensely deep chocolate blackish-brown, with brilliant oily lustre, of the same form as Psalis. Last apical segment as in Psalis. Forceps : in the S short, stout, trigonal, subcontiguous, tapering, attenuate and hooked at the apex ; in the 5 practically identical. 62 Length of body 10-12 mm. „ forceps 2-2*5 „ Ceylon : Galle, Kandy {coll. Bolivar), Peradeniya in May- Oct. {coll. Burr), Ambegammoa ( Willey, coll. Burr) ; Tkayancobe : PSALIS. 77 North side of the Western Ghats, Tenmalai (lad. Mus , coll Burr). ^ ' T)ipe in the British Museum. This handsome little earwig can only be coufused with the follomng species. Its deep black colour, brilliant oily lustre, and blue sheen on the elytra are very distinctive, although'the latter is not always very strongly marked, at least in old specimens A record from Somerset, in Northern Australia, must almost certainly refer to a distinct species. 33. Psalis castetsi, Borm. Carcinophora castetsi, Borm. apud Bol (97) p. 284; Borm. m^) p. 41 ; Kirhj, (04) p. 15. ^ ' Pitch-black, punctulate ; three basal segments of antenna? dark ye lowish; mouth-parts yellowish; pronotum with very narrow pale side border. Elytra short, truncate, excavate at axillary angle so as to expose a minute scutellum ; abdomen typical- forceps unarmed, typical. ' 6 9 Length of body 9-5 mm. 11 mm. „ forceps .... 1-75 „ 2 Madeas: Trichinopoli, Kodaikanal {coll. Bolivar) _ According to deBormans this species differs from 'the preceding in the axil ary excavation of the elytra, which thus expose a minute scutellmn ; he also states that these organs are much the same as m the European Pseudochelklura sinaata. 34. Psalis lefroyi, sp. n. (Fig. 20.) Of medium size, sturdy build, and deep reddish chestnut colour Antennae blackish, the apical segments white. Head shining blackish red. Pronotum black, slightly wider posteriorly thaS anteriorly, a little longer than broad, almost rectangular- posterior margin straight, very narrowly bordered with yellow' the sides reflexed ; prozona not tumid. Elytra blackish brown' ample, obliquely truncate at the apex. Wings abortive (in the type). Femora yellowish, with a broad black ring; tibL and tarsi yellowish Abdomen deep reddish chestnut, almost black, smooth. Last dorsal segment in the d smooth, transverse, genth' narrowed posteriorly. Forceps in d and o red, the branches subcontiguous, stout, trigonal, conical, straight. Length of body 9 ^im. 7-5^mm „ forceps 1-75 ^^ 2 Bombay : Mahim, 2i^ii.04, "feeding on plantain roots" (Pusa <^oll.) ; Bengal : Pusa (Pusa coll.). ^ Type in the author's collection. 78 LABIDURID.i). Dedicated to the Imperial Entomologist, Mr. Maxwell Lefroy, who has contributed some interesting material. This species is described from a single pair in poor condition. In general appearance it resembles P. femoralis, but differs in the pronotum, which is almost rectangular, in correlation with the abortive wings ; the forceps are contiguous and the femora ringed with black. The head is also larger. It might be confused with P, dohrni, but it is a more power- fully built and much broader insect ; the abdomen is decidedly broader and shorter and the elytra relatively shorter and truncate obliquely, that is the posterior margin is not quite at right angles to the median suture. The colour is less deep, redder and browner, and there is no blue tinge on the elytra. Probably the specimens recorded by the present writer from Ceylon under the name of Anisolahis brunneri, (01) p. 377, and from the Purneah District, (05'') p. 389, are nothing more or less than immature specimens of this species. They have certainly nothing to do with the true Anisolahis bninneri of Dohrn, from Australia, which is now a well-known and totally distinct species. Genus LABIDURODES, Duhr. Labidm'odes, Dubr. (79) p. 355. Type, Labidurodes robustus, Dubr. Allied to Psalis, but differs in having from 20-30 segments in the antenujB, and in having well-developed glandular folds at the sides of the second and third abdominal segments. Range. Pour species have been described, occurring in New Guinea, Siam and Madagascar, but more material is required to place this genus in a satisfactory condition. 35. Labidurodes robustus, Duhr. Labidurodes robustus, Dubr. (79) p. 356 ; Bonn. (00") p. 39; Kirby, (04) p. 15 ; Burr, (05^) p. 28. Large and powerful. Head and pronotum shining black. Antennas brown, with 27 segments. Elytra and wings well developed, shining brownish black. Pemora short, brown ; base of tibia brown ; apex of tibia and tarsi yellowish. Abdomen and forceps shining dark brown. Porceps of the S with branches not contiguous, robust, trigonal in basal third, then rounded with the points strongly incurved ; the trigonal portion has three strong crenulations. 6 Length of body 23 mm. „ forceps 6 „ ? Lower Burma ; Tavoy {Ind. Mus.). G0>'OLABIS. 70 This species is known only through Dubrouy's description. It is recorded from the Ply Eiver, New Guinea. An immature specimen in the Indian Museum, from Tavoy, is attributed to it, with considerable hesitation. Genus GONOLABIS, 5nrr. Gonolabis, Burr, (00") pp. 48 & 53; Borjn. (00') p. 451; Ei'rbi/r (04) p. 15. Type, Anisolabis javana, Bormans. Entii'ely apterous. Antennae ^\•ith less than 20 segments, third cylindrical, fourth and fifth globular, the rest longer, subpyriform. Head smooth. Pronotum square, as broad as the head or broader. Sternal plates as in Anisolahis. Elytra entirely wanting. Femora rather thick ; tibiae and tarsi compressed, the latter very slender; second segment very short. Abdomen in the c? narrow at the base, gradually broadened, attaining the greatest width at the apex. Last dorsal segment of the c? broad and rectangular ; of the 5 broad, but narrowed posteriorly. Forceps of the c? stout, remote at base, arcuate strongly ; of the $ conical, contiguous, straight. Range. Asia, Africa, Australia. By the removal of certain non-Indian species, characterized by a strongly narrowed prosternum, this genus is now restricted to Old World forms. The genus is related to Anisolahis, but has fewer antennal segments ; the gradual widening of the abdomen from base to apex is very characteristic. 36. Gonolabis electa, sp. n, (Fig. 21.) Small ; shining dark chestnut-brown. Antennae brown, basal segments paler, with 14-15 segments; third cylindrical, elongate, fourth and fifth globular, the rest gradually lengthening, passing from subcylindrical to ovate. Head tumid, smooth, shining, dark blackish brown. Pronotum as broad as the head, square or very gently widened posteriorly, flat, shining brown, the sides paler. Mesonotum short, about t^vice as broad as long. Entire thorax smooth, shining, deep brown. Legs testaceous, femora with darker shading. Abdomen of the same colour, gradually dilated in the c? from the base to the apex, which is about 1| times as wide as the base. Sides of the sixth to ninth segments produced back- wards to sharp points in the S only. Last dorsal segment : in the <S rectangular and about twice as broad as long, smooth and shining, with a faint median depression, posterior margin trun- cate ; over the roots of the forceps there is a slight tumid elevation, outside which is a depressed triangular area, so that the segment is bounded externally by a slight longitudinal fold or ridge which is continuous with the line formed by the points of the sixth-ninth abdominal segments ; in the $ trapezoidal, strongly •80 LABIDIJEIDJE. narrowed, otherwise formed as in the c? , except that the external depression and ridge are absent. Penultimate ventral segment in the c? ample, very broadly rounded ; in the 2 similar but less broadly rounded, more pronouncedly convex. Pygidium of cS and $ not protruding. Porceps with the branches in the c5" remote at the base, very stout and trigonal, the upper keel corre- sponding to the slight tumidity of the last dorsal segment, the outer surface being depressed in correspondence with the similar depressed area on the last dorsal segment, the outer ridge corre- ponding with the line of the points of the sixth-ninth abdominal segments and lateral ridge of the last dorsal segment ; the branches are straight at first, tapering rapidly; at about half their length they become abruptly attenuate, cylindrical and strongly bowed inwards ; the maximum breadth is over double the length. In the $ the branches are contiguous, stout, trigono-conical, straight and taper- ing, the inner margin crenulate. 6 ^2 Length of body 6-5-7 mm. 6-7 mm. „ forceps 1 ,, 1 r? Maximum breadth of abdomen : 2-5 mm. Minimum „ „ 1-5 mm. Ceylon : Peradeniya, A-pr'il' {Green, coll. Burr); Java {coll. Burr). Type in the author's collection. Easily recognizable by the apically dilated abdomen. It is re- lated to G. javana, Borm., and G. sumatrana, Bonn., but is smaller, more shining, and the abdomen much more strongly dilated. Genus ANISOLABIS, Fieber. Anisolabis, Fieber, (53) p. 257. Forcinella, Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxiii. p. 226 (1862). Bracliylabis, Dohrn, (64) p. 292(partim). — Type, Forficula niaritima, Bon. Type, Forficula maritima, Bon. Body convex, rather elongate, generally stout. Head convex, longer than broad. Antennae with from 15 to 25 segments, formed as in Psalis, but the form and size varies within certain limits. Pronotum rectangular, almost or quite square ; mesonotum trans- verse ; metanotum with posterior border sinuate. Elytra entirely absent. Legs rather short, wide. Sternal plates rather narrow, longer than broad. Metasternum somewhat produced between posterior coxae ; the lobe generally truncate at the apex. Mesosternum rounded posteriorly. Abdomen depressed, rather broad, attaining its greatest breadth at about two-thirds of its length ; lateral tubercles sometimes distinct, sometimes obsolete. ANISOLABIS. 81 The sides of the sixth and seventh segments of the male are convex, often produced into a sharp point, striate, rugulose or even carinate ; this feature is present on a feebler scale in the female. Last dorsal segment in the S ample, subrectaugular, but broader than long, less broad than the preceding segments ; in the 2 similar, but somewhat narrower. Penultimate ventral segment of cT ovate or roundly triangular ; broader in the $ . Branches of forceps in Fig. 5. — Sternal plates of Anisolabis maritima, Bon. the S of two types : (1) contiguous or subcontiguous, stout, nearly straight, tapering, or (2) remote, straight at first and strongly and abruptly bent inwards, the right branch often more strongly than the left. In the $ the branches are contiguous, straight, stout, tapering. Range. Cosmopolitan. After the removal of those forms now separated into Borellia- and the sinking of a number of names as synonyms, there are still about two dozen species left in this genus, occurring in all parts of the world. Their discrimination is often difficult, and it is- absolutely necessary to know the male before a species can be characterized or satisfactorily determined. Some species seem to have a very restricted distribution, though two, A. maritima and A. annulijjes, have become cosmopolitan. Immature specimens of various species of Psalis are often placed under this genus in collections, and sometimes may have beea described as species. Table of Sj^ecies. 1. Posterior margin of metasternal lobe romided ; size great ; (forceps subcon- tiguous, straight ; legs and antennae unicolorous) colossea, Dohrn, p. 82. 1.1. Posterior margin of metasternal lobe truncate ; size medium or small. 2. Branches of forceps of c? remote at the base, strongly curved. 3. Thorax with faint median line ; forceps of (5 abruptly bowed, with a rectangular internal projection on the right branch ] maritviut, Bon., p. 83^ 82 LABIDUEID.E. 3.3. Thorax with distinct median line ; forceps of J gently arcuate, with no rectangular projection kudagcB, Burr, p. 84. 2.2. Branches of forceps of ^ subcontiguous or contiguous, nearly straight, curved at the apex. 3. Sides of 6th-9th abdominal seffmeuts of cJ with longitudinal keel along the striations. (Antennae and legs banded ; size small) annulipes, Luc, p. 84. 3.3. Sideslof 6th-9th abdominal segments of (S striate, rugulose but not carinate. (Size large ; head red ; legs long, clear yellow-brown) . . dubronii, Kirby, p. 85. Head red ; legs banded ; cJ unknown gaudens, Burr, p. 86. 37. Anisolabis colossea, Dohm, Forcinella colossea, Dohm, (64) p. 286 ; Dubr. (79) p. 357. Anisolabis colossea, Bonn. (94) p. 379, (00-) p. 47 ; Kii-hy, (04) p. 19. Anisolabis colossea, var. minor. Burr, (02) p. 479. Size varying from 20 to 50 mm. in length. Build robust ; colour red-brown passing into blackish. Antennae brown with 4th and 5th segments almost globular, the rest pear-shaped. Pronotum quadrate, with a transverse depression. Prosternum truncate posteriorly. Metasternum long and narrow, lobe well produced between posterior coxae, and rounded. Mesosternum narrow, rounded posteriorly. Abdomen smooth, bro;id and flat ; sides of last two or three segments of c? & 2 convex, slightly rugulose. Last dorsal segment of S rectangular, broader than long, with a median impression, rugulose posteriorly ; in $ somewhat narrower. The penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded. Porceps in both S and 5 with branches subcontiguous at the base, stout and robust, trigonal, broad, gradually tapering, with the inner margin crenulate, perfectly straight as far as the apex, where the points are slightly incux'ved. Length of body 20-51 mm. 30-43 mm. „ forceps 6-8-5 „ 4-8 ,, Burma : Pegu, Palon, viii./ix. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000- 3700 ft., iv., xii. {Genoa Mus.). Type. Undefined, in Paris, Vienna or Stettin. T'his earwig appears to be the commonest in Australia where it attains an immense size ; the variety minor, however, is recorded, from New South Wales, and it is the form which de Bormans records from Burma. It is probable that the Burmese specimens belong really to a distinct species. The forceps of the large specimens are capable of giving a severe nip, and even of drawing blood from the human finger. ANISOLABIS. S3 38. AnisolaMs maritima, Bon, (Fig. 22.) Forficula maritima, Bonelli, apud Gene, (32) p. 224. Forficula (Labidura) maritima, Fischer, (53) p. 68, pi. 6, fig. 4 a-d. Forficesila maritima, Serv. (39) p. 27. Forticula (Forficesila) maritima, Haan, (42) p. 240. Forcinella maritima, Dohrn, (G2) p. 226. Brachylabis maritima, Dolini, (04) p. 293. Anisolabis maritima, Fieb. (o3) p. 257; Scudder, (76) p. 303; Brunner, (82) p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 2; Borm. (88) p. 435, (94) p. 379 (00-) p. 45 ; Kirby, (04) p. 17. ' v ; i' The references in literature to this species are very numerous. Tlie above are the most important. Black. Antennae and mouth-parts yellow. Thorax dull black smooth, with a few impressed points. Legs uniform yellow! Abdomen rather broad, all the segments recurved at the sides in the J, the sides regular and in some specimens forming a longitudinal keel ; in the $ the sides are merely convex and smooth. The whole of the abdomen is sparsely covered with impressed points. Last dorsal segment of (S rectangular, parallel- sided, broader than long, with a median impression, the posterior margin straight; similar in the $, but somewhat narrower. Branches of the forceps in the c? remote at the base; in the basal third stout, straight, trigonal and somewhat dilated, especially the right branch ; asymmetrical, the left branch being gently and regularly incurved and tapering, while the right branch is abruptly curved inwards, so that the apical third of the branch is at rif^ht angles to the longitudinal axis of the insect ; the outer margin presents a regular curve ; the inner margin is curved in a semicircle and shows a rectangular projection at the basal third where the attenuation is sudden. In the $ the branches are symmetrical, subcontiguous, trigonal, nearly straight, unarmed, and tapering. Length of body 15-23 mm. 21-23 mm. forceps 3-3-5 „ 3-5-4-25 „ Burma : Kakhyen Hills, viii./ix. ; Teistasserim : Mt. Mulaivit 3300-6300 ft. (Genoa 3Ius.). ^ ' This species, apparently indigenous to the Pal^arctic Eegion, has been transported by shipping to all parts of the world and has quickly naturalised itself wherever possible. Its usual haunts are the banks of rivers and coasts of seas but it sometimes occurs on mountains at a considerable elevation' as in the above noted instances in Tenasserim ; and de Bormans records it from Mount Lebanon. It probably occurs also in the mainland of India in suitable localities. Although generally considered a stable species, A. maritima varies within certain limits, as Scudder first pointed out. That author refers to two males from South Carolina, with forceps g2 84 LABIDURID^. simple as in the female ; occasionally the antennae have a pale ring. The posterior margin of the last dorsal segment of the male varies from almost smooth to rugose. 39. Anisolahis kudagae, Burr* (Fig. 23.) Anisolabis kudagse, Burr, (01) p. 320, pi. B, fig. G ; Ktrbt/, (04) p. 19. Of medium size. Shining black, passing from deep chestnut^ through reddish black to deep black. Antenna? dark brown, basal and apical segments reddish. Thoracic plates with a well marked median line. Legs varying from light red to reddish black. Abdomen broad, from red to reddish black, shining, with exceedingly fine punctulations ; sides of apical segments convex, very finely striated in the c?, smooth in the $. Last dorsal segment in the cJ rectangular, broader than long, with a distinct median impression and a more or less indistinct tumid elevation on each side, over the insertion of the forceps a distinct oblique compressed crest on each side ; in the 5 narrowed and simple. Forceps with branches in the c5' remote and trigonal at the base, the upper ridge becoming obsolete in the basal third; rather depressed, tapering and bowed inwards, the apical third strongly so ; the right branch is curved more strongly than the left and lies aboAe it, but the asymmetry is not nearly so marked as in the last species. In the $ the forceps are subcoutiguous, straight, tapering ; the inner margin is finely crenulate in both sexes. 6 $ Length of body 12'5-15*75 mm. 15 mm. „ forceps 2-3 „ 3*5 „ Ceylon : Kudaga, Hutton, vii. (coll. Burr), Maskeliya at light, Hakgala and Patipola in April and December {coU, Biirr). Tijpa in the author's collection. This species somewhat resembles A. maritima, but the forceps are more regular and less abruptly curved, the median line of the thorax is distinct, and the last dorsal segment has tumid elevations and folds that are absent in that species. The specimen from Maskeliya, sent by Mr. Green after the publication of the original description, is somewhat smaller than the type, and much lighter and redder in colour. It is found under stones and logs. 40. Anisolabis annulipes, Lucas. (Fig. 24.) Forficesila anuulipes, Lucas, (47) p. 84. Forcinella annulipes, Dohrn, (64) p. 290. Forficula (Labidura) anuulipes, Fisch. (53) p. 69, pi. 6, fig. G a-c] Anisolabis annulipes, Sctidd. (7G) p. 302 ; Brunner, (82) p. 8 ; L'orm. (88) p. 485, (94) p. 378, (00-) p. 48; Burr, (01) p. 321, (05') p. 28, (06) p. 388, (07-) p. 209 ; lurbij, (04) p. 18. ANISOLABIS. 85 Forcinella hottentotta, Dohrn, (G7-) p. 344. Anisolabis bormansi, Scudd., Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxv. p. 5, pi. i, %. 1 ; Bonn. (00-) p. 49. Forcinella antoni, Dohrn, (64) p. 289. Anisolabis antoni, Borm. (00") p. 49. Forcinella azteca, Dohrn, (62) p. 226. Anisolabis azteca, Scudd. (76) p. 302 : Borm. (00^) p. 49. Anisolabis antennata, Kirbi/, (91) p. 517. The references given above are the more important in the extensive literature and synonymy of this species. Medium sized, black, shining. Head black ; antennae with basal segment reddish ; the rest greyish brown, except the two penultimate segments which are whitish, Prouotum as broad as the head, sometimes paler in colour, quadrate ; elytra eii.tireiy absent. Abdomen with sides more or less parallel, with no tubercles upon the sides of the second and third segments ; sixth to ninth segments in the (S with sides acute-angled, striate and carinate. Last dorsal segment larger than the others, slightly impressed in the middle. Legs testaceous, the femora banded with black, as are also the tibice ; the depth and intensity of this banding varies very considerably. Branches of the forceps in the (5 subcontiguous at the base, stout, strongly incurved, the right branch crossing above the left at the apex ; in the 5 the branches are straight, conical, subcontiguous. Length of body 11 mm. 12-14 mm. „ forceps 2 ,, 3-35 ,, Bengal : Calcutta (Ind. Mus.), Purneah District (Ind. Mus.) ; Muzaffarpur, Behar, Sitamarhi and Pupri (Pusa coll.) ; Pusa {Pasa coll., coll. Burr) ; Bombay : Karachi (Paris Mus.), Bombay (coll. Bormans) ; Madras : Trichinopoli (coll. Bolivar) ; Burma : Metanja, viii. ; Teinzo, v. ; Shwegu, x. ; Bhamo, vii./viii. ; Man- dalay, xi.; Eangoou, v./xii. ; Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., vi./xii. ; Karen-ni, Greku Distr., 4300-7400 ft., ii., iii., v. (Genoa Mus.) ; Ceylon : Punduluoya, Hutton, Kala Wewa, Madulsima (coll. Burr). A universally distributed species, vei'y abundant in the wild state and also under artificial conditions. 41. Anisolabis dubronii, Kirhy* (Pig. 97.) Anisolabis lasta, Borm. (nee Gerst.) (SS) p. 435, (94) p. 379, (00-) p. 46 (partim). Anisolabis dubronii, Kirhy, (03) p. 68, (04) p. 19 ; Burr, (03) p. 270. Colour entirely dark reddish black except the head and legs. Head ferruginous, the sutures indistinct ; mouth-parts blackish, palpi testaceous ; antennae with 21 segments, typical of the genus, -dark brown. Pronotum subi'ectangular, longer than broad, slightly 86 LABIDrEID.15. broader posteriorly than anteriorly, anterior and posterior margins straight, angles rounded, slightly tumid, the sides very shghtly elevated. Mesonotum subquadrate, simple, nearly as long as broad. Metanotum transverse, posterior border roundly emarginate. Legs uniformly testaceous. Abdomen extremely finely punctulated, almost smooth, the lateral tubercles very faint; sides of sixth to ninth segments rugulose and striate. Last dorsal segment large, square, also extremely finely punctulated, A^ith a very faint median longitudinal line. Penultimate ventral segment also very finely punctulated; obtusely triangular, rounded at the posterior margin, exposing the lateral corners of the last segment ; the rest of the venter quite smooth. Pygidium not apparent. Forceps with the branches stout, trigonal, blackish red, darker towards the apex, unarmed except for a few fine deuticulatious on the inner margin ; the right branch is strongly curved in above the left which is much less strongly curved. $ unknown. 6 Length of body 20-25 mm. ,, forceps 4 ,, Tenasserim : Mt. Mulaiyit, 3300-6300 ft., in April (Brit. Mus.,. coll. Burr). Type in the British Museum. This handsome species is quite distinct from the E. African A. Iceta, with Mhich de Bormans confused it ; from other Indian species it may be recognized by its large size, red head, clear and long legs, and the form of the forceps. 42. Anisolahis gaudens, Burr.* Anisolabis gaudeus, Bim; (04) p. 291 ; (08-) p. 30. Size medium; black, shining; antennae with 15 segments, blackish, the basal two red ; segments four and five nearly globular ; head clear brick-red, smooth; thorax and abdomen typical, black, shining, the thorax with a median impression ; last dorsal segment scarcely narrowed, smooth. Legs short, yellow, the knees black. Forceps stout, depressed, subcontiguous, convex above, straight, tapering, houked at the extreme apex. S unknown. Length of body 7 mm. „ forceps 3 ,, Bhutan : Pedong (Paris Mus.). Type in the Paris Museum. The value of the original description is vitiated by the error which was made in mistaking the sex of the type. Attention is now called to this, so that collectors may look out for the male, in order that the species can be ranged in its correct position and its true affinities be determined. The brick-red head recalls A. duhronii, but the banded knees constitute a difference. BORELLIA. 87 The Paris Museum possesses another female, from Bhutan (Maria Basti), which resembles the type of A. gaudens, except that the head is black. Further material is urgently required to solv'e the question. Genus BORELLIA, Burr. Borellia, Burr, (09) p. 325. Type, Forficesila moesta, Serville. This genus differs from Anisolalns, Fieb. (q. v.) in the presence on the mesonotum of small rudimentary elytra. These are not generally contiguous at any point, aud are' usually soldered to the mesonotum. Range. Cosmopolitan. Table of Sjiecies. 1. Elytra uarrow at the base, exposing' the mesonotum like a scutellum, dilated towards the apex aud contiguous at the end of the suture, covering- the base of the metauotum (/rceni, Burr, p. 87, 1.1. Elytra narrow, only covering the sides of the mesonotum. 2. Femora ringed with black stdli, Dohrn, p. 88. 2.2. Femora not ringed aimandalei, Burr, p. 89. 43. Borellia greeni, Burr. * Anisolabis greeni, Burr, (99) p. 257, (01) p. 319; Kirbfj, (04) p. 19. Of medium size ; the whole body exceedingly minutely punctu- lated and with a few long hairs ; black, the legs brick-red, the rest black, except the four apical segments which are pale. Pronotum rectangular, with a median impression. Elytra narrow at base, exposing a broad, short, transverse area of the mesonotum ; then suddenly and strongly dilated, so that the inner margins meet along the suture and cover the apical half of the mesonotum. Legs brick- red, the knees somewhat darker or all black. Abdomen deep reddish black ; last dorsal segment somewhat narrowed in both sexes, with a faint median impression, with two faint tubercles on posterior margin in the c? • Penultimate ventral segment tri- angular, the apex rounded. Forceps alike in both sexes, subcon- tiguous, stout, trigonal at base, rapidly tapering, straight, curved at the apex, more so in the c? than m the $ ; inner margin with a very faint tooth in the middle. S 2 Length of body . . , , . 11 •5-23-5 mm. 1 7 mm ,, forceps . 2-3 „ 3-25 „ 88 LABIDURID^. Ceylon : Punduluoya, v. & x., under stones and in bungalows (coll. Burr), Madulsima, 13.viii.08 {T. B. Fletcher), Kala Wewa, 12.xii.08 {Willey ; coll. Burr) ; NiLGlEI Hills {Brit. Mus.). Type in the authors collection. The form of the elytra is the characteristic of this species. The specimens taken by Mr. Green at Punduluoya are the typical form, as originally described, with bright brick-red legs affording a contrast to the jet-black body. The specimens taken by Mr. Fletcher at Madulsima are very different in appearance, as they are distinctly larger and the legs and antennae are entirely dull black. The males attain a maximum length of body (without forceps) of 23"5 mm., the forceps 3 mm In three of these males, the elytra are almost obsolete and their outline can scarcely be detected ; this may be an anelytrous variety or, more probably, the specimens are not fully mature. The dimensions of the various forms are as follows : — Typical specimen from Punduluoya : o X Length of body ll*o-13 mm. 17 mm. „ forceps 2 „ 3-25 „ Black specimens from Madulsima : Length of body 15-75-23-.5 „ 19-23 „ „ forceps 3-3'5 „ 3-5-4 „ Anelytrous specimens from Madulsima : Length of body 15"5-17 ,, „ forceps 3 „ These differences are not of sufficient importance to justify the establishment of a distinct species, and it is safer to regard these big black specimens from Madulsima as a local race or variety. 44. Borellia stall, Bohm. Forcinella stall, Bohm, (64) p. 286, Anisolabis stSli, Scudd. (76) p. 308; Borm. (88), p. 435, (94) p. 378, (00-) p. 45 ; Burr, (02^ p. 479, (08^) p. 30; Kirhy, (04) p. 19. Small, black, shining ; antennae with basal two segments red, the rest black, except the two or three apical segments, which are whitish. Pro-, meso- and metanota typical. Elytra present as small ovate flaps on the side of the mesonotum ; they are as long as the mesonotum, but much narrower than long. Legs testaceous, the femora and tibiae ringed with blackish. Porceps of c? with branches not contiguous at the base, trigonal in basal half, straight at first and robust, tapering and cylindrical in the apical half, sharply curved in the apical third, the right branch curved more strongly than the left and above it ; in the $ the branches are BOBELLIA. 89 robust, trigonal, straight, tapering, cylindrical towards the apex and gently hooked there. d 2 Length of body 8-9 mm. 9-10 mm. ,, forceps .... 1-2 „ 1-2-5 ,, Bombay: Bombay (coll. Bormans), Karachi (Paris Mus.); Madras : Pondicherry (Paris Mus.) ; Ceylon : Diyatalawa in August, Trincomali in July (coll. Burr). Type in Stockholm. Widely distributed through the Malay Archipelago and else- where in the Oriental Region, this species occurs also in Mada- gascar (Nossi-be), the Comoro Is., and Pemba, off the east coast of Africa, Superficially, it resembles the ubiquitous Anisolahis annulipes in size, colour and form, but may be at once distinguished by the presence of narrow, but perfectly distinct, lateral flaps on the mesonotum, the abbreviated rudiments of elytra. Immature specimens of these two species are probably indistinguishable. The specimens from Ceylon are a httle larger than tfie typical form (length of body, 13-5 mm.), the legs are of a uniform yellow colour, and the head is rather larger and more tumid. 45. Borellia annandalei, Burr. * Auisolabis annandalei, Burr, (06) p. 389, (07-) p. 209. Head reddish, smooth and shining, darker in the centre ; sutures fairly distinct. Antennae with 10-17 segments, typical, the basal segments testaceous, the rest dark greyish brown. Pronotum ample, subquadrate, somewhat broader posteriorly than anteriorly, all borders straight, hinder angles rounded ; disc somewhat tumid, but metazona scarcely more flat than prozona ; median suture fairly distinct ; sides distinctly reflexed ; dark fuscous, varied M'ith testaceous, especially on the borders ; slightly longer than bi'oad. Mesonotum smooth, ample, transvei'se, bearing the elytra. Metanotum normal, posterior border sinuate. Elytra present as small, elongated, testaceous, oval flaps on each side of the mesonotum ; as long as the mesonotum and about one-quarter as broad. Legs yellowish testaceous, the femora and knees some- times marked with a narrow black band, which is often obsolete. Prosternimi oblong, scarcely attenuate posteriorly. Abdomen dark reddish black, shining, very finely punctulated ; somewhat flattened and broadened towards the apex (in the manner of typical Anisolahis maritima, Bon., (S ) ; sides of the segments, as seen from above, slightly recurved ; as seen from the side, pointed posteriorly and bearing a small longitudinal keel. Last dorsal segment ample, broader than long, very finely punctulated, with a deep median 90 LABIDUKID^. impression ; hinder border roughened and truncate. Penultimate ventral segment very large, broad and ample, well rounded poste- riorly, entirely covering the last ventral segment. Last ventral segment almost entirely covered by the preceding, visible at the corners, where a longitudinal small keel is present. Pygidium scarcely visible, very small, short, blunt and rounded. Forceps with the branches remote at the base, stout and trigonal in the basal half, crenulate on the inner margin, straight ; in the apical half strongly attenuate, smooth, unarmed and incurved ; the right branch is a little more strongly curved than the left. 5 unknown. 6 Length of body 10-12-5 mm. „ forceps l'75-2 ,, Bengal : Comilla, Purneah District {Tnd. 3Ius.) ; a doubtful specimen from Ceylon: Halaoya ( TF?7?<??/ ; coll. Burr). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. This species is stouter and broader than B. sicili, the legs are not banded and the colour is paler, more inchned to reddish. It also attains a larger size. Subfamily IV. LABIDURIN^. This is the typical group of the Lahidurida>, and is represented in every part of the world where earwigs occur. Fig. 7. — Antenna of Labidura. Fig. 6. — Sternal plates of Labidura riparia, Pall. Table of Genera. 1. Sides of abdomen furnished with varying number of spines, hooks or crests FoRCiPULA, Bol., p. 91. 1.1. Sides of abdomen smooth Labidura, Leach, p. 95. rOECIPULA. 91 Genus FORCIPULA, Bol. Forcipula, Bolivar, (97) p. 283. Labidura (partim), Bohrn and authors. Type, Labidura qtuulrispinosa, Dohrn. Large or niedium sized insects with the general characters of Labidura, but certain abdominal segments are furnished with spines, crests or ridges at the sides ; the keels of the elytra are present at the shoulder only, not reaching posterior margin, or almost obsolete. The forceps of the male are long and slender, often as long as the body, undulating and often constricted in the middle ; those of the female are stouter, straight and toothed before the apex. liaufje. This genus is represented in the tropical parts of Africa and America, but attains its maximum development in the Oriental Region. live species are known in India. They have a characteristic appearance, and may be recognized at a glance. Table of Sjiecies. 1. Segments 3-6 of abdomen of c^" with two spines on each side decohji, Borm., p. 91. 1.1. Certain abdominal segments of S with one spine on each side. 2. Segments 3-5 of S with spines .... frisjnnosa, Dohrn, p. 92. 2.2. Segments 3-6 of c? with spines. 3. Elytra nearly smooth : basal portion of J forceps straight and parallel, imgnax, Kirby, p. 93. 3.3. Elytra granulated ; basal portion of d" forceps bowed. 4. Colour dark chocolate ; spines [p. 94. simple qiiadrispinosa, Dohrn, 4.4. Colour lurid ; spines rising out of compressed keels ; (forceps very long) lurida, Bol., p. 94. 46. Forcipula decolyi, Borm** (Fig. 25.) Forcipula decolyi, Borjii. (OLV) p. 444; Burr, (04) p. 289, (Oo'V p. 27, (013) p. 388, (07-^) p. 207 ; Jurbi/, (04) p. 9. Dark chestnut-brown. Antennae and legs ochre-yellow ; elytra rather short ; wings abortive. Abdomen typical, segments three to six with double spines in the d ; the upper spine is much larger than the lower ; the spines on segments three to five large, those on second and sixth much smaller ; the milling on the posterior borders stronger on the hinder segments. Last dorsal segment srnooth, square, with a median depression. Forceps of the d" trigonal at the base, then cylindrical, gently arcuate, constricted 92 LABIDUKIDA.. about the middle, then straight, parallel, hooked and crossing at the apices, sometimes with a tooth on the inner margin. Forceps of 5 trigonal as far as the middle, nearly straight, typical of the genus. Assam : Sibsagar {Ind. Mus.), Kurseong, at 5000 ft. (Brit, Mus., Ind. Mus., coll. Burr) ; Nepal : Soondrijal {Ind. Mus.). Also known from New Guinea (Borm.). Type in the Genoa Museum. The double spines and abbreviated wings render this a very distinct species. De Bormans gives the wrong segments in enumerating the spines. The milling of the segments is always stronger towards the sides and on the second segment shows the beginning of development into the spines ; on the sixth segment the spines are feeble, and show obsolescence back to the milling. The spines are blunt and recurved. Relative to this species, Dr. Annandale makes the following note : " . . . . imder stones at edge of mountain streams, practically in the vt^ater. When forced towards the stream, they swam rapidly on the surface, but they did not enter the water of their own accord. Their position must have rendered them liable to be submerged or washed away by sudden floods." 47. Forcipula trispinosa, DoJirn. (Fig. 26.) Labidura trispinosa, Dohrn, (63) p. 310. Forcipula trispinosa, Bonn. (00") p. 30 ; Kirby, (04) p. 9 ; Burr, (04) p. 289, (053) p. 27, (07-) p. 207. Labidura moro.>a, Kirby, (91) p. 513 ; Borm. (00") p. 36. Forcipula morosa, Kirby, (04) p. 9. Of medium size ; general colour black, with dense yellowish pubescence. Antennae typical, tawny. Head black. Pronotum black, the sides tawny, square. Elytra exceedingly finely punctu- late, neai'ly smooth ; black, with yellowish pubescence. Wings smooth and black, the tips yellowish. Legs uniform tawny. Abdomen deep blackish chestnut, exceedingl}^ finely punctulate, posterior border of each segment milled ; sides of segments three to five in the S with a distinct sharp slender spine ; in the $ with two spines but no tubercles. Last dorsal segment squai'e, smooth, with a deep median impression ; posterior mai'gin truncate in S , simple but milled in $ , with a blunt tubercle over the root of each branch of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment square. Forceps long, with branches in the S remote at the base, trigonal, straight for about two-thirds of their length, with a long sharp spine on the inner margin about the middle of the straight part ; at two- thirds of their length they are bent in and armed with a second sharp tooth ; beyond this they are sti'aight to the points, which are hooked inwards. In the $ the branches are subcontiguous, stout, trigonal, gradually tapering and 8traight, the inner margin crenulate, and a small sharp tooth just before the apex which is hooked. There is a form, occasioned by stunted growth or defective FORCIPULA. 93 nourishment, in which the wiugs are not developed ; the forceps are nearly straight, merely gently undulated, the teeth obsolete, the first abdominal spine almost or entirely obsolete. To this we may give the name minor, though it is hard to say whether it is an ill-developed form of this species or of F. imgnax. Length of body. ... 20 mm. 21 mm. 10-14 mm. „ forceps.. 12 „ . 6 „ 5-5-6 ,, SiKKiM {Inch Mas.) ; Nepal : Chitlong, Pharping {Ind. Mus.) ; United Provinces : Kumaun, Bhim Tal {lad. Mus., coll. Burr) ; Bengal: Calcutta, at light (/nr?. Mus.). Var. minor, nov. Nepal : Soondrijal {Ind. Mus.) ; United Provinces : Kumaun,. Bhim Tal {Lid. Mus., coll. Burr). Type in Vienna Museum. According to Dubrony, this species occurs in Abyssinia, but the record refers to an African species, F. gariazzi, Borelli. 48. Forcipula pugnax, Kirhy.* (Fig. 27.) Labidura pugnax, Kirby, (91) p. 510, pi. 12. fig. 1 ; Borm. (94) p. 377. Forcipula pugnax, Borm. (00^) p. 443, (00-) p. 30 ; Burr, (04) p. 287, Size large; colour deep chestnut-brown or blackish, with^a close yellowish pubescence. Antennae tawny. Head black. Pro- notum square, black, with yellow borders. Elytra dark chocolate- brown, exceedingly finely punctulate, pubescent. Wings of the same colour, smooth. Legs uniform tawny. Abdomen blackish brown, finely granulose, hinder borders of the segments milled ; sides of segments 3-6 in the J armed with recurved spines ; the one nearest the base is the biggest and they regularly decrease posteriorly. Last dorsal segment of J smooth, with a median impression, truncate posteriorly. Forceps of S «'ith branches remote at the base, reddish, trigonal, straight for about two-thirds their length, then abruptly bent inwards, with a blunt tooth on the inner margin at the angle of the bend, then straight, simple, hooked at the points. 6 Length of body. . . . 20-5 mm. „ forceps.. 12-14-5 mm. Punjab : Kangi*a Valley {Brit. Mus.) ; Bhutan : Maria Ba^ti {coll. Burr) ; AsSAM : Kurseong {coll. Burr) ; Burma : Eangoon,, v.-vii. {Genoa Mus.). Type in the British Museum. This species is closely allied to F. trispinosa ; it only differs in its browner colour, in having four abdominal spines instead of three, and in having no tooth in tlie middle of the forceps, and only a blunt one at the angle. 94 LABIDURID-E. 49. Forcipula quadrispinosa, Dohm. (Fig. 28.) Labidura quadrispinosa, Lohrn, (63) p. 311 ; Bonn. (88) p. 434, (94) p. 377. Forcipula quadrispinosa, Bol. (97) p. 283 ; Bortn. (00-) p. 30 ; Burr, (01) p. 323, (04) p. 289, (05^) p. 27, (073) p. .510. Large ; blackish chocolate. Antennae tawny. Head black. Pronotum square, black, sides tawny. Elytra rich chocolate- brown, very dark, finely granulose, not pubescent. AVings resemble the elytra. Legs tawny, often with darker shading. Abdomen black, finely granulose, hinder margins of the segments milled ; sides of segments 3-6 armed with thin spines. Last dorsal segment square, smooth, with a median impression, the hinder margin truncate. In the $ the spines are absent and the last dorsal segment is somewhat narrower. Forceps with the branches remote at the base in the d , trigonal, slender and elongate, bowed so as to enclose an elliptical area, nearly meeting at about two-thirds of their length at which point there is sometimes a blunt tooth; the apical tliird straight and the point hooked. In the 5 the branches are subcontiguous, stouter, straight, crenu- late along the inner margin near the base, with a strong blunt tooth on the inner margin near the apex. 6 5 Length of body . . . . 17-22 mm. 22 mm „ forceps . . 9-10 „ 5 „ SiKKiM {Ind. Mus.) ', Bhutan : Maria Basti {coll. Burr) ; Bengal: Calcutta (Brussels Mus.); Madras: Tranquebar (cqU. Dohm); Travancore, Tenmalai (Annandale; Ind. Mus., coll. Burr); Ceylon (coll. Dohm) ; Btjema : Bhamo, viii., Katha, ii./vi. (Genoa Mns.). Occurs also in Siam, Cambodia and Annam. TyjJe undefined, in Paris or Berlin. 50. Forcipula lurida, Bol. (Figs. 29 & 92.) Forcipula quadrispinosa, var. lurida, Bol. (97) p. 283 ; Bortn. (00^) p. 31. Forcipula lurida, Eirbi/, (04) p. 9. Resembles typical F. quadrispinosa, but is entirely lurid in colour, with a reddish oblique keel on the sides of the segments 2-5 (fide Bolivar, 3-6?) of the abdomen of the males, the keels being produced into a tooth, which is crenulate beyond the middle. Forceps very long. 6 Length of body 23 mm. „ forceps .... 22 , LABIDURA. 95 Madras : Madras {Oxford Mus.\ Trichinopoli {coU. Bolivar). A larva of Forcipula, sp., from Peradeniya, Ceylon (coll. Burr), may perhaps be referred to this species. Kirby is probably right in elevating this form to specific rank, as apart from the coloui*, the abdominal spines are of a different shape. Genus LABIDURA, Leacli. Labidm-a, Leach, (1815) p. 118. Forficesila, Serville, (39) p. 39. — Type, Forficula riparia, Pall. Type, Forficula riparia, Pall. Body rather elongate and depressed. Antennae with from 20 to 36 segments; third segment near'y as long as the first, the fourth and fifth short, as long as the second ; sixth to ninth each a trifle longer, all cylindrical, the remainder gradually lengthening, but even the apical segment is barely as long as the third. Pro- notum more or less quadrate. Elytra always well developed, with a carina usually well developed, but sometimes obsolete before reaching the posterior margin. Wings well developed or rudi- mentary. Scutellum concealed. Prosternum constricted before the posterior margin which is truncate. Mesosternum quadrate, truncate posteriorly. Metasternum not produced beyond the posterior coxae, truncate. Legs rather long, slender ; first tarsal segment long and cylindrical, longer than the second and third united. Abdomen elongate, rather depressed, with no lateral tubercles or spines. Last dorsal segment of cJ large, subquadrate; narrower in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment of J narrowed, subtruncate at the apex ; in the 5 bluntly triangular. Pygidium concealed. Forceps of J with branches remote at base, elongate, rather slender, variously armed ; in the 5 subcontiguous, straight. liange. Cosmopolitan. This genus includes several species, but owing to the great range of variation of the typical species, the number of names has been enormously multiplied. The genus falls into two groups ; one including the larger species, riparia Pall., and beugalensis, Dohrn ; the other, the smaller species, lividipes, Duf., tenuicornis, Borm., and nepalensis., Burr. Once it is admitted that the innumerable varieties from all parts of the world are but different races of one and the same species, the discrimination offers no difficulty. It is important to bear in mind the fact that the presence or absence of wings, or rather their development or abbreviation, is of no value whatever as a systematic character. In L. riparia, specimens with abbreviated wings are very frequent, but this does not serve to separate them, any more than the varying intensity of the coloration. 96 LABIDUETD^. Tahle of Species. 1. Size small (7'5-13 mm.) ; pronotum somewhat longer than broad, rounded posteriorly ; colour dark blackish grey. 2. Forceps of S dilated in basal half on inner margin nepalensis. Burr, p. 96. 2.2. Forceps of J cylindrical lividipes, Dufour, p. 97. 1.1. Size larger (14-25 mm.) ; pronotum subquadrate, truncate posteriorly with angles rounded; colour tawny, reddish chestnut, varied with blackish. 2. Forceps of (S with two strong teeth on inner margin hengalensis, Dohrn, p. 98. 2.2. Forceps of J unarmed or with one tooth riparia, Pall., p. 99. 51. Labidura nepalensis, Burr.* (Fig. 30.) Labidura nepalensis, Burr, (07'-j p. 208. Stature small and slender ; colour dull black ; last dorsal seg- ment and forceps reddish black ; antennae greyish ; legs testaceous, femora and tibiae banded with blackish. Antennae typical of genus, 21 segments. Head smooth and convex, sTitures obsolete ; pronotum some\\hat longer than broad, anterior border straight, posterior border rounded ; prozona somewhat tumid, metazona flattened. Elytra long, truncate, granulate, carina sharp and well- defined; dull black. Wings long, same texture as elytra. Legs slender, typical. Sternum brown, typical. Abdomen dull chocolate- black, with a pale sparse pubescence, which is denser and longer in the 2 , apparently smooth, exceedingly finely punctulated, no lateral tubercles. Yenter dark brown, smooth, with fine yellowish pubes- cence ; penultimate ventral segment of S obtusangular, truncate apically ; rounded in $ . Last ventral segment almost hidden in both sexes, only the exterior angles visible. Last dorsal segment of S rectangular, reddish ])lack, with a longitudinal median sulcus, and a blunt tubercle on each side at posterior border ; in $ attenuate, with median depression. Pygidium in c^ or $ not apparent. Forceps with the branches of the S trigonal and stout at the base, inner margin depressed into a sharp flattened plate along one- third of its length ; this part terminated with a small sharp tooth, the edges contiguous, then strongly attenuate, unarmed, gently incurved, the underside of each branch deeply furrowed ; in the $ simple, straight, conical. 6 2 Length of body 7-5-9-75 mm. 8-5-11 mm. „ forceps.... 3 ,, 1-75-2 „ IS'epal : Soondrijal ; Pharping {R. Hodgari, Inch JLis.). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. LABIDURA. 97 This is one of the group of smaller species, including L. lividipes and L. temiicomis. It is well characterized by the fattened and dilated forceps, resembling many species of Forjicula. It is interesting to note that two species very similar to this occur preserved in Baltic amber of Oligocene age. 52. Labidura lividipes, Dufour. (Fig. 31.) Forficula lividipes, Dufour, (28) p. 340. Labidura lividipes, Bonn. (00") p. 36; KiTb\^, (03) p. 66, (04) p. 11 ; Burr, (01) p. 318, (02) p. 479, (05') p. 28, (06) p. 388, (07^J p. 209, (07^) p. 510 ; Annandale, (06) p. 391. Labidura clufourii, Scudd. (76) p. 322; Brunner (82) p. 7; Borm. (88) p. 434. (94) p. 378 ; Burr, (00-) p. 49, (01) p. 316. Forticesila meridionalis, Serv. (39) p. 26. Forficula (Labidura) meridionalis, Fisch. (53) p. 67, pi. vi, fig. 3 a-c. Forficula meridionalis, Fieb. (53) p. 255. Forficula pallipes, Dufour, (nee Fnbr.) (20) p. 316, pi. 96, fig. 7. Labidura pallipes, Dohrn, (63) p. 317. Forficesila vicina, Lucas, (46) p. 5, pi. l.fig. 2. Labidura vicina, Dohrn, (63) p. 318 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 12. Labidura lividipes, subsp. vicina, Borm. (00") p. 36. Small, dark chestnut or blackish grey; antennae with 25 segments. Head black, smooth, convex. Pronotum somewhat longer than broad and somewhat broadened posteriorly : anterior margin straight ; posterior margin rounded, the sides convex ; dark chestnut, with a pale yellowish or sometimes bluish border. Elytra yellowish brown, leathery, with complete keel. Wings of the same colour, developed or abbreviated. Legs dark greyish, the knees and tarsi generally yellowish. Abdomen almost smooth, blackish ; last dorsal segment of J transverse, ample, with an obtuse tubercle over the insertion of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment obtuse,, truncate at the apex. Forceps of c5" vvith branches remote at the base, rounded, straight at the base itself, then bowed inwards at an angle, the branches themselves being straight, not arched ; in the apical third on the inner margin there is often a strong tooth, this is sometimes absent ; in the $ the branches are straight, cylindi'ical, simple and contiguous. cT $ Length of body 7-11 mm. 6-5-10 mm. „ forceps.... l*5-3-2„ 1-5-2 „ Bengal: Purneah District, Calcutta (Ind. Mus.): Pusa (Pusa coll., coll. Burr) ; BOMBAY (Ind. J\Jt(s.) ; Madras : Trichinopoli (coll. Bolivar) ; Ceylon : Punduluoya, Chilaw in October, at light, Peradeniya, Kala Wewa (Buda-Pesth Mus.), Ambegammoa, Batti- calloa, Galle, Aluttnuwara, Trincomali (coll. Burr) • Burma : Teinzo in May, Kyonk-Myaung in May, Bhamo in June, Katha in June, Sheunaja in June. Eangoon, June to December, Kokarit, January and November (Genoa Mus.). E 98 LABIDUEID.i;. This species is easy to recognize by its relatively small size and grey colour ; the bend of the forceps is quite distinctive. The presence or absence of the tooth on the inner margin of the forceps of the male is not a sufficiently important character to justify a separate name, and vicina of Lucas is accordingly sunk as a synonym. This species is widely distributed throughout Southern Europe, Africa (as least as far south as Pretoria), and tropical Asia. In India it seems to be as common as it is M'idely distributed ; it is the subject of an interesting note by Dr. Annandale (see ante, p. 15). It is often found in rotten wood in company with EcJiinosoma ( Green). 53. Labidura "bengalensis, Dohm. (Fig. 32.) Labidura bengalensis, Dohm, (G.3) p. 309 ; Duhr. (79) p. 3-53 ; Borm. (00-) p. 16; Burr, (00-) p. 49, (01) p. 317, (05^) p. 27 (06) p. 388, (072) p. 207 ; Kirby, (03) p. 64, (04) p. 9. Psalis bengalensis, Scudd. (76) p. 327. Dark chestnut -brown. Antennse greyish yellow. Pronotum brown, often A\ith a yellowish margin ; elytra dark chestnut- brown, often with a red band along the suture. Wings and legs yellowish. Forceps of S with the branches strong, keeled above, remote, with a strong tooth on the inner margin near the base and another about two-thirds down their length ; beyond the second tooth the inner margin is denticulate to the apes, the branches are gently curved inwards ; in the 5 near, but not coutiguous, almost straight, denticulate all along the inner margin. Length of body 32-45 mm. „ forceps 7-10 „ Bengal : Calcutta (Ind. 3Ius., Brussels Mus.), Berhampur, Chandpur, district of Tipperah (Tnd. Mus.) ; Madeas (Brit. Mus.) ; Ceylon : Galle, Watawella and Butiwa ( Willey ; coll. Burr). T)jpe undefined, in Vienna or Berlin. Its powerful build and deep colour give this species a distinctive appearance, which is difficult to express in words, but it can be distinguished at a glance from L. riparia once it is known. The forceps are differently curved and the teeth are more numerous. The strong denticulation of the forceps of the female is very distinctive, yet in some small specimens it is fully developed and these resemble some forms of L. riparia. LABIDUEA. 54. Labidura riparia, FnUas. (Figs. 33 & 34.) [Tlie synonymy and literature of this species is very extensive. The following' are the more important notices of synonyms and references, which particular!}^ concern the Indian Fauna, or those which have interest from beinjj: hitherto unrecorded. More complete synonymj' is given by Scudder (76) and Kirby (03). In the latter paper, there are impoixant observations upon the diftereut forms and their distribution.] Forficula riparia, Pallas, (73) p. 50. Labidura riparia, Dohrn, (63) p. 313 ; Scudd. (76) p. 3:23 (giving full references up to 1876) ; Brunner, (82) p. 5 ; Bortnans, (88) p. 434, (94) p. 378, (00') p. 33 ; Bun; (00-^) p. 40, (01) p. 316, pi. B, tig. 4, (05=) p. 27, (06) p. 388, (07^) p. 207 ; Kirbi/, (03) p. 64, (04) p. 10. Forliculfi piiliipes, FaOr. (nee Diifour), (75) p. 270; Oliv. (72) p. 468. P Forticula dentata, Fabr. (75) p. 270. Forticula gigantea, Fabr. (87) p. 24 ; Gene, (32) p. 8. Labidura gigantea. Leach, {\o) p. 707; Stephens, (37) p. 8. Foriicesila (Labidura) gigantea, Fischer, (53) p. 65, pi. 6, fig. 1. Forticesila gigantea, Serv. (39) p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 2 ; Lucas, (46) p. 3 ; Fieber, (53) p. 252. Forficula (Forficesila) gigantea, Burm. (38) p. 751 ; Haan, (42) ^ p. 243. Forficesila icterica, Serv. (39) p. 25. Labidura icterica, Kirby, (03) p. Q^, (04) p. 11. Labidura riparia var. inermis, Brnmier, (82) p. 5. Labidura marginella, Costa, (39) p. 50, pi. 1, figs. 1-2. Labidura mougoliea, Rehn, (05) p. 603, fig. 2 (n. syn.). Labidura dubrouii, Borg, (04) p. 565 (n. syn.). Labidura karschi, Borg, (04) p. 565 (n. syn.). Labidura distincta, Rodz. Wieii. ent. Zeit. xvi. p. 153 (1897). Forficula (Forticesila) bivittata, Burm. (38j p. 751. Forticesila terminalis, Serv. (39) p. 25. Uemogorgon patagonicus, Kirby, (91) p. 515, pi. 12, fig, 2, (04) p. 12. ^ Labidura pluvialis, Kirby, (91) p. 512, (03) p. GQ, (04) p. 11, Labidura granulosa, Kirliy, (91) p. 511, (03) p. 66^ (04) p. 11. Forticula (Forticesila) gigantea var. japonica, Haan, (42) p. 240. Forticula erythrocephala, Faljr. [wftcOlir.) (93) p. 4. Forficula (Forficesila) suturalis, Burm. (38) p. 752. Forficesila xanthopus, Stdl, (60) p. 300. Labidura servillei, Dohr», (^63) p. 316 ; Borm. (00-) p. 35 ; Kirby, (03) p. 66, (04) p. 11. Labidura suturalis, Kirby, (03) p. 66, (04) p. 11. Labidura clarki, Kirby, (91) p. 512, (03) p. 67, (04) p. 12. Labidura riparia, subsp. pallipes, pluvialis, japonica, erythrocephala, livida, Bonn. (00-) pp. 34-36. Reddish testaceous, dark chestnut or tawny. Antennae yellowish; head reddish. Elytra tawny, the suture banded with reddish ; keel of elytra well developed, but often obsolete in h2 100 LA.BIDUIlIDiE. posterior half. Wings yellowish, well developed or rudimentary. Legs long, yellowish. Abdomen tawny, the dorsal surface reddish. Last dorsal segment ample, smooth, yellowish, quadrate ; posterior margin armed with two acute points (often absent). Penultimate ventral segment of c? obtusely triangular, the apex truncate ; in $ apex rounded. Forceps tawny, darker towards apex ; in the J the branches are remote at the base, elongate, gently and regularly curved inwards, cylindrical, with a keel above near the base ; towards the base on the inner margin there is often a tooth, sometimes very strong, sometimes obsolete. In the 2 the forceps are subcontiguous, straight and denticulate along the inner margin, especially near the base. d 2 Length of body 14-24 mm. 14-20 mm. forceps .... 3-25-12 „ 3-5 „ Sink : Karachi (Paris Mus., Brit. 3Jus., coll. Bxirr) : Uxitet> Provinces: Dehra Dun, Kathgodam ; Sikkim: Darjiling (i-'am Mus.) ; Bengal : Pusa, Berhampur, Calcutta, Comilla {Ind. IIiis.) ; Oeissa : Balasor (Paris 3his.) ; Mysore : Bangalore (Ind. 3Ins.) ; Bombay : (Paris Mus., Brit. Mtis., coll. Burr) ; Madras : Pondi- cherrv {Paris Mus.) ; Ceylon: Ambegamraoa and Kala Wewa (coll. Burr) ; BtJRMA : Teinzo in June; Kyonk-Myaung in April ; Bhamo in July to August ; Senmyingyan in February ; from Tenang to Mandalay in June; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000- 5000 ft., January to April (Genoa Mus.). Var. inermis, Briinner. Bengal : Calcutta, Berhampur, Purneah District, Pusa (IncL Mus.) ; Ceylon -. Hamhantota (very dark form, Fletcher). This cosmopolitan species is exceedingly plastic, numerous names having been given, as even the abridged synonymy will show. Whether these forms are " species " or not is a matter of personal opinion, or rather of convenience, but the names are now so numerous that it is difficult to assign the correct forms to them. The following are the main points of variation : — (i.) Size. This \^'ill be seen from the dimensions given. The form described by Kirby from Santarem (Amazons) has a total length of 51 mm. (ii.) Intensity of colour. The typical form of Pallas is evidently the pale Palsarctic type ; when alive this is almost white, but after death the specimen assumes that dirty ta^^•ny colour with \\ hich we are so familiar from cabinet specimens. Some from Japan, Russia, and the Philippines are nearly black, and others from Australia are of a uniform pale tawny. (iii.) Colour of the head. This varies from pale yellowish to black. (iv.) Colour of the pronotum. Varies from tawny to black, often with a pale border or median reddish stripe. LABIDURA. 101 (v.) Texture of elytra. These may be quite smooth or of a leathery granulated texture. (vi.) Keel of elytra may attain the posterior border, or scarcely surpass the shoulder of the elytra, (vii.) Colour of elytra. From tawuy to black ; in the latter case a more or less narrow red baud is usually visible along the suture ; the commonest form in collections is reddish-tawny with a red band dowu the suture and a fuscous band down the disc of the elytra, (viii.) Development of wings. These are often prominent, often scarcely protruding, and often abbreviated, (ix.) Colour of wings. Eeddish-brown, pale tawny, or tawny with a black spot, (x.) Colour of abdomen. Tawny with indistinct dark dorsal stripe, or dark reddish chestnut, with or without the dorsal stripe, or almost uniform dull black, (xi.) Armature of last dorsal segment. Two short sharp spines generally present; occasionally only one; often both are obsolete, (xii.) Armature of forceps, d : a strong tooth may be present about the middle or near the apex, or may be entirely absent. 5 : the basal denticulation varies in strength and is often nearly obsolete. As all these different foimis appear to occur irregularly in all parts of the world, so that specimens from widely separated localities are almost indistiuguishable, and extremes occur in the same neighbourhood, specific rank should not be accepted for them until it has been proved. It is true that certain forms are more or less restricted to certain areas. Thus Kirby has described as L. truncata the Australian form, in which the male forceps are strongly denticu- lated as far as a median tooth and there is a second tooth near the extremity, the anal points are wanting ; but even in this form there is colour-aberration, from uniform tawny to tawny and deep black ; the wings are long or short. Specific rank is hardly justi- fied, and yet it is undoubtedly convenient to know the Australian specimens as the " tmncata form," as they have an undoubted though ill-defined characteristic appearance. Some South American forms have a very distinctive appearance. A pale form, with no anal points and a small second tooth not quite at the extremity of the forceps, is identified by Kirby with L. icterka of Serville, from India, Ceylon and China. A very common form in India is probably identical with Brunner's variety inermis ; the size is small, the colour deep, the head, pronotum and elytra being almost entirely black ; the anal points are wanting; the forceps are relatively short and the teeth are almost obsolete. Specimens agreeing with this form occur in Japan and Java. In the present state of our knowledge, for the purposes of this 102 LABIDUEIDiE. work, it is convenient to regard L. icterica, Serv., Kirby's Asiatic form, as a subspecies, variety or race of L. riparia, scarcely deserving a distinctive name ; and the dwarfed, dark, unarmed form, with no anal points, so common in India, as variety inermis^ Brunner. Subfamily V. PARISOLABIN^. This small group was formerly attached to the Brachylahhup, with which it has several features in common, such as the long slender tarsi, with long second segment, few antennal segments, and almost rectangular meso- and metasterna. The antennae are, however, longer than in that group, and this shows affinity with the Lahichmna', as also the convex, subparallel body, long tarsi, and absence of glandular folds. For these reasons, as well as the fact that the metasternum is truncate, it appears to be more nearly related to the Labidurina' than to the Psalime. Two genera are known ; one, Parisolahis, Yerh., contains a single species occun-ing in New Zealand ; the other, Pseudisolabis, with one species in New Zealand and two in India. Genus PSEUDISOLABIS, Bm;: Pseudisolabis, Burr, (08^) p. 254. Type, P. ivcdl-eri, Burr. Antennae with 15 segments, the fii-st long, strongly clavate; second minute, cylindrical; third cylindrical, long, but not so long as the first ; fourth minute and globular, not longer than broad ; fifth longer than fourth, a little longer than broad ; the rest gradually lengthening, but none equalling the third in length, rather thick, "cylindrical, but the joints distinctly constricted. Head not sharply triangular, rectangular posteriorly ; the occiput punctu- late and pubescent ; the frons smooth and tumid ; the frontal impressions obsolete. Pronotum subquadrate, the anterior and posterior margins parallel and truncate, slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly and broader than long, a trifle broader than the head; sides straight, gently diverging posteriorly. Mesonotum transverse, parallel-sided, with no keels. Metanotum broader than the mesonotum, the posterior margin gently sinuate. Prosternum about double as long as broad, parallel-sided. Mesosternum trans- verse, posterior margin truncate. Metasternum transverse, the posterior margin truncate, Pemora rather thick, especially the anterior pair ; tibiae and tarsi slender, second segment of latter PSEUDISOLABIS. 103 rather long and slender, about half as long as the third, the first about as long as the second and third united. Abdomen rather depressed, gently dilated about the apical third and very slightly narrower at the apex itself ; last dorsal segment short, transverse, truncate posteriorly ; penultimate ventral segment obtusely rounded ; last ventral segment visible as a pair of triangular lobes just protruding. Forceps remote at the base, trigonal at the base itself, tapering and short. BaiKje. India and Xew Zealand. This genus differs from Parisolahis in being much less depressed and less dilated, and the last dorsal segment is by no means narrowed. It approaches more nearly to Anisolabis thau does Parisolabis, and represents the transition between the Bracliylahince and the Psalitue. In the form of the abdomen and the last dorsal segment Pseud- isolabis approaches Anisolabis, but the antennae have fewer segments, the second segment of the tarsi is longer, the posterior margin of the metasternum is scarcely produced between the posterior coxoe, and the metasternum is shorter, relatively much broader and truncate posteriorly. Two species occur in India ; a third, the type, occurs in New Zealand. Table of Species. 1. Shining black ; forceps strongly bowed . . hurri, Borelli, p. 103." 1.1. Dull brown ; forceps straight, only arched at the apex tenera. sp. n., p. 104. 55. Pseudisolabis biirri, Borelli.**' (Fig. 35.) Pseudisolabis burri, Borelli, (09) p. 1. Rather small, smooth, scarcely pubescent and shining black. Antenna) dark bro\^n, with 15 segments, third cylindrical, fairly long, fourth very short, almost globular, fifth a little longer, subconi- cal, sixth about equal to third, subconical, the remainder subcorneal. Head tumid, smooth, black, shining, sutures almost obsolete. Pronotum rectangular, decidedly broader thau long. Meso- and metasternum transverse, with no trace of keel or elytra. Sternal plates typical of the genus. Femora rather thick, black, yellowish at the base and apex ; tibiee brown, yellow at the base and apex ; tarsi yellowish, slender, typical of the genus. Abdomen dull black, exceedingly minutely punctulated, hairless above (in the specimens examined), with a few long slender bz'istles at the sides, which in the sixth and seventh segments of the S are convex ; the abdomen of the J is gently dilated to about two-thirds its length and then slightly narrowed ; in the $ the dilation is shorter and the narrowing a little stronger ; penultimate ventral segment of cj' and 2 broadly rounded ; pygidium of <S not protruding, broad. 104 LABIDURID^ vertical, tumid in the middle ; in $ similar but very narrow. Last dorsal segment of d very short and broad, somewhat inflated, with a median depression, posteriorly depressed, the margin truncate, subtuberculate over the insertion of the forceps : in $ similar, but narrower. Forceps of 6 with the branches remote at the base, verv obtusely trigonal at the base itself, almost immediately cylindrical, straight and diverging for about two-thirds their length, then strongly, but not angukrly, bowed inwards; in 2 subcontiguous, trigonal, short, tapering, conical, very gently arcuate; in both sexes the forceps are black for about two-thirds their length, the rest red. Length of body 9 mm. 8 mm. „ forceps 2 „ 1 „ iS'.E. Kashmir : on the road from Srinagar to Grilgit, altitude about 6700 ft. (Turin Mus., coll. Burr). Type in the Turin Museum, This is an interesting species, being closely related to Ps. tvalkeri, Burr, from New Zealand, with which it possesses many characters in common. It differs in the somewhat smaller size, deep black colour and absence of dense pubescence (in the specimens examined) ; the last dorsal segment is gently inflated throughout in P. tvalkeri, but in this species it is depressed posteriorly and has a slight median depression which is absent in P. tvall-eri, as are also the faint tubercles over the roots of the forceps. The forceps differ in being red at the apex and being only faintly trigonal, and that only at the extreme base ; they are more strongly divergent, and strongly arched inwards, not abruptly nor angularly bowed. The female of P. ivaJJceri is unknown. 56. Pseudisolabis tenera, sp. u. (Fig. 36.) Uniform dull red brown, with a few isolated bristles, but no close pubescence. Antennae with 17 segments; the first clubbed, third cylindrical and elongate, fourth very short, not longer than broad, fifth a trifle longer, sixth a little longer, but not so long as the third, all these are gently conical ; the rest are about as long as the third, subcylindrical, all dull brown, smooth. Head tumid, sutures obsolete. Pronotum a little broader than the head, and distinctly broader than long, rectangular, depressed ; median suture distinct in fore portion only ; prozona not distinct from metazona ; sides reflexed, smooth ; light dull brown. Mesonotum of the same colour, very short and finely punctulate. Metanotum of the same colour and sculpture, very short. Sternal plates smooth, light brown, the sides parallel, transverse ; metasternum truncate. Legs dull brown ; second tarsal segment nearly as long as the first. Abdomen subdepressed, dull I'SEUDISOLABIS. 105 brown, very finely punotulate, svibparallel-sided, slightly narrowed apically ; glandular folds not developed. Last dorsal segment more than twice as broad as long, rectangular, posterior margin truncate in the middle, the angles obliquely truncate, slightly tumid over the roots of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment transverse, very broadly rounded. Pygidium typical, somewhat tumid beneath. Porceps with the branches remote at the base, of circular cross- section, straight at first, incurved at the apex, quite simple. 6 Length of body 11 "5 mm. „ forceps To ,, Punjab : Murree (colL Burr). Type in the author's collection. This species closely resembles P. burn but is narrower in build, of a uniform dull red brown instead of shining black, and tlie forceps are quite straight for the greater part of their length, being only arcuate at the apex itself. Subfamily VI. BRACHYLABIN^E. The members of this family have all a very characteristic appearance and close superficial resemblance to each other. The old genus BracJiijlahis of Dohrn, as restricted by de Bormans, has been revised and split up, and Verhoeff's Isolabicke incor- porated. The genus Brach)/Iabis itself is not represented in the Indian fauna. The family is characterized by the total absence of organs of flight, long slender legs and tarsi, even the second segment being elongate, triangular head, cylindrical body, tapering at the apex, paucisegmentate antennae, long narrow pi-osternum, equally broad and lorig meso- and metasterna, broad and rounded penultimate ventra' segment, and sinuate, concave last dorsal segment, produce'^l into a short pointed lobe on each side ; the forceps slender, cylindrical, tapering, unarmed and arcuate. They are all very dark brown or nearly black insects. The surface is usually very densely pitted and punctulate, and often clothed with a dense pubescence, which is rapidly rubbed off and lost in cabinet specimens. A remarkable feature in some genera is the form of the eyes, which are elliptical and unusually large, reaching backwards almost to the posterior angles of the head, so that they are situated laterally instead of anteriorly. Table of Genera. 1. Eyes normal, that is, small and an- terior ; mesonotum with tumid ridge, [p. lOG. but no sharp keels Nannisolabis, Burr, 106 labiduridjE. 1.1. Eyes large, elliptical, and lateral. Meso- notum with sharp keels. 2. Third seg-ment of antennae elongate, twice as long as broad; fourth [p. 108. longer than broad Metisolabis, Burr, 2.2. Third autennal segment scarcely longer than broad, the fourth glo- [p. 109. bular . . . Ctenisolabis, Verb., Genus NANNISOLABIS, n. g. Brachylabis & Leptisolabis (partim), Bun- (olim). Type, N. ivilleyi, Burr. Small insects ; head tumid ; eyes small, anterior ; antennse with short segments ; pronotum longer than Avide ; mesonotum with a transverse depression surrounded by a blunt tumid ridge. Abdo- men spindle-shaped, attenuate apically, especially in the $ . Lateral tubercles of third and fifth segments distinct ; last dorsal segment sinuate and produced on each side to a small pointed lobe. Forceps simple, arcuate and tapering. Range. Ce}'lon. Though somewhat compressed at the shoulders, the ridge of the mesonotum is not sharp. The following two species are the only ones known. Table of Sjpecies. 1. Pronotum parallel-sided, densely punc- tulate philetas, Burr, p. 106, 1.1. Pronotum widened posteriorly, smooth .... vnlleyi, Burr, p. 107. 57. Nannisolabis philetas, Burr*' Brachylabis philetas, Btm; (01) p. 322, pi. B, fig. 7 ; Kirhy (04> p. 16. Leptisolabis philetas, Burr, (08') pp. 252 & 253. Size small ; colour black : the whole body punctulate, with a few stiff hairs. Antennte with 9 segments, 2nd reddish, 7th and 8tb white, the rest black ; first long, second shorter, the rest quite round, as broad as long, gradually larger, the ninth a little smaller than the eighth, which is the largest. Pronotum broader than the head, elongate, the sides parallel and raised : mesonotum narrow, strongly impressed anteriorly, the posterior part being therefore slightly elevated, the sides keeled and the anterior angle slightly broader than the pronotum ; metanotum as broad as the mesonotum, and exposing only a small part of the first abdominal segment. Legs long ; tibiae and tarsi testaceous ; femora testaceous, with a strong broad black band ; first tarsal segment longer than the second and third together. Abdomen cylindrical, the lateral tubercles very distinct on the second and NAXMSOLABIS. 107 third dorsal segments ; last segment very small in both sexes. Forceps very short, slender ; in the cS the branches are remote at the base, slightly incurved, meeting at the apex, unarmed ; in the 2 subcontiguous, almost straight, crossing at the apex. Length of body 6 mm, 7-5 mm. „ forceps 1-25 ,, 1 „ Ceylon : Punduluoya, d and 5 in coita (coll. Burr). Type in the author's collection. The types are unfortunately broken, and only fragments remain. The mesonotum is preserved, and this, with the description and figure, leaves no room for doubt as to the generic position of the species. It differs from N. willeyi in the form and structure of the pronotum. 58. Nannisolabis willeyi, sp. n. Small ; general colour dark reddish brown. Antennae with 13 segments, brown, the apical segments paler ; all segments, except the first, very short, only the apical two or three being slightly longer than broad ; first segment about as long as third, fifth and sixth united. Head smooth, tunid, sutures distinct; eyes small, normal, anterior, Pronotum red-brown, smooth, decidedly longer than broad and widened posteriorly ; median line distinct ; sides strongly reflexed. Mesonotum with a transverse depression in anterior portion, surrounded by a short raised ridge which is somewhat compressed at the anterior angles, but is not sharp. The mesonotum is finely punctulate, Metanotum broader than the mesonotum, of the same colour and sculptui'e, the posterior margin strongly concave. Legs long and slender, dirty yello\\' ; the femora with indistinct darker shading. Abdomen red- brown, darker basally, finely punctulate, with a fine golden pubescence ; lateral tubercles of third and fourth segments very distinct ; decidedly «ider in $ than in the S . Last dorsal seg- ment transverse in c? , smooth, posterior margin nearly straight, slightly produced on each side over the forceps ; in 2 similar but narrower. Penultimate ventral segment of J' broad and rounded, more so in $ than in the S . Forceps of 6 remote at base, cylin- drical, straight at fii-st, strongly arcuate in the apical half ; in $ contiguous, gently arcuate from the base and overlapping. Length of body 8 mm. 6*5 mm. „ forceps 1 ,, 1'5 „ Ceylon: Patipola, 1907 (coll. Barr), Hakgala, l.ii.06 (Dr. Willey ; coll. Burr). Type in the author's collection. This species is alhed to N. pldletas, but is a little larger. The 108 LABIDUEID^. prouotum is longer and differs in being quite smooth and distinctly widened posteriorly. The femora are blackish in iV. 2^hiletas^ but this is an untrustworthy character. The present species is peculiar among the BracJu/lahina' in having the pronotum quite smooth and also in its red-brown colour. Genus METISOLABIS, n. g. Brachylabis, Bolivar, Burr (oliDi). Type, Brachylabis voelzkowi. Burr. Agrees generally with the preceding genus, but the segments of the antennae are longer, not globular, all beyond the second being at least a little longer than broad ; and the eyes are large, elliptical, and nearly reach the posterior angles of the head ; the mesonotum is keeled. From the following genus it differs in the long antenual segments, agreeing in the structure of the eyes and mesonotum. Range. India and Madagascar. Two species are known to occur in India. TahJe of Species. 1 . Legs uniform reddish ; abdomen with lateral tubercles on fourth segment only ; keels of mesonotum strongly converging posteriorly bifoveolata, Bol., p. 108. 1.1. Femora banded with "black; abdomen with lateral tubercles on third and fourth segments ; keels of mesonotum gently converging posteriorly candeUi, Burr, p. 109. 59. Metisolabis bifoveolata, Bol. Brachylabis bifoveolata, Bolivar, (97) p. 285, pi. 10, fig. 1; Bonn, (00-) p. 53; Kirbi/, (04) p. 16 ; Burr, (08^) pp. 250 & 251. Pitch-black, entirely punctulate, and with reddish pubescence ; basal segment of antennae reddish, the rest up to the twelfth black. Mesonotum heart-shaped, with lateral keels. Legs reddish testaceous. Third abdominal segment Mith no lateral tubercles ; fourth segment with a strong blunt tubercle on each side ; the fifth segment impressed at the sides. Forceps of S with branches short, trigonal, gently curved. Length of body 12-14 mm. „ forceps 2 „ Southern India : Trichinopoli (coll. Bolivar). Bolivar's description is brief but good, and so is bis figure. METISOLABIS. — CIENISOLABIS. 109 Without seeing the insect it is easy to place it in its true position. It differs from B. caudelU in the uniform reddish legs, in the more strongly convergent keels of the mesonotura, which is thus more strongly narrowed posteriorly, and in the absence of the lateral fold on the third segment of the abdomen. 60. Metisolabis caudelli, Burr* Brachyliibis punctata, i?o?-?«. (88) p. 436, (94) p. 37o, (GO") p. o3. Bracliylabis caudelli. Burr (nee Duhr., nee Kirby), (OS-*) p. 251. Colour, texture, form, and pubescence typical. Antennae with 15 segments, black with a pale ring before the apex ; the segments rather long ; the third segment about twice as long as broad ; the fourth more than half as long as the third ; the fifth quite as long as the third, if not a trifle longer; almost cylindrical. Mesonotum with the keels gently bowed at the shoulder and gently converging posteriorly. Femora black, yellowish towards the apex ; tibiae brownish yellow, tarsi pale. Abdomen typical, third and fourth segments with lateral tubercles. Forceps stout at base, rapidly tapering, gently arched, not contiguous in the S , contiguous in the 2 . S 2 Length of body 11 mm. 12 mm. ,, forceps 1'5 „ 1 „ Burma : Teinzo, v., Prome, xii. (Genoa 4' Brit. Mus.); Meetan, iv., Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. ; Pegu, Palon, viii./ix. (Genoa Mtis., coll. Burr). Type in the author's collection. Apparently common in Further India. This species was con- fused by de Bormans with B. punctata, Dubr., from Java, but that species has no keels on the pronotum and falls into Leptiso- labis, Verh. Genus CTENISOLABIS, Verh. Ctenisolabis; Verh. (02^) p. 11. Brachylabip, Burr (olim). Type, Ct. togoensis, Verh. This genus agrees with Metisolabis in the form of the eyes and keeled mesonotum, but differs in the short, almost globular, antennal segments. With Nannisolahis it agrees in the form of the antennae, but has a keeled mesonotum and lateral eyes. Range. Three species are at present placed in this genus ; one, the type, Ct. togoensis, Verh., is African ; the other, Ct. nigra, Scudd., occurs in South America ; the third in Ceylon. 110 LABIID^. 61. Ctenisolabis fletcheri, sp. u. (Fig. 79.) Small, black, puuctulate. Aiitennse with 13 segments, all short after the first ; third about as long as broad, fourth and fifth globular, the others slightly lengthening, but the apical seg- ment is only a little longer than broad ; from the third towards the apex all the segments become gradually thicker. Head typical : the eyes large and prominent, but not reaching so near to the posterior margin of the head as in some species. Pronotum wider than the head and still wider posteriorly, distinctly longer than broad, with a distinct neck in front, which carries the head. Mesonotum ample, the keels distinct but blunt, bowed outwards at first and arched gradually inwards, dying out just before reaching the posterior margin. Metanotum ver}^ ample and very strongly sinuate. Legs typical. Femora black, tipped with reddish, tibiae and tarsi reddisli. Abdomen typical; tubercles on third and fourth segments not very distinct, smooth spot on fifth segment distinct. Last dorsal segment gently sinuate. Penultimate ventral segment very ample, rounded. Forceps con- tiguous, simple, overlapping. Length of body 10 mm. „ forceps 1 „ Ceylon : IVIadulsima, 13,viii.08 {T. B. FletcJier; coll. Burr). Tifpe in the author's collection. The keels of the mesonotum are very blunt and thus represent a passage to Leptisolahis. It may be distinguished by its generic characters from the only species with which it is Hkely to be confused. Family IV. LABIID.E. This family contains a number of heterogeneous forms, and is in great need of revision.^ A considerable number of species are known, but relatively few are recorded from India, representing five genera. The discrimination between the smaller forms of Spongiplwra and larger ferms of Labia is rather subtle, and the generic characters must be examined with care. Only one subfamily, the Labiince, is known to be represented in India ; but it is quite probable that sonie member of the Nesoyastrince may be discovered, probably towards the eastern bounds of the area. ^ For this reason, the generic definitions in tliis family must be regarded as purely provisional. SPONGIPHORA. Ill Subfamily I. LABIIN.E. Tahle of Genera. 1. Body not stronj^ly depressed. '2. Antennae with 15-20 segments; the fourth about half as long as the third, fifth also shorter than third. 3. Penultimate ventral segment of S subrectangular ; tirst tarsal seg- [p. 111. ment decidedly shorter than third. Spongiphora, Serv., 'A.'-'). Penultimate ventral segmentample, rounded ; tirst tar^ial segment about equal to third Euotesis, n. g., p. 114. 2.i2. Antennse with 10-15 segment;?; fourth and fifth almost or quite as long as third; (penultimate ventral segment of (S rounded ; first and second tarsal segments about equal) Labia, Leach, p. 115. 1.1. Body strongly depressed. 2. Antennae with 10-15 segments ; third and f iHutli rather long (as in Labia). [p. 1 24. Abdomen with no lateral folds. . . . Platylabia, Dohrn, 2.2. Antenufe wath 15-20 segments. Ab- domen Avith lateral folds on second [p. 127, and third segments Sphingolabis, Borm., Genus SPONGIPHORA, Serville. Spongiphoi-a, Serv. (31) p. 31. Spongophora, Agasaiz, Nom. Zool. p. 439 (1846). Psalidophora, Serv. (39) p. 29. — Type, Spongiphora croceipeniiis, Serv. Type, Sponglpliora croceipennis, Serv. (Brazil). Anteunae with 15-20 segments ; the first long and pear-shaped ; second quite small ; thu'd long, cylindrical, more than half as long as the first ; fourth and fifth small, not half as long as third ; the remainder gradually lengthening, hecoming more slender. Pro- notum subquadrate, more or less rouuded posteriorly. Elytra smooth, with no keels, perfectly developed. Wings well developed or abbreviated. Prosternum parallel-sided. Mesosternum rounded posteriorly, Metasternum truncate posteriorly, not produced between the posterior coxfe. Legs not very long, the femora rather thick ; first tarsal segment decidedly longer than the third, the second cylindrical, not remarkably short ; tarsi strongly pubescent beneath. Abdomen depressed, rather long, with distinct lateral glandular folds. Last dorsal segment of S rectangular, narrowed posteriorly in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment rect- angular in c? , shghtly narrowed in § and more or less rounded. Forceps in S with branches remote at base, depressed, rather slender and elongate ; in $ subcontiguous, straight, lon<T, unarmed. Serville replaced his original name, Sjjonriiphora, by Psalido- pliora because the latter is more appropriate ! Psalidophora was 112 . labiidtE. accepted by Dohru and all authors until Scudder restored the former name, uith the amended orthography proposed by Agassiz ; de Bormans retains the original spelling. There is a strong resemblance between the smaller species of this genus and the larger ones of Labia, and in the smaller species the generic characters are often difficult to observe. Table of S2)ecies. 1. Pygidium hidden ; (elytra uniform brown ; forceps of (J with 2-3 teeth on inner margin) lufea, Borm., p. 112. 1.1. Pygidium prominent. 2. Elytra and wings unicolorous ; pygidium [p. 112. trapezoidal, narrowed, truncate at apex, nitidipennis, Borm., 2.2. Elytra and wings sfjotted ; pygidium broad, lanceolate, bifid at apex with [p. 113. pointed lobes , semijlava, Borm., 62. Spongiphora lutea, Bormans** Spongophora lutea, Bonn. (94) p. 386. Spongiphora lutea, Bonn. (00-) p. 60 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 30. Shining brown ; antennae with 15 segments ; pronotum as broad as the head and a trifle longer. Elytra short, hardly longer than the pronotum, rounded posteriorly. Wings abortive. Last dorsal segment of both d and 5 rectangular, twice as broad as long ; pygidium hidden. Forceps with the branches stout ; in the 6 long, remote at the base, nearly straight, with three teeth on each side on the inner margin ; in 2 shorter, subcontiguous, unarmed. 6 2 Length of body 6-8 mm. 6-5-10 mm. forceps .... 2-5-3 „ 2-2-5 „ Burma -. Palon, in August and September ; Karen-ni, Geku Distr., 4300—1700 ft., in Februarv and March ; Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., from April to December, 4000-4300 ft. (^Genoa 3Iiis.). Type in the Greuoa Museum. This species is very distinct. The rather stout build and yellow colour render it easy to recognize ; the wings appear to be always abbreviated. 63. Spongiphora nitidipennis, Bonnans.* (Fig. 80.) Spongophora nitidipennis, Bonn. (94) p. 382. Spongiphora nitidipennis, Bonn. (00') p. 454, (00-) p. 58 ; Kirby, (04) p. 30. Chnetospania Jupiter, Bun-, (00'^) p. 94 (n. syn.) ; Kirby, (04) p. 22. Size medium ; general colour dull brown, pubescent. Antennae brown, with 15 cylindrical segments, the fourth nearly as long as SrONGIPHOllA. "^ 113 the third. Head depressed, rather broad; eyes prominent. Pronotum longer than broad, sides parallel, gently narrowed posteriorly. Elytra and wings ample; the latter paler at the base. Legs brown ; tarsi paler, long and slender, first and third segments equally long. Abdomen dull brown, finely rugulose. Last dorsal segment of (S ample, smooth, nearly square ; narrow in $ . Pygidium of c? forming a prominent rectilinear plate, narrowed towards the apex which is truncate ; in 2 square, faintly emarginate at apex. Porceps of c? remote at base, depressed, long and nearly straight, sometimes with a strong depressed triangular tooth near the base and several small teeth beyond ; in 5 not contiguous, straight, short at base then tapering, denticulate. d 2 Length of body .... 8-12 mm. 10-5-11-5 mm. „ forceps . . 3*5-8 „ 35-6 „ Burma : Karen-ni, Keba Distr., about 3000 ft. (Genoa JTus.). Occurs also in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. 2i/pe in the Grenoa Museum. Easy to recognize by the uniform dull brown colour and the form of the pygidium and forceps. 04. Spongipliora semiflava, Borm. (Pig. 37.) Spongophora semiflava, L'.onn. (94) p. 385. Spongiphora semiflava, Bonn. (00^) p. 59 ; Klrby, (04) p. 30. Small ; antennae with 15 segments, brown, paler near the base. Head dark brown. Pronotum brown, trapezoidal, widened posteriorly. Elytra ample, brown, with a long discoidal yellow band and clothed with short stiff bristles. Wings brown, with a large yellow spot. Base of femora brown ; rest of legs yellow. Abdomen blackish chestnut. Pygidium of S broad and flat, rapidly narrowing towards the apex which is bifid, with sharp lobes. Porceps of S with the branches testaceous, remote at the base, long and straight, rather depressed, the inner edge near the base is dilated in the form of a flattened plate • in the $ shorter, contiguous at the base, nearly straight. Length of body S mm. 8 mm. „ forceps .... 3-5 ,, ]-75 „ Burma : Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. ; Karen- ni, G-eku Distr., 4300-4700 ft., ii./iii. {Genoa Mas.) ; Thagata, iii., Bhamo, viii. {coll. Burr). Also recorded from Sarav\"ak. Tt/pe in the Genoa Museum. Apart from the distinctive coloration, the form of the pygidium of this species renders it unmistakable. 114 LABIID.I. Genus EROTESIS, u. g. Ttpe, Sjwnrjiphora sphiiuv, Burr (Sarawak). Antennae with about 20 segments, slender and cylindrical ; third segment rather short, the fourth much shorter ; fifth a little shorter than, or about as long as, the third ; the sixth a little longer, the rest gradually lengthening. Pronotum rather long and narrow, gently widened posteriorly. Head depressed, smooth. Elytra well developed, long and smooth. Wings well developed. Prosternum long and parallel-sided, scarcely con- stricted. Mesosternuni and metasternum truncate. Abdomen depressed, nearly parallel-sided, second and third segments with distinci; pliciform tubercles. Legs slender ; tarsi rather short and broad, the first and third segments about equally long, second segment small and cylindrical. Last dorsal segment of both d" and 5 iimple, quadrate. Penultimate ventral segment broad and well rounded in both sexes. Forceps of c? with branches slender, remote at the base, elongate and arcuate ; in the $ straight and simple. liange. Oriental Region. This genus is evidently allied to Sponciipliora, but differs in the well-rounded penultimate ventral segment of the male and the shorter first tarsal segment. 65. Erotesis decipiens, Kirh>f* Labidura ? decipiens, Kirhy, (91) p. 511. Labidurodes decipiens, Bonn. (00^) p. 39 Kirby, (04) p, 15. Orange-red and yellowish. Antennae wdth 21-22 segments, brownish. Head yellowish, shading to reddish above. Pronotum narrow, with a vague dusky median band and clear yellow sides. Elytra yellow, with the dusky band of the pronotum continued down the suture to the tip of the wings, which are otherwise yellow. Legs yellowish. Abdomen reddish ; pliciform tubercles of the third segment very distinct. Last dorsal segment with four tubercles in the middle of the posterior margin and a few smaller ones at the sides, Porceps of 6 with branches remote at the base, slender, gently and i-egularly arcuate and meeting at the apex ; there are two or three small but sharp teeth about the middle on the inner margin and a stronger one just before the apex. 6 Length of body 11 mm. „ forceps 3 „ Assam {Brit. Mus.). Type in the British Museum. Kirby first placed this species, with a query, in Lahidura, but it is more nearly related to tSpongipliora ; in appearance it resembles LABIA. 115 Proreus simulans and P. hulelcingi, and also, as de Bormans suggested from the description, Apterygida erythrocepTiala -, it also recalls Elaunon bipartitus. For this reason it is important to examine the tarsi, as the simple cylindrical second segment will at once remove all idea of its identity with any of the above-named species. Perhaps the doubtful Apterygida cingalensis, Dohrn, should be referred here. Genus LABIA, Leach. Labia, Leach, (15) p. 118. Copiscelis, Fieb. (5o) p. 2b7.—Type, Forficula minor, Linn Type, Forficula minor, Linn. (Palisarctic and Ethiopian). Small insects. Antennae with 10-15 segments ; the first long and pear-shaped, the second very small, the third long, almost as long as the first, fourth nearly or quite as long as the third, the rest gradually lengthening, cylindrical or cylindro-conical. Pi'onotum as broad as the head. Elytra always, wings usually well developed; former with no keel. First tarsal segment hardly longer than the third, the second very small ; the tarsi Fig. 8.— Tarsus of Labia pygidiata, Fig. 9.— Antenna of Labia airvicauda, Diibr. Motsch. not strongly pubescent beneath. Abdomen depressed, some- times rather widened in the middle. Last dorsal segment transverse. Penultimate ventral segment rounded in both sexes. Pygidium prominent or concealed. Forceps various, but generally remote at the base in the (S , elongate or short, nearly straight or strongly curved, unarmed or toothed ; in the $ simple, short, straight. Range. Cosmopolitan. About fifty species, from all parts of the world, are at present included in this genus ; but it requires subdivision, and some members at least will be removed to other groups. A good many species are unrecognizable owing to insufficient description. i2 116 LABIID.E, Tahle of Species. 1. Forceps ot J contiguous. (Pygidium hidden.) nigrella, Dubr., p. 117. 1.1. Forceps of <S remote at base. 2. Branches of forceps of S short and strongly curved. Pygidium not pro- minent. 3. Forceps of S strongly arched at apex, not dilated luzonica, Dohrn, p. 117. 3.3. Forceps of r^ dilated near base, then [p. 118. bent inwards at a right angle .... curvicaiida, Motsch., 2.2. Branches of forceps elongate. 3. Pygidium long and narrow. 4. Pygidium tongue-shaped or lanceo- late miicronata, Stal, p. 11 9. 4.4. Pygidium broad at base, long, nar- [p. 120. rowed apically, and truncate. . . . pilicornis, Motsch., 3.3. Pygidium short and broad. 4, Pygidium star-shaped pygidiata, Dubr., p. 122. 4.4. Pygidium not lobed. 5. Pygidium square ridens, Borm., p. 121. 5.5. Pygidium narrowed posteriorly, the apex sinuate arachidis, Yers., p. 123. The following supplementary key may be useful : — 1. Small, unicolorous species. 2. Brown or chestnut, with dilated and [p. 118. bowed forceps curvicaiida, Motsch., 2.2. Reddish yellow, with ring - shaped forceps in S luzonica, Dohrn, p. 117. ' 2.2.2. Testaceous ; pygidium narrowed pilicornis, Motsch., 1.1. Variegated species. [p. 120. 2. Elytra banded. 3. Elytra with pale transverse shoulder stripe nigrella, Dubr., p. 117. 3.3. Elytra with a longitudinal band .... mucronata, Stal, p. 119. £.2. Elytra unicolorous. 3. Pygidium of J short and broad ; elytra always short, usually black, sometimes brown, smooth; wings always absent arachidis, Yers., p. 123. 3,3, Pygidium of S square or star-shaped ; elytra long, dark ; wings usually long. 4. Pronotum yellow ; wings blackish ; legs yellow ridens, Borm., p. 121. 4.4. Pronotum brown ; wings with yellowish band ; legs with darker shading lyygidiata, Dubr., p. 122. LABIA. 117 66. Labia nigrella, Dubromj* (Fig. 81.) Labia nigrella, JDubr. (79) p. 370 ; Borm. (OO'J) p. 68 ; Kirbt/, (04) p. 26. Labia fasciata, Bor77i. (94) p. 387, (00') p, 71 ; Kirby, (04) p. 25. Small ; blackish, not hairy. Antennae with 11 segments, all leather short and thick ; third short, gently clavate : fourth much shorter, oval, the rest gradually lengthening, fifth almost as long as third ; first 5 or 6 yellowish, the rest dark. Head smooth, tumid, black, the sutures indistinct ; eyes greyish. Pronotum a trifle narrower than the head, truncate anteriorly, the sides parallel ; posterior margin rounded, about as long as broad ; blackish brown, with an irregular whitish border, broadening out into a triangle in the middle. Elytra rather long and narrow : dull brown, usually with a transverse greyish -white band across the shoulders. Wings prominent, greyish. Legs short, blackish brown ; the knees and first two tarsal segments rather paler. Abdomen typical, chestnut. Forceps with the branches alike in both sexes, but a little longer in the $ than in the d" , chestnut, short, rather stout, trigonal, almost contiguous and straight as far as the points, which are slightly curved inwards and upwards. Length of body 5-5 mm. 5 mm. „ forceps .... 0-5 „ 0-65 „ BuEMA: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (Genoa JItis.) ; Tenasserim : Thagata, iv. (Brit. Mus., coll. Burr). It also occurs in Java. Type in the Genoa Museum, This little earwig is easily recognizable by its simple form, tumid and globose head, small build, greyish-black colour, the very distinct transverse whitish stripe or broad spot usually present on the elytra near the base ; the stripes on the elytra in earwigs are almost always longitudinal. It has a superficial resemblance to an ant, 67. Labia luzonica, Dohm. Labia luzonica, Dohm, (64) p. 427 ; Bonn. (88) p. 439, (94) p. 386, (00^) p. 70 ; Kirby, (04) p. 26. Small, orange-yellow, pubescent. Antennae brown, with 15 segments ; third cylindrical, short ; fourth not longer than bi'oad ; the others all short, scarcely longer than broad, cylin- drical. Head tumid, smooth, chestnut ; the suture obsolete, Pronotum orange, subquadrate ; the posterior margin convex. Elytra ample, orange, darker along the suture. Wings of the same colour, hairy. Legs short, golden yellow ; femora rather thick. Abdomen dark reddish chestnut, hairy. Last dorsal segment emarginate posteriorly, narrow. Forceps with the branches unarmed in both sexes, deep reddish chestnut, short, 118 LABIID.'E. «tout, and trigonal at the base ; in the c? subcontiguous, straight and strongly tapering towards the points, which are strongly- incurved ; in the $ straight, conical, contiguous. Length of body 6'5 mm. ,, forceps 1 „ BuEMA : Bhamo, viii. {Genoa Mus.). Occurs also in Borneo and the Philippines. Eecognizable by its small size, simple form, and reddish-orange colour. It is included in the Indian list on the strength of the single female reported by de Bormans from Burma ; but further collecting will doubtless prove it to be fairly common in Further India, and its distribution is probably more extensive, as it is an indistinct little earwig which might be easily overlooked. 68. Labia curvicanda, MotscJndshj. (Fig. 38.) Forficesila curvicanda, Motsch. (63) p. 2, tab. 1. fig. 1. Labia curvicauda, Bohrn, (64) p. 428; Biibr. (79) p. 364; Bonn. (88) p. 440, (94) p. 387, (00-') p. 70 ; Burr, (01) p. 325, (08") p. 33 ; Kirby, (04) p. 26. Platylabia guineensis, Bohrn, (67) p. 348 ; Bor7n. (00-) p. 75 ; Eirby'iOA) p. 22. Platylabia dimidiata, Bohrn, (67) p. 348; Borin. (00") p. 74 ; Eirhy, (04) p. 22. Platylabif. camerunensis, Borg, (04) p. 570, pi. 26. fig. 4. Platylabia bibastata, Bory, (04) p. 572, pi. 26. fig. 5. Platylabia dimidiata, Bohrn, var. guineensis Sf var. camerunensis, Borelli, (07) p. 382. Size small. Colour blackish brown or reddish chestnut, some- times varied with yellowish. Antennae blackish or reddish brown, with some segments pale or yellow ; first segment clubbed ; third cylindrical, not very long ; fourth about equal to third, and a little thicker ; fifth a little longer than fourth, the remainder gradually lengthening ; ? 14 segments. Head rather tumid, gently emarginate posteriorly, black or dark brown. Pi'onotuni longer than broad, narrower than the head, convex anteriorly, the sides parallel, rounded posteriorly; black, brown, or light yellow. Elytra black or deep brown, with a purplish sheen, pubescent. Wings prominent, of the same colour as the elytra. Legs testaceous, the femora usually ringed with blackish. Ab- domen reddish-chestnut or blackish ; rather elongate, depressed; parallel-sided in the S , broad about the middle and narrowed apically in the 5 . Last doi'sal segment of cJ transverse, with a median longitudinal depression ; narrowed in 5 , the depression less marked. Pygidium of S depressed, short and broad, nearly square, truncate posteriorly, not always very prominent ; of $ hidden. Porceps of 6 remote at base, straight, dilated on inner LA.BIA. ^^^ anar^in in basal half, then abruptly and strongly curved inwards ZoTt at a right angle; in $ contiguous, trigonal, straight, tapering, simple. 6 2- Length ot body • 5-5 mm. ,, forceps 1 V Ceylon: Nuwara Eliya, Galle (oo/?. Bor.u.^s), Peradeniya (co^- Burr); Bubma : Shwegu, vi ., Katha -\- {^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^' yiii. (coll. Burr) ; Karen-ni, Keba ^^'^f^-^^^V.?; 4^01 4700 ft 4000-4300 ft., xii., i.; Karen-ni, Geku District, 4300-4/00 tt., W /\u cryenoff J/ms.): Tenasseeim: Meetau, IV. All the names mentioned under this species are probably SY^oVlusTough this cannot yet be said to be proved. The snecTenppears to be as widespread and consequently as variable as ?he uKsal LaUdura ripcn-ia itself. There are various dis- ?Lctions quo ed, but these Ire not sufficient to 3^«tafy specific rani Pxobably'if PlatylaUa r7-«-n-^. Dohrn as understood C de Bormans,"has its pubescence worn and rubbed off, it becomes pI .?S1, Dohrn.' To Borelli belongs the ci^^ of fir^^^ fu^o-esting, at least in part, this synonymy, and in hi woik on West A nkn earwigs he discusses these two so-called species, ZfJoPrJLJensis of Borg. PI hihastataol Borg may be dSnct^ as the form of the pygidium is somewhat different, but tTclrJon of the anteuL as a character has no value "\nTbe'same way, the relative abruptness of the -rv^t-e of the forceps of the male is a notoriously variable feature it requres but little experience to make the Dermaptenst sceptical as to the value of an/ species based upon shght differences in the armature of the forceps. . T3,i,.mn In the author's collection there are specimens from Bmma, Cevh>n Java, Madagascar, Brazil, West Indies, and the Seychelles and he cani'iot find any satisfactory --- /-' ^f ^^^^^^^.^^ of them as specifically distinct; at the best t^^y offer but^slight variations of colour and armature which ^^e even less marked than would be expected over so extensive a distribution. 69. Labia mucronata, Stal. (Fig. 39.) Forficula mucronata, -Sic?/, (60) p. 303. , , .-m « q^i • 7),aA,- (01) p. 324, (02) p. 481. Of medium size. General colour blackish, varied with tawny. AntennrS 14 segments, rather slender, light brown, darker totrdTtCapex; segments cylindrical; fourth about half as lon^as third; fifth alio shorter than third ; sixth about equal to tibial Head black and smooth, sutures indistinct. Pronotum 120 xabiidjE. narrower than the head apically but about as wide posteriorly, being noticeably dilated posteriorly ; it is a trifle wider than long; the prozoaa tumid, the metazona broadly depressed, black, the sides all straight, the posterior angles rounded. Elytra ample, long, smooth, chocolate-brown, with a broad longitudinal yellow or orange dorsal band. Wings long, smooth, yellow, with a dark band along the suture. Femora stout, blackish brown, the knees yellowish ; tibiae yellowish, with a fuscous ring : tarsi pale. Abdomen smooth, deep chocolate-brown, elongate, parallel-sided in the c5' , somewhat narrowed posteriorly in the 5 . Last dorsal segment of c? transverse, simple, truncate posteriorly ; in 2 narrowed. Pygidium of S prominently produced, generally lanceolate, pointed at the apex but sometimes blunt ; in 5 not prominent, black. Forceps red or black ; in the cJ the branches are remote at the base, slender, elongate and gently curved inwards towards the apex, with a long strong and sharp tooth pointing downwards on the inner margin near the base. 6 2 Length of body 3-5*5 mm. 7 mm. „ forceps 1-2 „ 1-5 „ Ceylon : Colombo and Matale (coll. Burr) ; Burma : Bhamo ; viii. ; Shwegu, x. ; Karen-ni, Geku Distr., 4300-4700 ft. {Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Meetan, Thagata, iv. ; hills between the rivers Meekalan and Khyeat, 3700-4700 ft., iii. {Genoa Mus.). Type in the Stockholm Museum. This species is abundant throughout the Oriental Region ; it is easy to recognize by the orange spots on the elytra and wings, by the long-pointed pygidium, and by the slender forceps with the long sharp tooth pointing downwards near the base. 70. Labia pilicornis, Motscli. (Fig. 40.) Forficula pilicornis, Motsth. (63) p. 2. Labia piUcornis, Dohni, (04) p. 437; Borm. (00-) p. 72; Burr, (01) p. 326; Eirlij, (04) p. 26. Small, greyish or yellowish brown. Antennae with about 15 segments ; third elongate, cylindrical ; fourth and fifth nearly as long as third, subcylindrical, the rest slender, pyrifoi'm. Head smooth or tumid, sutures faint ; brown or blackish. Pronotum as broad as the head and as broad as long, anterior margin and sides straight, posterior margin rounded ; prozona somewhat tumid, metazona depressed. Elytra ample, smooth, greyish brown. Wings long, of the same colour. Legs slender, light brown. Abdomen reddish, sometimes passing to blackish ; parallel-sided in c? 1 narrowed apically in $ . Last dorsal segment of S trans- verse, rectangular ; strongly narrowed in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment of <S very ample and broadly rounded. Pygidium of (S depressed, rather broad at the base, about twice as long as the greatest breadth, suddenly narrox^ed before the apex, which is LABIA. 121 truncate ; in 5 not prominent. Forceps with the branches in the c? remote, slender, nearly straight, gently arcuate, the inner margin crenulate ; in 2 short, conical, contiguous, and nearly straight. Length of body 3-5-4 mm. „ forceps .... 1m Ceylon : Peradeniya {E. E. Green ; coll. Burr). This species, one of the smallest of the earwigs, was described by Motschulsky from a single female ; so its true affinities remained unknown till Mr. Green found two males at Peradeniya which are undoubtedly referable to this species and were in company with the female. It is at first glance almost indistinguishable from the common European Labia minor, L., but differs in the perfectly parallel- sided pronotum, and quite distinct, though small, pygidium, which resembles what is often mistaken for the pygidium in L. minor, but is really a spine on the penultimate ventral segment. 71. Labia ridens, i>or?».** (Pig. 42.) Labia ridens, Borm. (94) p. ^88, (00') ]■. (!() ; Kirby, (Oi) p. 20. Labia ridens var. cyclolabia, Borm. (9J) p. 38 >, (Ooj p. 60; Kirby, (04) p. 26. Ihe whole body thickly pubescent, with long yellowish hairs and bristles. Kelatively large ; orange red, with blackish head and elytra. Antenna? brown, with apical segments pale ; third segment rather short, subclavate ; fourth segment rather thicker, as long as third; fifth as loi)g as fourth. Head black or very dark brown, rather depressed, sutures not very distinct. Pronotum orange-yellow, nearly squai-e, almost as broad as the head ; anterior margin convex, sides parallel ; posterior margin rounded. Elytra ample, long and broad, blackish brown, coriaceous ; apical margins obliquely truncate. Wings long, prominent, of tlie same colour and consistency as the elytra. Legs yellow. Abdomen orange- yellow, elongate and parallel-sided, lateral tubercles strongly marked ; sliglitly dilated in the middle in the $ . Last dorsal segment ample,' rectangular, transverse, smooth, with a pair of obsolete tubercles in the middle of the hinder margin. Pygidium of 6 and $ prominent, depressed, forming a nearly square flattened plate ; posterior margin truncate, the angles tuberculi- form, the sides parallel. Porceps with the branches orange-red, remote at the base, depressed and elongate ; of the S there are two forms : — (a) macrolahia, var. n. Branches very elongate, straight, gently curved inwards at the apex, the inner margin depressed and produced into an elongate, crenulate, flattened plate, terminating in a sharp tooth about two-thirds the way down. (b) cyclolabia, Borm . The branches short, very gently diverging 122 LABIIDiE, in basal third, then sharply bowed inwards at an obtuse angle, attenuate and straight, converging to the points which are gently hooked ; the inner margin near the base depressed, produced into a flattened triangular projection which terminates at the end of the pygidium. In the $ the branches somewhat similar, but shorter ; the flattened plate is present but decidedly shorter, has no teeth, and the crenulations are very feeble. macrolahia. cyclolahla. 6 S 2 Length of body ... . 10-11 mm. 6-6-5 mm. 7"5-9-5 mm. „ forceps . . 4-5 „ 2-2-5 ,, • 3 -3-5 ., Burma : Rangoon, v./xii. (var. cyclolahia ; Genoa Mus.) ; Karen- ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. (both forms, Genoa Mus.). Type in the Genoa Museum. Easily to recognize by the relatively great size, the form of the pygidium, and of the forceps, which differ in the two forms only in degree, the macrolahia being the result of the elongation of the cifdolabia, which is probably the original and normal form. 72. Labia pygidiata, Buhr.** (Fig. 41.) Labia ? pygidiata, Dubr. (79) p. •'564, fig. in text, S 2 • Labia pygidiata, Borm. (94) p. 387, (00-) p. 65 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 26. Relatively large ; chocolate-brown. Antennae with 15 segments, brown, the third segment rather short and subclavate ; fourth pear-shaped, almost as long as the third ; the rest about the same length, all pear-shaped. Head tumid, black, sutures indistinct. Pronotum chocolate-brown, a trifle wider posteriorly than an- teriorly, sides straight, hinder border gently rounded, the angles rounded. Elytra ample, purplish brown, densely pubescent, coriaceous, about three times as long as the pronotum. "Wings prominent, of the same colour and texture as the elytra, but with a transverse pale yellow band just beyond apex of the elytra. Legs yellowish, banded with brown. Abdomen elongate, parallel- sided, reddish brown, lateral tubercles distinct ; slightly wider in the middle in the $ . Last dorsal segment of S large, square, smooth, with two tubercles at the roots of the forceps and a longitudinal median impression. Pygidium cf <S large, broad and prominent, narrow at the base, then strongly widened, terminating in four depressed sharp triangular points ; the median portion is tumid, the edges depressed ; in the $ the pygidium is less prominent and quadrangular. Forceps of 6 with the branches remote at the base, rather strong, depressed, elongate, gently arched, the inner margin with a double edge and with a sharp tooth just beyond the middle ; in the $ the branches are also straight, elongate and remote at the base, the inner margin being slightly dilated in the middle to form an obsolete tooth ; in colour the forceps are reddish or yellowish. LABIA. 123 Length of body 7"5 mm. 7 mm. „ forceps 2-5 „ 1'5 ,, Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., vi./xii., i./xii. (Genoa 3Jus.). Also recorded from Java, Oahu (coll. Burr), and Hawaii (Ferlcins, Brit. Mus., coll. Burr). Type in the Genoa Museum. L. pygidiata is recognizable by the star-shaped pygidium, but probably two species are confused under one name. The Hawaiian specimens have the elytra much lighter in colour, and very deci- dedly shorter and the wings shortened, so that the transverse yellow band is hidden by the elytra, the pronotum is half yellow, the fifth antennal segment is more clubbed and the other seg- ments more pyriform : the forceps of the female have the inner margin denticulate throughout their length. This is perhaps an insular form, an incipient species, which we may soon be able to discriminate accurately when we can critically examine more material from its entire geographical range. 73. Labia arachidis, Yersm. (Fig. 82.) Forficula arachidis, Yersin, (60) p. 509, pi. x, figs. 3.3-35 ; Scudder, (76) p. 311. Chelidura arachidis, Brunner, (82) p. 21. Aptervgida arachidis, Burr, (00^) p. -52, (01) p. 330, (07^) p. 209; Borm. (00-) p. 117 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 44. Forficesila nigripeunis, Motsch. (63) p. 1 ; Dohrn, (65) p. 89. P'orficula wallacei, Dohrn, (65) p. 88 (tvpe iu Dohru's collection); Dubr. (79) p. 337 ; Scudder, (76) p. 318. Forficula (Apterygida) gravidula, Gerst. (73) p. 50, pi. 3, fig. 9. Labia gravidula, Borm. (84^) p. 197. Apterygida gravidula, Borm. (00-) p. 117. Sphiiigolabis wallacei, Bor^n. (88) p. 448. Sphingolabis arachidis, Borm. (94) p. 406 ; Bol. (97) p. 286. Sphingolabis gravidula, Borm. (93) p. 407. Dark brown or castaneous, hairless. Antennae with 12-13 segments. Pronotum square, with the lateral mai'gins paler, and the posterior margin straight. Elytra free, black or reddish, the hinder margin truncate. Wings abortive. Legs testaceous. Femora sometimes with a blackish band near the base. Abdomen glabrous, each segment with a very short pubescence at the hinder margin ; segments 5-8 in the male, and sometimes also the forceps, slightly punctulated. In the male the anal segment is sub- quadrate, impressed in the middle, with no tubercles ; the forceps have the branches remote at the base, short, slender, cylindrical, gently incurved, with a very small tooth on the inner margin at the base itself and another in the apical third. In the female the anal segment is the same as in the male ; the branches of the forceps are short and curved in towards the apex. 124 LABIID^. S 2 Length of body 8 ram. 8 mm. „ forceps 2-25 ,, 1-75 „ Bengal : Calcutta (Brussels 3Jns.) ; Madras : Trichinopoli ; Bombay : Surat (coll. Burr) ; Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya ; Burma : Teinzo, iv./v., between Prome and Mandalay, iii,, Eangoon, vi./viii, Bhamo, iii. (Genoa 2his.); Texasserim : Meetan, iv. (Genoa 3Jus.). This species is absolutely cosmopolitan and exists in swarms, under artificial conditions, in almost every part of the world. It is numerous in collections from all parts of tropical Asia, and if this is not its original home, it has at least become very effec- tually naturalized. It varies to some extent in intensity and shade of colour, as is to be expected, and consequently has been described under a variety of names, but they are all here referred with little hesitation to the same species. De Bormans placed tliis species in Aiyteryglda, but its affinities are entirely with Labia, ia which Gerstajcker and Scudder placed it. De Bormans maintains that the second tarsal segment is lobed, but this structure is so minute that it cannot be regai'ded as a true bilobed forficuline tarsus. G-enus PLATYLA.BIA, Dohrn. Platylabia, Dohrn, (67'-) p. 347. Labidopliora, Scndil. (76) p. 297. — Type, PLatylabia major, Dohrn, Type, Platylahia major, Dohrn. (Scudder suggested the name Lahidophora, as he considered Platylabia to resemble too closely P/(//^/7rt6«s,"\Vesmael, in Hymeno- ptera ; but of course this objection does not stand, and Dohrn's original name holds good.) Antennae with 10-13 segments ; third segment elongate and subclavate ; fourth almost as long, ovate or pear-shaped ; the rest ovate or elongate pear-shaped. Head depressed but smooth, sutures obsolete. Pronotum narrower than the head, more or less narrowed and convex anteriorly ; sides parallel and hinder margin rounded. Elytra very flat and well developed. Wings prominent. Legs moderately long ; first and second tarsal seg- ments about equally long. Abdomen strongly flattened, elongate, parallel-sided, lateral glandular folds not present. Last dorsal segment ample, subquadrate, smooth. Penultimate ventral seg- ment ample, rounded. Pygidium generally prominent in both sexes. Porceps elongate, variously armed ; those of $ also elongate, generally dilated or laminate. Range. Oriental Eegion. Allied to Labia ; differs in the strongly flattened body and the obsolete lateral abdominal folds ; the pronotum is narrowed anteriorly, the fore-border being almost produced into a neck. PLATYLABIA. 125 The colour is invariably bright orange or black ; these two shade into one another insensibly or interchange, and so no weight can be attached to colour in this genus. At first glance the single known species of Palex closely resembles this genus, owing to the black and chestnut coloration, build, and strongly depressed body. The genus needs revision and a thorough comparison of types. Table of Species. L Pygidium not prominent major, Dohrn, p. 125. 1.1. Pygidium of c? prominent. 2. Pj'gidiumof S broad, bilobed at apex . gestroi, Dubr., p. 125. 2.2. Pygidium of S elongate, more or less rectangular. 3. Pygidium of S with one point at apex thoracicn, Dohrn, p. 126. 3.3. Pygidium with 8 points at apex. . . . nigriceps, Kirby, p. 127. 74. Platylabia major, Dolvm. Platy labia major, Do^rM, (67^) p. 347; Dubr. (79) p. 371; Borm. (94) p. 380, (002) p_ 74 . Xirby, (04) p. 22 ; Bun; (00^) p. 50. Labidophora major, Scudder, (76) p. 321. Head, pronotum, elytra and wings deep jet-black, the rest o£ the body orange-yellow. Pygidium not prominent. Branches of forceps of S flat, with a strong depressed tooth just before the middle of the inner margin. S Length of body 10 mm. „ forceps l'75-2 „ Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., April to December {Genoa Mus.) ; Ceylon {Brussels M us.). According to de Bormans, this species is distinguished by the short pygidium of the male, which is not very prominent. It is recorded from Ceylon (Brussels Mus.), but the identification is doubtful ; it is also recorded from Celebes and from Java. 75. Platylabia gestroi, Duhr. Platvlabia gestroi, Dubr. (79) p. 372, fig. in text : Borm. (88) p. 436, (94) p. 380, (00-) p. 74 ; Burr, (04) p. 300 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22. Relatively large, with dense dark pubescence. Antennae with 13 segments, the eight basal segments brown, the rest yellow ; all cylindrical. Head black, posterior margin somewhat emarginate, sutures indistinct. Pronotum black, nearly as wide as the head and a little longer, posterior margin gently rounded ; prozona tumid, sides and metazona flat. Elytra twice as long as the pro- notum, black, finely punctulate, truncate posteriorly. Wings long, of the same colour and consistence as the pronotum. Femora fairly stout; legs yellowish, varied with fuscous. Abdo- men reddish chestnut. Last dorsal segment ample, broader than 126 LABIIDiE. long, smooth, with a faint median impression, and a pair of small tubercles over the roots of the forceps. Ventral surface clear red. Penultimate ventral segment ample, quadrate. Pygidium broad and iiat, prominent, depressed, posterior margin with a shallow emargination, the angles produced outwards into blunt triangular lobes. Porceps with branches dark brown, remote at the base, nearly straight, elongate and trigonal, taj^ering and recurved towards the apex ; about one-third the way down, the inner margin is abruptly dilated to form a flat plate with a straight edge, which disappears just before the apex. 2 resembles the male ; pygidium of the same form, but forceps simpler, without the dilated plate. BiTRMA: Bhamo, A'iii. {Genoa M^is.); Tenasserim : Thagata, viii. {Genoa Mns.). Also recorded from New Guinea and doubtfully from Diego Suarez. Tyj^e in the Genoa Museum. Distinguished by the broad bilobed pygidium and the flattened straight-edged plate inside the forceps. Dubrony's figure, though marked a c? , might well be a § , and pi-obably the type of P. gesiroi is only the $ of PI. thoracica or PI. nigriceps. 76. Platylabia thoracica, Dohm. (Pig. 83.) Platvlabia thoracica, Dohru, {Cu-) p. 348 ; Dvbr. (79) p. 371 ; Bonn. (88) p. 436, (94) p. 380, (00^) p. 73 ; Burr, (01) p. 76, (02) p. 482 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22. Labidophora thoracica, Scudd. (76) p. 322. Brown and black. Antennae brownish, paler towards the apex. Head reddish brown. Pronotum brown and yellowish. Elytra and wings blackish brown. Abdomen reddish. Pygidium of c? quadrate, flat, posterior margin with a point in the middle; of $ similar, but posterior margin gently emarginate. Forceps of (S elongate, remote at the base, depressed and nearly straight : the inner margin armed with a strong tooth about the middle ; of 2 ^ik® ^^^^ °^ ^^^ ^ 1 ^^^^ without the tooth, the inner margin rather dilated and depressed. Ceylon: Punduluoya and Peradeniya {Green', coll. Burr)-., BuKMA : Teinzo, v. {Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Kokarit, i./ii. {Genoa Mus.). Also recorded from Penang, Sumatra, Aru Is., and Celebes. The distinguishing feature of the male of this species is the rectangular pygidium with a single point in the middle of the posterior margin. Attributed to it are the females which have the inner margin of the forceps dilated and the pygidium with the posterior margin gently emarginate. There is nothing to distinguish these from the females of PI. nigriceps, and very probably PI. nigriceps is nothing more or less than a variety of PI. thoracica, from which it appears to differ only in the presence of three points in the pygidium of the male. It may be that the same type of female forceps and pygidium is PLATYLABIA. SPniXGOLABIS. 127 common to the two species, if they are distinct, for we find ahnosfc identically the same form in the females of SpMngolahis {Cha'to- spania) volcana. Burr (Madagascar), and an approach to it in several species of Sjutratta and an allied genus. 77. Platylabia nigriceps, Xirh>/.* (Fig. 43.) Platylabia nigriceps, Kirbj/, (91) p. 518, (04) p. 27 ; Borm. (00-) p. 74. Platylabia faUax, Bonn** (94) p. 380 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22. Head blackish brown. Elytra and wings well-developed, shining black, coriaceous. Abdomen reddish chestnut. Pygidium of d" long and narrow, very prominent, posterior margin straight, with three little tubercles, one at each angle and one in the middle ; 2 similar to the d" , but the apex is emarginate and only the tubercles at the angles remain. Branches of the forceps of the c? trigonal and remote at the base, nearly straight ; just beyond the middle on the inner margin is a strong sharp tooth directed apically. In the $ the bi-anches are parallel, the inner margin dilated into a flat plate, with a crenulated edge extending from one quarter of the length to about three-quarters. .^ 2 Length of body 7*5 mm. 7"5 mm. „ forceps 2-5 „ 2-25 „ Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. (Genoa 3Ius.). Also recorded from New Guinea. Tijj^e of nigriceps in the British Museum ; of fallacc in the Genoa Museum. De Bormans at first discriminated P. fallax from P. nir/)-l,cep)s, but afterwards admitted their identity. The latter is here included as a distinct species because the case is not yet quite proven in favour of its inclusion as a varietal form of P. ilioracica. From the description and from syntypes of P. fallax (=mgriceps) in the author's possession, it is impossible to discriminate the females of P. nigriceps from those of P. thoracica. The pygidium difters so little in the males, that it is almost certain that P. fallax and P. nigriceps are synonyms of P. thoracica, and very likely P. gestroi is the female. Genus SPHINGOLABIS, Bormans. Chfetospania, A'«rsc/?, (8G) p. 87 (nov;. syn.). — Ti/pe : Ch. inornata^ Karsch (Madagascar). Type, Sphingolahis farcifer, Borm. (84^) p. 194 {= Sparatta semifidva, Borm.). Body depressed. Antennae with 12 segments ; third segment gently clavate, fourth ovate, nearly as long as third, the rest pear-shaped. Head smooth, rather depressed, sutures obsolete. Pronotum nearly square. Mesosternum transverse, truncate. 128 LABIID.^. MetasterDal lobe narrow, truncate. Elytra and wings well developed. Legs moderately long, slender ; third tarsal segment a trifle shorter than the first. Abdomen depressed, parallel-sided, with lateral tubercles. Last dorsal segment ample. Penultimate ventral segment ample, rounded. Pygidium various. Forceps elongate, various. Banf/c. Tropical Asia and Africa. Approaches PJatylahia in the form of the antennte and the depi'essed body, but the depression is not so strougly marked, and the lateral abdominal tubercles are distinct. There are about a dozen species, but the genus needs a thorough revision. S. furcifer, Borm., the type of the genus, is the male of Sjxiratta semifulva, Borm., which is congeneric with Chcvtospania inornata, Karsch, so the genus Chcetosj^ania coincides with Spliin- golahis. 78. Sphingolabis feae, Borm** (Fig. 44.) Chsetospania fese, Bormans, (94) p. 390, (00'^) p. 76 ; Kirby, (04) p. 22. Eeddish testaceous, with long pale bristles. Antennae with 12 segments, fuscous, the apical segment paler. Pronotum black, as broad as the head, a little longer than broad, subrectangular, with rounded angles. Elytra ample, black, coriaceous. Wings of the same colour and texture. Legs yellowish. Abdomen reddish shaded with blackish ; lateral tubercles prominent ; rectangular and parallel-sided in the S , slightly dilated in the middle in the $ . Last dorsal segment ample, rectangular, with an in- distinct triangular median depression and blunt tubercles over the roots of the forceps ; posterior margin truncate. Pygidium of cS produced, of varying length, parallel-sided, with a deep triangular incision at the apex ; in the $ quadrate, not so prominent. Forceps with the branches in the d' remote at the base, trigonal, depressed, elongate, nearly straight, gently curved inwards at the apex, with a sharp tooth a little beyond the middle on the inner margin ; in the $ broader, thicker and shorter, nearer together than in the d", the inner margin somewhat dilated and crenulate. d 2 6-7*5 mm. 6-5 -7'5 mm 2-25-3-25 „ 1-75-2-25 „ Length of body .... ,, forceps . . Burma : Karen-ui, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii., 4000- 4300 ft., i. ; Karen-ni, Geku District, 4300-4700 ft. ii./iii. (Genoa Mus., Brit. Miis., coll. Burr). Type in the Genoa Museum. This species resembles some forms of Platylabia, especially in the female, but the body is less depressed and the form of the pygidium of the male is quite characteristic. It occurs in Lombok and probably also in Java. FOBFICULIDiE. ]29 Family V. FORFICULID^. This important and extensive family contains the highest developed earwigs. It is well characterized by the form of the second segment of the tarsi, which is never simple, but invariably lobed, though the form of the lobe varies to some extent. In the Glielisochincn it is as narrow as the other segments, but is produced into a slender long lobe beneath the third segment. In the other subfamilies it is broadened, dilated on each side, so as to assume somewhat the shape of a heart. Table of Suhfamilles,^ 1. Second tarsal segment narrow, pro- duced into a lobe beneath the third. 1.1. Second tarsal segment broad, dilated to form heart-shaped lobe on each side. 2. Meso- and metasternal plates de- cidedly broad and transverse. (Abdomen broad, widest about the middle and narrower at the apex) 2.2. Meso- and metasternal plates not decidedly transverse, subquadrate and naiTow. 3. Abdomen more or less depressed ; (last dorsal segment trans- verse) 3.3. Abdomen convex, little de- pressed : (last dorsal segment often tapering) [p. 129. ChelisocJiince, [p. 148. AnecJiurince, 3. Forficulhia', p. 162. [p. 175. 4. OjpistJiocosmiina;, Subfamily I. CHELISOCHIN.E. This subfamily contains at present nine genera, of which all but two are known to be represented in British India. Fig. 10. — Antenna of Forficida hechehiib. Burr. Fig. 11.— Tarsus of Ext/pnus ■jndchripeiinis, Borm. The characteristic of the family is the form of the second tarsal segment, which is not simple and cylindrical, as in the preceding 1 Some of these definitions and distinctions are only provisional, as the classification of this group is still incomplete. 130 roiiFicrLiD.D. families, but is provided with a long narrow lobe, which is prodaeed beneath the third segment. In the following subfamily, the Forji- culino', the second tarsal segment is also lobed, but in a totally diilerent manner, being broad and dilated on each side, and not produced beneath the third segment. In the Chelisochina' this character is not visible from above, as the tarsus is uniformly narrow, but can only be distinguished from the side, and in the smaller species the lobe is often marked by a dense pubescence. The Chelisochina' are, as a rule, moderately sized insects, but some forms are quite large. There are two general types of coloration : Proreus and Hamaxas are generally brown or reddish, varied \'\ith black, while Cheli- soches, Chelisochella, Exijiinns, and AdiatheUis are black or dark brown, often with a metallic lustre which is sometimes veiy brilliant. TaUe of Genera. 1. Elytra with a sharp keel running from theslioulder to the apex; (legs long- and [p. 131. slender ; elytra broad and rounded) . . Chelisochella, Verb., 1.1. Keel of elytra absent or present only at shoulder, dying out long before reach- ing the apex. 2. Tibife flattened and furrowed above in the apical half. 3. Tarsi and tibia3 long and slender: (elytra and wings metallic) .... ExYPNrs, Burr, p. 132. 3.3. Tarsi and tibiiB short. 4. Antennae with fourth segment clubbed or conical ; (medium- [p. 134. sized and dark species) Chelisoches, Scudd., 4.4. Antennfe with fourth segment cylindrical or ovate ; (size medium or small ; brown or reddish). 5. Wings deA'eloped ; abdomen rather depressed and dilated ; forceps depressed and strongly toothed ; elytra not excavate at basal angle n reus, Burr, p. 136. 5.5. Wings abortive ; abdomen cy- lindrical ; elytra rounded off at basal angle, exposing a small scutellum ; forceps long and very slender SoLENOSOMA,Burr, p.l40. 2.2. Tibife smooth above, not furrowed, flattened only at the apex itself. 3. Stout insects, dark or metallic in colour ; pronotum trapezoidal, widened posteriorly ADiATHETTJS,Burr,p.l41. 3.3. Weaker insects ; colour never me- tallic ; forceps rather slender ; pronotum ovate, not widened posteriorly Hamaxas, Burr, p. 147. CHELISOCHELLA. 131 Genus CHELISOCHELLA, VerJmff. Chelisochella, Verhcef, {02') p. 190. Lobophora, Serv., (39) p. 32 (pars). Chelisoclies, Scudder, (76) p. 295 (pars). TrPE, Lohopliora superha, Dohrn. Large, powerful ; segments 4 and 5 of antennae equally long,, together longer than 3. Head tuuiid, sutures deep. Pronotum as wide as the head, not broadened posteriorly. Elytra ample, very broad, smooth and shining, with a distinct keel running the whole length of the costal fold. Wings long and prominent. Legs long and slender ; tibia* compressed, smooth above, not flattened or furrowed ; tarsi long and slender. Abdomen stout, broad and depressed ; last dorsal segment of J large, smooth, and tuberculate. Pygidium small in both sexes. Porceps stout, depressed, elongate, toothed. Range. Oriental Region. This genus is very inaptly named by Verha3fF, who gives it a diminutive tei-mination, though it includes the largest species of the family, and one of the largest known species of earwigs. It is characterixed by the broadened elytra with a sharp and distinct keel running the entire length of the costal fold. It would appear that Verhceft' was familiar only with the typical species, as it must have been by guess-work that he included Chelisoches pyulcliripennis, Borm., and Ch. ghmcopterus, Borm., on the strength of their metallic coloration. As a matter of fact, those two species have only a very short keel on the elytra, and so are excluded from the genus by Verhcefi's own characterisation. The genus is monotypic, for the reception of Lohopliora superha, Dohrn, of which Chelisoches dorice, Borm. is evidently the male. This is not the only member of the family in which the female has highly developed "forceps, having all the appearance of a male. 79. Chelisochella superha, Dohrn. (Pig. 89, a & b.) Lobophora superba, Dohrn, (65) p. 71 ; Dubr. (79) p. 37S. Chelisoches superbus, Scudd. (76) p. 309 : Borm. (00") p 83 • Burr (08') p. 115. K , f , y Chelisochella superba, Verh. (02^) p. 196 : Burr, (05) p. 28. (07M p. 128 ; Kirhy (04) p. 35. ' \ ' v > \ ) Chehsoches doria;, Borm. (00'') p. 463; Burr, (OP) p. 95, (08') p. 115. Chelisochella dorife, Kirhy, (04) p. 35. Large and powerful ; black with a purple sheen. Antennje blackish brown, wit h(?) 23 segments ; the iifteenth or sixteenth seg- ment often pale ; third segment subclavate, fourth half as lono- as third, sixth equal to third. Head black, broad and depressed, somewhat sinuate posteriorly, sutures distinct ; frons tumid! Pronotum purplish black, as broad as the head, longer than broad, anterior margin truncate, sides parallel, posterior margin rounded, reaching well over the elytra ; prozona somewhat tumid, with k2 132 FOUFICULIDJE. a median sulcus, and an impression on each side ; metazona depressed. Sternal plates brown. Pronotum long, constricted posteriorly ; mesosternum transverse, truncate posteriorly ; meta- sternum with lobe short, broad and truncate. Elytra black with a shining purple sheen ; ample, long, very broad, well rounded at the shoulders, the costa rounded, the apex truncate ; a distinct keel runs the whole length of the costal told from the shoulder to the apex. Wings prominent, shining purple-black, with an orange spot at the apex. Legs long, rather compressed, black ; tibiie smooth above, depressed only at the extreme apex «n the upper margin. Abdomen broad, rather depressed, reddish black. Last dorsal segment of c? ample, transverse ; posterior margin depressed in the middle, with a crenulated, transverse, crested tubercle on each side over the roots of the forceps, and the exterior angles produced to a point ; in the $ as in the 6 , but the tubercles more tumid, less crenulate. Penultimate ventral segment of cf and $ ample, broad and rounded. Pygidium of c? very short, almost hidden; of $ short and broad, with a short quadrangular lobe on the posterior margin. Porceps with the branches reddish black, remote at the base, depressed, trigonal, elongated and robust; in the J bent somewhat downwards and gently arcuate, enclosing an elongate oval area, with a pair of strong conical teeth near the base on the inner margin and a blunt crested tooth just beyond, then crenulate as far as a strong sharp tooth just before the apex ; in the $ the branches are even more elongate, scarcely arcuate, gently converging, with a strong conical tooth near the base, another conical tooth at a quarter the length and another about half-way down the forceps ; beyond this crenulate to the apex, which is hooked ; the forceps -are even more strongly depi*essed in the apical than in the basal half. d 2 Length of body .... 21-24 mm. 25-27 mm. „ forceps . . 10"5-11 „ 11-13 „ SiKKiM (coll. Burr). Also from Johore, Mentawei Island, Sumatra, and Borneo. The original specimens are quoted as being in Dohrn's col- lection, Westermann's, and in the Berlin Museum. It is un- certain which is the true type. This very fine species is easy to recognize from its great size, «,part from the form of the forceps and the generic characters. In 1900, de Bormans separated Ch. dorice, but this is nothing more or less than the male of C7i. superha, Dohru. Genus EXYPNUS, Burr. Exypnus, Burr, (07') p. 128. Chelisochella, Verh. (02^) p. 196 (pars). Chelisocbes, Scudder, (76) p. 295 (pars). Type, Chelisoches pulchripenjiis, Borra. EXYPNUS. 13;5 In general appearance resembles tlie preceding genus. An- tennae with about 20 segments ; third equal in length to fourtli and fifth united. liead tumid, sutures distinct. Pronotum as broad as the head, rounded but not dilated posteriorly ; sternal plates as in Chelisochelln. Elytra broad, rather rounded, with a short costal keel only present at tlie shoulder. Wings well developed. Legs long and slender; anterior and middle tibi» flattened and furrowed above in the apical third. Pygidium short. Forceps depressed, arcuate in J , straight in $. Ramje. Oriental Kegion. This genus is also monotypic, and was erected for the reception of a species which has been referred to CheJisochella and Chelisoches. It was included by Yerhoeif in the former, but probablv w'thout seeing specimens, since it has not the entire keel on the elytra, which is the essential character of that genus as defined by Verhoeff himself. 80. Exypmis pulchripennis, Borm** (Fig. 84.) Chelisoches pulchripennis, L'orDi. (83) p. 78, pi. .3. fig- 1~), C88) p. 441, (94) p. 392, (00^) p. 84; Bun; (00') p. 90, (02) p. 484: Kirhij, (04) p. 3:]. Chelisochella pulchripennis, Verh<rff, (02') p. 190. Exypnus pulchripennis, Bwr, (07^) p. 128. Of medium size ; brownish black, with a purple sheen. An- tennae brown, with about 20 segments ; third cylindrical, fourth and fifth thickened, ovate, the remainder slender, clubbed at the apex. Head with frons tumid and occiput rather depressed, brownish black, sinuate posteriorly. Pronotum as broad as the head, parallel-sided, truncate in front, rounded posteriorly; blue- black ; prozona tumid with a median sulcus and two impressions ; metazona depressed. Elytra black with a brilliant purple sheen, broadened and rounded along the costal margin ; keel on costal margin developed at the shoulder only. Wings long, purple-blue, with an orange apical spot. Legs long, slender, rather compressed, black, the tarsi paler; the tibiaj depressed and sulcate in the apical third. Abdomen parallel-sided, reddish black. Last dorsal segment of S rectangular, ample, slightly broader than long ; posterior margin depressed in the middle, with a transverse, crested, crenulate tubei-cle on each side over the root of the forceps ; in the 5 narrowed posteriorly, the tubercles more feebly de- veloped. Pygidium of S very short and broad, hidden ; of $ very short and obtuse. Forceps with the branches in the S depressed, remote at the base, but with a strong depressed bifid tooth at the base itself, the points of which almost meet ; then rather bent downwards, gently arcuate, enclosing an elongate oval area, crenulate along the inner margin with a sharp tooth at the apical third ; in the 5 depressed, nearly straight, elongate, crenulate along the inner margin. <S 9- Length of body .... lG-5 nun. 16 mm. „ forceps . . 5 „ 6 „ 134 rOEFICULID^. Burma : Senmyingyan, ii. {Genoa cf- Brii. 3fus.), Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-4300 ft., v/xii. {Genoa JItts.); Tenasserim : Thagata, iv. Also from Sarawak, New Guinea. I'l/pe iu Genoa Museum. De Bormans reports an aberration of the male, in which the forceps are only of half the usual length and unusually thick and strong, with the powerful basal tooth situated at one third of the way down the forceps. In the author's collection, there is one of the females taken by Fea in Karen-ni in which the head is brick- red, the body orange-red, the forceps red, and the posterior femora orange. This is probably a form of xanthochroism due to deficient nourishment, as the forceps are weak and one branch is atrophied. This species resembles a diminutive Chelisochella superha, but the keel on the elytra is very short, and the forceps of the female are quite simple. Otherwise the form and colour are almost exactly the same. In the female the segments of the antennae are less markedly clavate than in the male. Genus CHELISOCHES, Smdder. Clielisoclies, Scudder, (76) p. 295. Lobophora, Serville, (-"iO) p. 32 (preoccupied iu Lepidoptera, Curtis, 1825). — Type, Forticula morio, Fabr. Type, Forficula morio, Fabr, Size medium ; antennae with 15-20 segments ; third fairly long, fourth clubbed or conical, about half as long as the third ; fifth longer than fourth ; fifth and fourth united slightly longer than third, the rest elongate, subconical. Head tumid, sutures fairly distinct. Pronotum as broad as the head, truncate anteriorly, the -sides gently diverging as it is widened posteriorly ; posterior margin broadly rounded. Elytra ample, smooth, no costal keel. Wings well developed. Prosternum parallel-sided, slightly con- stricted near the base. Mesosternum nearly square, truncate posteriorly. Metasteimum ti-ansverse, truncate posteriorly. Legs rather short ; femora not very stout ; tibiae flattened, furrowed in the apical half above ; tarsi very short, very pubescent, rather broad. Abdomen parallel-sided, rather depressed, lateral tubei'cles distinct ; last dorsal segment of d" transverse, rectangular ; in the 2 shghtly narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded in both sexes. Pygidium of J small, of $ larger, but not very prominent. Forceps with the branches in the cJ depressed, remote at base, generally stout, more or less elongate, depressed, simple. Range. Tropical Asia and Australia. As now restricted this genus only contains about half a dozen species of which only one is known to occur in India. CIIELISOCIIES. 135 81. Chelisoches morio, Fair. (Fig, 45.) ForHcLila morio, Fabi: (7o) p. 270, (81) p. 341, (87) p. 22-j, (93) p. o ; Oliv. (92) p. 4(38 ; lionu. (ofS) p. 7-52. Lobophoi'a morio, Dohrn, (Oo) p. 71 ; TJu.br. (79) p. 374. Clielisoches morio, Scudder, (76) p. 308; Borm. {><'ri) p. 440, (94) p. 391, (00-) p. 8o; /)V/v, (00-) p. ol, mi) p. 327, (02) p. 484 ; Kirby, (04) p. 33; Ternj, (0-3) pp. 104-171, pi. viii, iigs. 1-0, pi. ix, tigs. 1 -t). ForMcula rutitarsis, Serv. (39) p. 33. Forticula (Psalidophora) rutitavsis, Harm, (42) p. 241. Lobophora nigronitens, !Stal, (UOj p. 305. Lobophora tartarea, Stal, ((iO) p. 30o. Lobophora cincticornis, Stal, (00) p. 305. Labidura uigricoruis, Kirbi/, in P. Z. S. 1888, p. 546. Chelisoches uigricornis, Kirby, (04) p. 34. Chelisoches comprimens, !Scudd. (70) pp. 252 & 308 ; Kirby, (04) p. 32. Chelisoches stratioticus, ReJm, (05) p. 509 (n. syn.). Of medium size ; jet-black, varying to dull brown or umber. Antennae with 20-21 segments, black, with a pale ring before the apex. Head, pronotum, elytra and wings dull black, smooth, shading to reddish-brown in some specimens. Legs black, the tarsi orange or yellowish. Abdomen umber, brownish black or jet-black, dull or feebly shining, the entire dorsal surface punctu- late, the lateral tubercles distinct ; whole of the ventral surface of the same colour as the dorsal surface, punctulate ; last dorsal segment of S smooth, transverse, rectangular, the posterior margin depressed in the middle with a pair of small compressed tubercles in the depression ; leather tumid over the insertion of the forceps ; in 2 similar, but the tubercles less strongly marked. Pygidium of S short, stumpy, broad, barely distinguishable ; of 5 more prominent, broad, short and tumid, the posterior margin produced into a rectilinear lobe, slightly dilated, the apex of which is greatly sinuate and each angle terminated in small tubercle or blunt point. Forceps of <S of two types: (1) branches remote at base, stout, rather short, very broad and flat, with strong prominent irregular teeth on the inner margin near the base or in the basal half ; beyond this, gently arcuate with a few small teeth or smooth ; (2) flattened, but less broad, and elongate, with a broad and flat denticulated dilation near the base on inner margin, beyond which gradually incurved, the inner margin smooth, with one or more small teeth ; in the $ the branches are less depressed, subcontiguous, trigonal, elongate, nearly straight at first, then gently incurved, the inner margin crenulate. The larvae are black, with pale legs, and pale bands on the thoracic plates. S ? Length of body . . . . 12-17"5 mm. 14-18-5 mm. „ forceps . . 8-7-5 „ -^8 « 136 rOKFICULIDiE. Bengal: Calcutta (Dmssels 31us.); Madras; Travancore (var. stratiotkus ; coll. Burr), Trichinopoli {coll. Bolivar) ; Ceylon : Kottanda {Willey; coll. Burr), Galle, x. (Fletcher; coll. Burr); Burma : Bhamo, viii.; Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. (Genoa Mus.). This species is abundant throughout tlie Oriental Region ; it is continually reported from islands in the Malay Peninsula, and has extended its distribution, doubtless through shipping, to the east coast of Africa and New Zealand ; it has even been taken at Kew Gardens in Enghand. It varies considerably in size and in colour, and intermediate forms are continually met with. The large, umber-coloured form has been described as distinct by Kebn under the name stratioticus. Ch. morio is abundant in wet districts in the sugar plantations in the JSandwich Islands, and an interesting account is given by Terry in the report of the work of the Experimental Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (05) (see Introduction, p. 16). It is an extremely active species and appears to be diurnal, Terry describing it as running over the leaves in search of insect food during the hottest part of the day. In Hawaii it abounds in the moist mountain ridges and valleys and also in many of the elevated plantations. It is scarce in the dry and irrigated cane-areas. Genus PROREUS, Btirr. Troreus, Burr, (07^) p. 129. Chelisoches, Scuddcr, (7(j) p. 295 (pars). Ttpe, Forficxda simulans, Stal. Closely related to Chelisoches, but the antennas are more slender, and the fourth segment is ovate or cylindrical, and not thickened or clubbed. The species are smaller and weaker, and the colour is almost invariably some shade of red or brown. The forceps are of the same type as in Chelisoches, but in the typical species the branches are slender. 7\thle of Sj^ecies. 1. Forceps elongate and slender. 2. Head brick-red ; el3^tra yellow, with fuscous stripes simulans, Sta.1, p. lo7. 2.2. Head blacldsh ; elytrn tawny . . mel(niocephahis, Dohrn, var., 3.1. Forceps short, broad and flat. [p. 138. 2. Head blackisli ; elytra tawny . . 'inclanocephahis,T)o\\vn,'^.l'i9>. 2.2. Head and elytra uniform dull brown ritscmcp, Borm., p. 139. PROREUS. 137 82. Proreus simulans, Stdl. (Fig. 85.) Forficula simiilans, «/!5/, ((50) p. .",02. Chelisoches simulans, Scudd. (76) i^. .'509; i^ar^n. (^«) P- ,4^0' (?f p. .391, (00'^) p.^S7 ; i?«/v, (02) p. 484, (07^) p. 209, (08») p. 116 ; Chelisoc'hes ludekingi. Burr, (nee Dolirn, nee Borm.) (00^) p. 51. Forficula modesta, i^tSl, ((50) p. .302.^ Lobopliora modesta, Dohni, ((!.",) p. 74. Chelisoches modestu.s, -VcMfW. (7(5) p. .'50b ; 7ur/>//, (04) p. o-j. Chelisoches simulans, snbsp. modestus, Bonn. (00') p. 88. Proreus simulans, i/wrr, (07') p. 1..51. Of medium size and slender build ; general colour orange-red varied with tawny. Antennae brown, slender, with i:0 segments ; third long and cylindrical, fourth decidedly shorter than thu-d, cylindrical; fifth almost as long as third, the rest long, all cy- lindrical and slender. Head clear brick-red, smooth, tumid, the sutures distinct. Pronotum a little narrower than the head, truncate anteriorly, slightly widened posteriorly, hinder margin broadly rounded; prozona somewhat tumid, orange-red; side.? and metazoua depressed, clear yellow. Elytra long, rather narrow, smooth, clear orange-yellow, with a narrow dark band along the suture and the costal fold. M^'ings prominent, of the same colour as the elytra (abortive in the var. modestus). Legs rather short, orange-yellow ; tibia) furrowed only in apical third. Abdomen broad, depressed and parallel-sided, deep cliestnut-red, darker near the base ; lateral tubercles distinct ; finely punctulate. Last dorsal segment of 6 ample, rectangular, smooth, clear red, postenor margin truncate and darkened, with two small compressed tubercles in the middle, and crenulated obtuse tubercles on each side ; m the 2 similar but somewhat narrowed, the tubercles obsolete. Penul- timate ventral segment of d broadly rounded. Pygidium of both sexes very short, obtuse, transverse, not prominent. Forceps with the branches in the d remote at the base, depressed but not dilated, rather slender, with a sharp triangular tooth on the inner margin at one-third from the base (occasionally obsolete) and sometimes a second smaller tooth near the apex ; elongate and gently arched inwards ; in the 2 remote at base, almost straight, the whole of inner margin crenulate. Length of body 10-12 mm. 8-5-10 mm. ,, forceps 3 „ «5 ,» Bombay : Pusa (Pusa coll.) ; Be>.'Gal : Calcutta, "at light," xi. (Annandale, Ind. Miis.) ; Burma: Kokarit, i./ii., Eangoou, xu. (Fea, Genoa Mus.). Widely distributed throughout the Oriental Eegion. Type in the Stockholm Museum. 138 FOEFICULID.E. Easy to recognize by the colour of the forceps. P. ludel-ingi, Dohrn, is a Malayan species that may occur in India; it resembles F. simidans, but has a pale ring on the antennte and the tooth of the forceps is A\eaker aud nearer the apex ; it may be a A^ariety or race of P. simulans. De Bormans separates P. modestus as a sub- species ; in this the wings are abortive and the tooth of the forceps often obsolete. S3. Proreus melanocephalus, Dolim. (Fig. 86.) Lobophora melanocepbala, Dohrn, (05) p. 75. Chelisoches melanocephalus, Sciidd. (76) p. 308 ; Bonn. (88) p. 440, (94) p. 392, (00-) p. 89 ; £nrr, (99) p. 258 (nee Ayin. Mag. X. H. (6) XX. p. 315, 1897), (05') p. 28, (07^) p. 209; Burr, (08^) p. 116 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 33. Proreus melanocephalus, Burr, (07') p. 130. Of small size ; general colour tawny. Antennae with (?) 15 segments, brown, sometimes paler near the base ; segments rather thick ; third not very long ; fourth half as long as third, cylindrical ; fifth shorter than third ; sixth equal to third ; all cylindrical. Head very dark brown or black ; smooth, i-ather depressed, sutures fairly distinct. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, truncate anteriorly, sides straight, hinder border broadly rounded, slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly ; deep orauge-yellow. Elytra ample, long, smooth, tawny. Wings long, smooth, tawny. Legs tawny ; tibite with upper surface flattened and furrowed about the apical third. Abdomen smooth, blackish red, lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal segment of S transverse, posterior margin truncate and finely crenulate ; in $ narrower, smooth. Penultimate ventral segment of S and $ broadly rounded. Pygi- dium of S very short, transverse, depressed, posterior margin incrassate, darkened and gently emarginate in the middle ; in $ short, obtuse. Forceps with branches reddish tawny ; in the S of two types : («) short, broad, depressed, gently incurved and blunt at the points, with a sharp tooth in the middle ; (6) more slender and elongate, with a short conical sharp tooth quite near the base ; straight at first, then gently arched inwards, with a blunt tooth in the apical third ; in the 2 simple, straight and contiguous. d 2 Length of body 8-9 mm. 8 mm. „ forceps 1-2-5 „ 1 -5 „ Teanquebae; Bombay: Mahim, "under plantain roots" {Pihsa coll.); Bengal: Barisol, Munshiganj, Pusa, "in roots of a cane, 6/ii./05 " {Pusa coll.) ; Sikkim : Darjiling {Paris Mus.) ; Uppee Assam : {Ind. 2Ius.) ; Buema : Teinzo, v. {Genoa Mus.). The type was in Westermann's collection ; where it is now is not certain. Differs from its congeners in its small size and uniform tawny PROREUS. 13^ coloration with black head. Superficially resembles Uamaxas fece Borm. In the small size and coloration and short antennce it approaches Hamaxas. 84. Proreus ritsemse, Bonnans* (Fig. 87.) Chelhochesrlisem^, Bonn. (84') p. ISo, (04) P: -9\ W P- §6 ; Burr, (99) p. 254, (02) p. 484, (08') p. 116; Kirbrj, (04) p. 34. Proreus ritsemee, Burr, (07^) p. 130. Of medium size ; general colour dull earthy brown. Antennre dull brown, with about 20 segments ; third not very long, fourth only a little shorter, fifth about equal to third, fourth is rather ovate, the others gradually lengthening; all rather thick, cy- lindrical. Head tumid, dull chestnut. Pronotum rathfer short, crently widened posteriorly, dull yellowish brown. Elytra and win^s prominent, well developed, dull yellowish brown. Legs dull yellowish brown; femora rather thick; furrow on tibiae quite distinct. Abdomen deep brown-red, finely punctulate. Last dorsal segment of 6 ample, quadrangular, punctulate, with a median posterior depression, and a pair of compressed tubercles in the middle, tumid over the root of the forceps ; m the $ simdar buc less developed. Pygidiuin of d short, transverse, truncate ; ot 2 short, transverse, obtuse, with, a rectangular truncate lobe on posterior margin. Forceps of J with branches stout, depressed and broad, rather short, straight ; armed on the inner margin near base with one or two strong conical teeth or a denticulate strong depressed projectiou, and often another tooth nearer the apex ; in the $ simple, slender, nearly straight, with a conical tooth near the base, denticulate along inner margin. 6 2 Length of body 9-5-12 mm. 12-5 mm. „ forceps 2-25-4: „ 4 „ Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., April to December, v./xii. {Genoa 2[us.). Type in Ley den Museum. The uniform dull brown colour of this species, together with its sturdy build, and the powerful strongly toothed forceps of the male, render it easy to recognize. The details of the dentition of the male forceps vary a good deal ; sometimes there is a pair of stout conical teeth near the base, and sometimes they are fused into one dilated and depressed projectiou, having a strongly In the sturdy build, rather thick antennae and strong forceps, this species approaches Gh. morio. It is widely distributed throughout the Oriental Eegion. F. fascipennis, Haan, from Borneo and Sumatra, appears to be related to it, and is perhaps only a race or variety, but the forceps are weaker, the head is red, and the antenna) have a pale ring. 140 ronrictJLiD.?;. Genus SOLENOSOMA, Burr. Solenosoma, Burr, (07') pp. 126 & 131. Auclienomus, Bormans, (nee Karsch) (88) p. 436. C\ie\\&Qc\\ft^, Bonnans, (00") p. 82 (pars). Type, Auclienomus hirmanus, Borm, Body slender and cylindrical. Antennae with (?) segments ; the first long and swollen in the apical half ; third long and slender, fourth half as long as third, subovate ; the rest elongate and cylindrical (11 segments remain in the type). Head depressed, hinder margin truncate. Pronotum narrower than the head anteriorly, somewhat wider posteriorly, rectilinear, with rounded* angles. Elytra short, truncate, with no costal keel; humeral angle not rounded ; axillary angle rounded off, thus exposing a small triangular scutellum. Wings absent ; sternal plates narrow. Legs rather short, slender ; tibiae flattened above in the apical third, not strongly furrowed ; second tarsal segment slender, short and cylindrical, produced into a narrow lobe beneath the third, which is a little over half as long as the first. Abdomen slender, depressed, parallel-sided and elongate ; lateral tubercles distinct ; last dorsal segment square ; penultimate ventral segment of c? ample and square. Pygidium small. Porceps of S very long and slender. Range. Burma. This geuus is monotypic and was erected in 1907 for the aberrant form described by de Bormans under the name of Auclienomus hirmanus. In the very slender body and long slender forceps it approaches Auclienomus, but the anteriorly truncate and trapezoidal pronotum separates it readily. In the rather long gently widened pronotum and in the sti'ucture of the legs, it approaches ChelisocJu's and Proreus. The complete disappearance of the wings is emphasised by the I'eduction of the elytra, which are short and truncate, and the axillary angle is rounded off, so as to expose a scutellum, an unfailing sign of the degeneration of these organs, as are also the narrow shoulders. There is a more or less distinct humeral angle in all normally winged forms, but in this genus the outline is an unbroken line from the side of the pronotum down the costal fold of the elytra to the abdomen. 85. Solenosoma birmanum, Borm.* Auchenomus hirmanus, Borm. (88) p. 426, (94) p. 391. Chelisoches hirmanus, Borm. (0U-) p. 85 ; Kirby, (04) p. 33. Soleuosoma birmanum, Burr, (07^) p. 131. Deep reddish chestnut. Head a little paler, depressed, longer than broad, sutures distinct ; hinder margin truncate, sides gently diverging anteriorly. Eyes small. Pronotum with sides nan-owly pale ; trapezoidal, rectilinear, decidedly longer than SOLENOSOMA. — ADIATHETUS. 141 broad, narrower than the head anteriorly, as wide as the head posteriorly ; posterior angles gently rounded. Elytra quite smooth, red-brown. Legs testaceous. Abdomen parallel-sided, finely punctulate, lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal segment smoother than the abdomen, quadrangular, decidedly broader than long, the hinder margin sinuate with a row of small compressed tubei'cles. Pygidium small, thick and obtuse, with a short, narrow, parallel-sided lobe terminating in two short sharp pomts. Forceps with the branches remote at the base, depressed and slightly dilated at the base itself, then attenuate, bent gently downwards and elon- gate, very slender, almost straight, slightly converging and gently hooked at the apex ; the inner margin near the base has a few minute denticulations. The female is unknown. 6 Length of body 9-10 mm. „ forceps 4-5-G „ Assam : Silicuri, in Cachar (1 cJ, Tad. Mus.) ; Burma : Bhamo (1 S ■, Genoa Mas.). Tyjye in Genoa Museum. This is a rare insect, and the two specimens, quoted above, both males, are the only ones known to exist in collections. It can be recognized at a glance by its dark red chestnut colour, elongate and slender build, the very long and slender forceps, and the form of the elytra, taken in conjunction with the form of the legs and pronotum, which show that its proper place is in the Chelisochince. The type has only 11 segments left in the antennae, and the specimen in the Calcutta Museum has lost both the antenuEe. Genus ADIATHETUS, Buvr. Adiathetus, Burr, (07^) pp. 126 & 132. Chelisoches, Bonn., {OQi^) p. 82 (pars). Type, Chelisoches shelf ordi, Burr. Size medium or large. Antennae with 20 segments, the third long, but shorter than the fourth and fifth united ; fourth half as long as third, clavate ; fifth clavate, nearly as long as third; the rest elongate, subcorneal. Head tumid, sutures distinct. Pronotum nearly square, slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Elytra ample, with no keel on the costal fold, smooth or granuloue, often metallic. Wings like the elytra. Legs rather slender ; tibiae not flattened nor furrowed above except at the extreme apex. Abdomen convex, parallel-sided, lateral folds distinct. Last dorsal segment of c? ample, smooth, often with some strong tubercles ; in the $ ample, simpler. Pygidium of 6 and $ various. Eorceps of (S stout, depressed and broad ; of § elongate and less stout. lianc/e. Oriental Region. 142 rOEFICULIDyE. This genus is formed for the reception of those species hitherto included in ChelisocJies, which ai"e characterized by the smooth upper surface of the tibial ; otherwise the species agree \a ith true CheUsoches. It is noteworthy that in this genus the female often has well- marked characters in the pygidium and forceps. Table of Species. 1. Last dorsal segment of S with two strong prominent crested tubercles ; forceps of 5 elongate, with two sharp teeth shelfordi, Burr, p. 142. 1.1. Last dorsal segment of J with no prominent tubercles ; forceps of $ without strong teeth. 2. Pronotum parallel - sided ; head strongly sinuate posteriorly dravidius, sp. n., p. 143. 2.2. Pronotum widened posteriorly ; head not strongly sinuate pos- teriorly. 3. Elytra and wings with brilliant green metallic sheeu ; pygidium of 5 lanceolate, acute (jlmicopterus, Borm., p. 144. 3.3. Elytra and wings dull black ; pygidium of 2 truncate or bifid. 4. Pygidium of 5 bifid at apex . . nic/rocasfaneus, sp. n., p. 145. 4.4. Pygidium of $ truncate at apex tetiebrator, Kirby, p. 146. 86. Adiathetus shelfordi, Bun: Chelisoches slielfordi. Bun; (00') p. 96, pi. 4. fig. 4, (05) p. 496. Chelisochella shelfordi, Kirby, (04) p. 35. Chelisoches hercules, Bun; (00^) p. 97, pi. 4. figs. 2, 2 a, (08^) p. 116. Adiathetus shelfordi. Bun; (07^) p. 133. Large and robust ; general colour reddish black ; the whole body clad with a golden pubescence ; the elytra bright purple. Antennae with 20 segments ; third almost cylindrical ; fourth ovate, about half as long as third; fifth cylindrical, as long as third ; the rest gradually lengthening ; black, with two or three yellowish segments before the apex. Head quadrate, tumid, sutures fairly distinct ; reddish black. Eyes prominent, black. Pronotutu almost square, anterior margin and sides straight, hinder margin rounded, brownish black ; prozoua tumid, with an impression on each side and a median sulcus ; metazona depressed, with a faint median line. Sternal plates brown, rather broad, truncate pos- teriorly. Elytra ample, strongly rounded at the shoulders, finely granulose, with a brilliant purple sheen. Wings like the elytra in texture and colour. Legs long and slender ; femora and tibiae dark brown, the tarsi paler ; tibiae smooth above ; tarsi long, third ADIATHETUS. 143 segment nearly as long as the first; lobe of second segment long and proininent ; all the legs strongly pubescent. Abdomen parallel-sided, convex, deep chestnut-brown, very finely punctulate: lateral tubercles distinct. A'enter brown. Last dorsal segment of 6 ample, smooth, nearly square ; in the middle of the posterior margin there is a pair of strong, parallel, compressed, prominent tube!i-cles, obliquely truncate at the apex, directed up\\-ards and Txickwards and densely hairy : in the $ shorter than in the J and slio-htly narrowed, with a tumid tubercle over the root of the forceps. Penultimate ventral segment of J and $ broadly rounded. Pygidium of d stout, obtuse, almost hidden, bifid at the extremity ; thai; of 2 short and thick, the posterior margin emarginate, the ano-les pi-oduced into obtuse triangular tubei-cles. Eorceps : branches in the d very strongly flattened and broadened in the basal half, the inner margin of this part being strongly serrate ; half- way down the dilation disappears and the apical half is attenuate, but still robust and gently incurved, denticulate on the inner maro-iu ; in the $ the branches are remote at the base, rather depressed and trigonal, sinuously elongate with a prominent sharp tooth one-third the way down, and another at two-thirds ; the double edge in the trigonal basal part on the inner margin is crenulate. In both sexes the forceps are dull reddish brown, and densely clad with thick golden pubescence. d ? Length of body 15-5-21 mm. 18-5-21 mm. „ forceps .... 4-5 „ 11-12 „ SiKKiM (coll Bolivar) ; Borneo {coll. Ban-). Type in the Sarawak Museum. A very striking species ; the brilhant purple elytra, the dense o-olden pubescence, and the remarkable form of the forceps in both sexes make this earwig unmistakable. 87. Adiathetus dravidius, sp. n. (Fig. 46.) General colour deep brownish black. Antennae with 17 segments, black, the basal segments brownish ; third not very long, cylindrical ; fourth about two-thirds as long as the third, a little thicker, ovate ; the remainder regularly lengthening. Head smooth, brownish black, shinijig, the frons very tumid ; sutures deep and well marked ; occiput depressed in the middle, tumid on each side behind the eyes ; posterior margin decidedly sinuate. Pronotum smooth, brown- black, anterior margin convex in the middle, the angles rectangular ; sides parallel, posterior margin rounded ; prozona tumid, metazonu depressed, sides reflexed. Elytra smooth, dull blackish brown with a bright orange spot on the posterior margin. Wings long, black, with a bright orange basal spot, being the continuation of the spot on the elytra. Legs uniform dull greenish brown ; tarsi long, the first segment longer than the third. Abdomen parallel -sided, 144 rORFICULID.E. brownish black ; lateral tubercles of third and fourth segments very distinct. Last dorsal segment of c? transverse, smooth, shining, brownish black, depressed in the middle, tumid over the roots of the forceps; in the $ similar, but less tumid and furnished with a short, blunt, compressed, oblique ridge or crest at the exterior angles. Penultimate ventral segment ot J bi'oad, rounded, gently emarginate in the middle of the posterior border ; in the $ shorter, the posterior margin rounded and entire. Pygidium of cS short, quadrangular, obtuse, the sides slightly concave and posterior margin slightly convex; in the 2 ^ little longer, depressed, tapering in basal half, rectangular, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Forceps of d with the branches remote at the base, stout, depressed, rather long, straight at first, arcuate apically, with a strong tooth near the base and another beyond the middle ; in $ a little less stout, elongate, nearly straight, very gently curved inwards near apex, the inner margin crenulate. The forceps are yellow or reddish. c? $ Length of body 9-11 mm. 13-13-5 mm. ,, forceps 3"5-4-5 „ 6-5 „ Madras : Travancore ; Tenmalai, on the AVestern sides of the Western Ghats, xi. {Dr. N. Annandale, under rotten wood, Ind. Mus.). Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. This species approaches A. nifirocastaneus^ Burr, and A. glauco- pterus, Borm., but differs from both in the strongly sinuate posterior border of the head, the parallel-sided pronotum, and the longer tarsal segments. It also differs in colour. In A. glaucopterus the elytra and wings are of brilliant metallic green-black, with a minute yellow spot at the apex of the latter. In A. nigrocastaneus the elytra and wings are black, the latter having a broad yellow band along the suture. In A. dravidius the elytra and wings are black with a bright orange-yellow spot common to the apex of the elytra and base of the wings ; also the legs ai-e uniform dull greenish brown and the antennae not ringed. 88. Adiathetus glaucopterus, Borm** (Fig. 47.) Chelisoche8 glaucopterus, Borjti. (88) p. 441, (94) p. 392, (OO^) p. 84 ; Eirhy (04), p. 33; Burr, (05=) p. 28, (07^) p. 129, (08^; p. 115. Size medium ; general colour metallic green and bright chestnut- red. Antennae with 16 segments (? or more), black, with a pale ring before the apex ; third segment gently clavate ; fourth sub- clavate, about half as long as the third ; fifth ovate, longer than fourth but shorter than third ; sixth about equal to third ; the rest elongate, subcylindrical. Head dull black, smooth and tumid, especially posteriorly ; occipital suture well marked ; eyes small. ADIATHETUS. 145 Pronotum black with a copper-green lustre, nearly square, very slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly, anterior margin gently convex, posterior broadly rounded and sides straight ; prozona tumid with a faint median sulcus and an impression on each side ; metazona depressed. Elytra ample, well rounded at the shoulders,' broad, gently emarginate at the apex, with no keel on the costal fold ; perfectly smooth, of a brilliant, lustrous, metalhc green. Wings prominent, of the same colour as the pronotum, with a small orange spot at the extreme apex. Legs blackish ; the tarsi somewhat paler ; tibiae with the upper surface only flattened and furrowed at the apex itself. Abdomen bright chestnut-red, shaded with blackish, lateral tubercles distinct ; the whole surface puuctulate ; venter shining, deeper red. Last dorsal segment of d ample, smooth' black, shaded with red, somewhat broader than long, posterior margin tumid over the roots of the forceps, depressed in the middle, with a pair of small tubercles in the depression ; exterior angles sharply rectangular ; in the $ similar but a trifle narrowed and the tubercles less developed. Penultimate ventral segment of c? and 2 broadly rounded. Pygidium of c? very short, transverse and obtuse ; of $ very prominent, red, acute, lanceolate. Forceps with the branches red, depressed, rather broad, and remote at the base ; m the d rather short, stout, gentlv arcuate, with a strong tooth on the mnei% margin in the basal third ; in the $ elongate, nearly straight, gently curved inwards at the apex, the inner margin denticulate. d 2 Length of body 10-14-5 mm. 10-12 mm. forceps.... 2-5-3 „ 5-8-75,, Upper Assam (Ind. JIus.); Burma: Kachin Hills, viii Karen-ni, Geku District, 4300-4700 ft., v. (Genoa Mus.) • Ten- ASSEEiM : Meetan, iv. {Genoa Mus.). ' Also recorded from Tonkin (Paris Mus., coll. Burr). Tif2}e in the Genoa Museum. The contrast between the brilliant green elytra and bright red abdomen and forceps renders this a very handsome and conspicuous species, which is not likely to be confused with any other, except perhaps the following. The details, shading and armature' of the forceps are of course variable features. Verhceff" ranged this species in ChelisocheUa, evidently by guess-work, for if he had ever seen a specimen he would have noticed the absence of the costal keel of the elytra by which he himself characterizes that genus. 89. Adiathetus nigrocastaneus, sp. n. (Pig. 48.) Of medium size ; black, varied with chestnut. Antennse with 19 segments, black, with two pale segments before the apex - the third not very long and second shorter than the third, ovate ;'fiftb 146 FORFICULIDiE. a trifle longer, but not equal to the third, ovate ; sixth equal to the third in length but a little thicker, elongate ovate ; the rest more slender and long. Head smooth and black, tumid, the sutures deep. Pronotum black, with a distinct median suture and an impression on each side in the prozona ; about as broad as long, truncate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, scarcely if at all broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Prosteruum rather long, constricted ; mesosternum truncate ; metasternum with lobe short, scarcely passing the posterior coxse, broad, truncate. Elytra smooth, jet- black, broad, with no keels. Wings prominent, clear orange, with a fuscous outer margin. Legs not very long ; femora reddish chestnut, blackish at the base ; tibiae blackish, smootli above, depressed only at the apex itself ; tarsi not very long, with dense golden pubescence. Abdomen broad and depressed, parallel-sided, blackish chestnut, lateral tubercles strong. Last dorsal segment of c? transverse ample, smooth, with a short folded ridge at each angle, tumid over the insertion of the forceps, depressed in the middle, with two parallel compressed longitudinal ridges ; in the $ narrower, the ridges and elevations feebler than in the d . Venter tawny. Penultimate ventral segment of (S ample, broad, the posterior margin rounded, with a slight median excision ; similar in the § but not emarginate. Pygidium of c? not prominent; in the $ produced into a depressed plate, slightly widened apically and deeply emarginate, thus forming a pair of triangular lobes. Forceps reddish in both sexes ; in the d short, stout, remote at base, depressed, straight, incurved apically, blunt, with three small teeth on the inner margin ; in the $ depressed, elongate, and nearly straight. c? 2 Length of body 9*5 mm. 8'5 mm. „ forceps 2 „ 2-75 „ Bombay : Kanara, August {Pusa coll.). Type in the Pusa Collection. This species closely resembles A. glaucopterus, but diifers in the bright orange wings, with only the outer border blackish, in the dull black elytra with no metallic sheen, in the chestnut legs, and blacker abdomen ; the last dorsal segment and forceps of the male are almost exactly similar, but the pygidium of the female is totally different, being much shorter, somewhat broadened apically and deeply fissured, thus forming two triangular lobes. 90. Adiathetus tenebrator, Kirby* Chehsoches tenebrator, Kirby, (91) p. 521, pi. 12. fig. 5 ( $ ), (04) p. 33 ; JBorm. (00'^) p. 85 ; Bun; (07^) p. 129. Size medium ; colour blackish brown. Antennae with 15 seo^ments, with a pale ring before the apex ; fourth little over half ADIATHETCS. HAMAXAS. 147 as long as third, fifth about equal to third, the rest elongate, all cyliudrical. Head depressed, sutures distinct, tumid behind the eyes. Pronotum gently widened posteriorly. Elytra and wings ample, blackish brown, smooth ; no costal keel to elytra. Legs short ; tibia flattened only at the apex itself tarsi long, pale, strongly pubescent. Abdomen gently dilated, densely punctulate, lateral tubercles distinct ; segments smooth at the posterior margin except the seventh ( § ) which is crenulate. Last dorsal segment ample, transverse, smooth, depressed in the middle, with a pair of small tubercles in the depression, and tumid over the forceps. Pygidiumdeflexed, triangular, with the apex truncate and reflexed, and a small tubercle on each side. Forceps with the branches remote at the base, trigonal, nearly straight ; incurved at the apex itself, the inner margin with a strong tooth near the base and a small tooth beyond the middle. The J is unknown. ^2 Length of body 17 mm. „ forceps .... 9 „ India (Bt-it. Mus.). Txjpe in the British Museum. This species has a strong superficial resemblance to CJielisocJies morio, but the pygidium is different, the fourth, fifth and sixth segments of the antennae are longer and cylindrical ; the tibise are not depressed or sulcate above except at the extreme apex, and the tarsi are long and compressed instead of short and depressed. On'ing to the structure of the tibise it is here placed in Adiathetus, but it is highly desirable that the male be discovered and its true affinities defined. The only known specimen is Kirby's type in the British Museum. Genus HAMAXAS, Burr. Hamaxas, Burr, (07i) pp. 126 & 133. Chelisoches, Bor)n. (94) p. 393, (00-) p. 86 (pars). Type, Chdisoches fecc, Borm. Size small ; colour red, varied with black. Antennae with 19 segments ; third rather short, subconical ; fourth and fifth ovate, together equalling third ; tlie rest elongate, subconical. Head smooth, depressed, sutures obscure. Pronotum as broad as the head, a little longer than broad, subovate, not broadened posteriorly, all margins subconvex or rounded. Elytra and wings well developed ; the former with no costal carina. Legs short, very pubescent ; tibiae smooth above. Abdomen pubescent, depressecl, parallel-sided, lateral tubercles distinct ; last dorsal segment of c5' ample, of $ narrow. Pygidium of S and $ very small. Eorceps depressed, arcuate ; straight in the $ . lianye. Burma, Malay Archipelago, and New Zealand. l2 148 rOEFICULID^. This genus includes four species, all small in size and red or black in colour. It is well separated from Chelisoches by the smooth tibiae, ovate pronotum, and shorter antennoe. The only known Indian species is the type of the genus, H. fecf, Borm. 91. Hamaxas feae, Borm** (Fig. 88.) Chelisoches fete, Bormans, (94) p. 393, (00") p. 86; Burr, (99) p. 260 (02) p. 484 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 33. Hamaxas feae. Burr, (07') p. 134. Small; black, shading to orange; pubescent. Antennae with 19 segments, black with a pale ring before the apex. Head black, Pronotum black, the sides narrowly bordered with orange. Elytra ample and long, well rounded at the shoulders, very finely and densely punctulate, black. Wings of the same colour and texture as the elytra. Legs tawny orange ; tibiae smooth above. Abdomen dark red, shading to blackish. Last dorsal segment of S transverse, smooth, with a transverse oval depression near the posterior margin, rugulose ; in $ narrowed. Pygidium of S short, transverse, tumid, posterior margin sinuate, the angles pointed; in the $ scarcely visible. Forceps with branches reddish ; in the S remote at the base, slender, elongate, gently arcuate, with a short sharp tooth near the base ; in $ short, simple, straight, and contiguous. Length of body 8 mm. 7-9 mm. ., forceps .... 3*5-4-5 mm. 1-25-1-75 mm. Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v./xii. {Genoa Mus.). Also known from New Guinea, Xew Zealand, and Mentawei Is. Type in the Genoa Museum. This species may be recognized by the uniform black of the head, pronotum, elytra and wings, with rust-red body. It is only the distribution of the colours which separates the four species of the genus, and very likely it will be necessary to unite them into one. H. fece has a superticial likeness to Prorens melanocepJiahis, from which it differs in the form of the forceps, among other things. Subfamily XL ANECHURIN^. This group contains a number of sturdy mountain-loving earwigs, "with broad sternal plates, dilated abdomen, forceps remote at the base and often curiously curved and twisted. Most of the genera are confined to the Old "World (except Australia) but some aberrant forms occur in America. ALLODAHLIA. Tahh of Genera. 149 1. Elytra with a strong keel along the costal [p. 149. fold Allodahlia, Verh., 1.1. Elytra not keeled. 2. Second tarsal segment long, scarcely dilated ; (pronotum widened po.s- [p. 155. teriorly) IIomotages, Burr, 2.2. Second tarsal segment short, strongly dilated. 3. Elytra ovate ; penultimate ventral ^ [p. 157. segment of S gently rounded. . . . Pterygida, Verh., 3.3. Elytra parallel-sided ; penultimate [p. 159. ventral segment of S convex. . . . Anechura, Scudd., Genus ALLODAHLIA, VerK Allodahlia, Verhaf, (02') p. 194. Anechura, (partim) Scudder, (76) p. 289.— Ti/pe, Forficula hi- puuctata, Fabr. Type, Forficula scahriuscuh, Serv. Antenna with 13 segments ; the first stout, clubbed ; third sub- coiiical, shorter than the first; fourth and fifth shorter than third. Head with sutures distinct. Pronotum short, broader than long, truncate or concave anteriorly, rouuded posteriorly, often crescent- shaped. Elytra ample, broad, the shoulders prominent ; costal margin convex, with a strongly marked keel running the entire length of the elytra; surface of the elytra rough, granulose or punctulate. Wings generally prominent, sonielimes smooth, sometimes resembling the elytra in texture ; sternal plates broad and short. Legs long and slender. Abdomen depressed, dilated about the middle, and narrowed again at the apex ; lateral tubercles very distinct. Last dorsal segment of S very short and broad ; of $ narrowed. Pygidium of J short, transverse, tumid, often armed with a spine ;' of $ short, tumid. Forceps with the branches in the c? remote at the base, slender, elongate, often sinuate in the ventral plane and variously armed ; in the $ simple, straight, slender. liuwje. Oriental Kegion. This genus was erected by Verhoeff for Anediura hurjeli and hrachynota ; a separate subfamily was actually formed for its reception, which is not justifiable, as the keel of the elytra is the only true character which really distinguishes it from Anechura. AH the known species occur in India. Tahle of Species. 1. Elytra scabrous; pygidium of S with a _ [p. 150. spinule at each angle ; (all dull black) . . scabriusctda, Serv., 1.1. Elytra rugose, or coarsely or finely punctate ; pygidium of S with a single central spine. 150 rORFICULID.T. 2. Anterior margin of pronotumsubsinuous; tubercle at angle of last dorsal seg- ment of J prominent; all black or brown ; (entirely coarsely punctate ; [p. 151. forceps strongly undulating) ^naci-opycja. "VVestw., 2.2. Anterior margin of pronotum truncate ; tubercle at angle of last dorsal segment of ^ feeble ; colour black and red. 3. Elytra rugose ; abdomen punctulate ; forceps of S strongly diverging [p. 153. at base and undulated coriacea, Borm., 3.3. Elytra finely punctulate ; abdomen more finely punctulate ; forceps of c? horizontal and nearly straight . . ahrimcnies, Burr, p. 154, 92. Allodahlia scabriuscula, Serville. (Fig. 49.) Forficula scabriuscula, Serv. (39) p, 38 ; Scudd. (76) p. 317. Anechura scabriuscula, Borm. (88) p. 444, (94) p. 402, (00-) p. 103 , Sharp (95) p. 207, fig. 108; Burr, (00') p. 99, (00^) p. 52, (02) p. 486, (083) p. 118; Kirhy, (04) p. 41. Forficula brachvnota, Haan, (42) p. 243, pi. 23, fig. 10 ; Scudd, (76) p. 312; 'Dohrn, (65) p. 94 ; (nee Dubr. (79) p. 383). Allodahlia scabriuscula, Terh. (02') p. 194; Burr, (05) p. 28. Stature large, strongly built, legs aud forceps slender. Colour darl; dull blackish chestnut, glabrous, the whole body more or less scabrous. Antennae witli 12 or 13 segments, black, rather elongate. Head tumid, convex, punctulate, sutures very distinct, posterior margin sinuate. Pronotum transverse, anterior margin sinuate, anterior angles sharp and produced for\^ards, sides and posterior margin broadly rounded, sides slightly reflexed ; prozona uith five blunt longitudinal tubercles ; the Miiole disc densely punctulate. Elytra ample, strongly rounded at the shoulders, convex, posterior margin sinuate ; the exterior carina is very sharp and distinct, dying out just before the posterior margin ; the disc of the elytra is covered with a dense mass of small tubercles and a few scattered larger points, so that it is entirely rough and scabrous ; the lateral portion is densely rugose without the larger points. "Wings rugose and scabrous. Tarsi elongate, with dense reddish pub- escence beneath ; femora punctulate. Prosternuni somewhat attenuate posteriorly. Abdomen somewhat flattened, constricted at the base, dilated about the middle and attenuate apically ; the whole dorsal surface is densely and finely punctulate, the ventral surface still more finely ; lateral tubercles distinct, the posterior pair very strong ; segments six to nine somewhat convex at the sides ; in the $ the apical attenuation is stronger and more marked. Last dorsal segment of 6 short, transverse, slightly sloping ; posterior margin incrassate and slightly reflexed and smooth ; the exterior angles produced, the margin itself gently and obliquely truncate over the base of the forceps ; in the $ ALLODAHLIA. l^^ attenuate, hinder margin convex, angles obsolete. Pygidium of J short and transverse, posterior margin truncate, very obtuse, with a small blunt tubercle at each corner, terminating in a short sharp point; in the $ the pygidium is a short obtuse tubercle Forceps o£ d with the branches very remote at the base and trigonal there, not very stout, diverging strongly at the base itselt and almost immediately bowed inwards, elongate, slender and gradually converging ; the inner lower margin is finely denticulate near the base ; somewhat flattened, with a strong, rather long, sharp tooth on the inner margin about two-thirds from the base ; the apices are gently incurved ; in the $ subcontiguous, straight, slio-htly excavate at the base itself to admit the pygidium, quite straight and parallel for two-thirds of their length, then suddenly attenuate and very gently arcuate, the points crossing. Length of body H-U mm. 11-13 mm. „ forceps .... 8-15 „ ti-/ i» Bhutan: Maria Basti (Paris 31us.); Sikkim • Mungphu, Dunsiri Valley (Ind. iMus.) ; Darjihng (Brit. Jli.ts.) ; Afe^SAM : Sibsagar (Iml. Mus.); Burma: Kachin Hills, vni.-xu {Genoa Mus.f; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-4300 ft., v.-xu. (Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Thagata, iv. . Also recorded from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Southern China and Tonkin. Type in the Vienna Museum. _ , •,. i n This is an exceedingly well-marked species, owing to its dull black colour, strongly concave anterior margin of the prouotum, with its sharplv projecting angles, and the exceedingly coarse texture of the well-rounded elytra. It is moreover the only species in which the pygidium of the male has a minute spinule at each angle, instead of a strong spine in the middle. 93. AllodaWia macropyga, ^yestlvood* (Fig. 50.) Forficula macropvoa, Westwd. (39) p. 53, pi. 9, fig. 12 ; Dohrn, (6o) p. 93 ; 'S'cMriJ. (76) p. 315. Forficula hugeli, Dohrn,* (G5) f. Q2 ; Scudd. (/b) p. 314; Rirh;/, (04) p. 41.' Anechura hugeh, VerJi. (02^) p. 194. 445, (94) AllodahUa ancylura. Burr, ',070 P- 209 Anechura macropyga, Borm. (00^ p. 103; Eirhy, (04) p. 4i. Colour dark reddish browai. Antennae . , . ? Head convex smooth, black, sutures distinct. Pronotum transverse, about II times as broad as long, anterior margin subsinuate, the anterior an'^les slightly produced ; lateral margins somewhat incrassate, 152 rORFICULID^. subcouvex ; posterior margin slightly convex ; the sui-face is depressed and finely rugulose, the prozona not tumid, the median hne obsolete, with no impressions at the sides. Elytra dark reddish chestnut, not dilated, finely puuctulate, the carina ex- tending almost to the posterior margin, which is truncate. Wings resembling elytra in colour and texture, but more finely punctulate. Sternal plates smooth and black ; prosternum dis- tinctly narrowed posteriorly, the posterior border itself incrassate and bounded by a transverse impression. Legs fairly long ; femora and tibise with a few bristles, apical part of tibias and tarsi pubescent. Abdomen depressed, somewhat dilated towards the apex, with upper surface punctate ; lateral tubercles distinct ; ventral surface smoother and shining, punctation much finer. Last dorsal segment short and transverse, hinder margin thickened, with a slight and shallow emargination in the middle, so that the hinder border forms two very obtuse rounded lobes ; external angles produced outwards into a conical pointed fold. Pygidium short, obtuse, thick, conical, the apex being produced into a sharp and slender compressed spine. Forceps with the branches widely remote at the base, rather stout and compressed at the base itself, bent near the base slightly outwards and strongly upwards ; at a third of their length bent abruptly downwards as far as two-thirds ; then the under margin is thickened and ai'med with two strong teeth ; the apical third is again bent sharply upwards and the points also inwards ; seen from the side the branches are very strongly undulated; seen from above bowed outwards and then gently inwards. c? 2 Length of body 10-13 mm. 9-5 mm. „ forceps 5-6 „ 5 „ Thibet : Tsekon (Paris 21iis.) ; Punjab : Simla ; United Pbovinces : Bhim Tal in Kumaon, 4500 feet, ix., " feeding on the flowers of stinging nettles " (Lid. Mus., coll. Bun') ; Sikkim : Darjihng (Paris Mus., coll. Burr) ; Bhutan : Pedong (Paris 3Ius.) ; Assam : Nongpoh in Khasi Hills, 3000-5000 ft. (Pusa coll.) • Naga Hills (Tnd. litis.) ; Burma : Bhamo, iv., Teinzo, v., Karen-ni, Keba Distr., 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (Genoa j\his.); Tenasserim : Mt. Mulaiyit, 3300-6000 ft., v. (Genoa 3Ius.). Also occurs in China. Type in the University Museum, Oxford. Dohrn's type of A. ancijlura not having been examined, it is not possible to discriminate it from the earlier described A. macropyga of Westwood, but Dohrn's type is recorded from the Philippines and is therefore probably distinct. It is probable that de Bormans' Burmese specimens are referable to the true A. macropyga of "Westwood, whose type in the Oxford Museum has been lent to me, thanks to the courtesy of Professor Poulton, and compared ALLODAHLIA. 153 ■with Dohrn's type of A. liugeli in the Yieima Museum. Tliere is no doubt that de Bormans was right in sinking A. hugeli as a synonym of A. macrop;i(ja. The various Indian specimens which have been examinee! are not specifically distinguishable from Westwood's type, and so are all referred to A. macropyga. The sculpture of the body, the coarseness of the punctulation, the depth of the sutures of the head, and of the sulcus of the pro- notum all vary to a certain degree, but not enough to justify the separation into species. De Bormans records a variety from Burma in \^-hich the forceps are nearly horizontal, armed with a single tooth, and the wings are smooth and clear yellow. In the Paris Museum there is also a male of this variety from Bhutan. The anterior margin of the pronotum is far less strongly con- cave than in the preceding species, the colour deeper and richer, often with a greenish sheen, the elytra punctate and not sca- brous, and the pygidium with a strong central spine. From the two following species it differs in the absence of any red coloration, the punctate elytra, and concave anterior margin of the pronotum. The forceps seem to be peculiarly liable to malformation and ill-developed specimens are quite common. 94. AUodaWia coriacea, Bormans** (J^'^g- 51.) Anechura coriacea, Bormans, (Q^) p. 403, (00") p. 102, fig. 37 ; Burr, (001) p_ 99^ (0:2) p. 486 ; Kirhj, (04) p. 41. Foi'ficula brachynota, Dubromj, (79) p. 383 (nee Haaii, nee Dohrn). AUodahlia coriacea, Burr, (07^) p. 209. Size large ; stature not very robust. Colour dark chestnut, varying from all dull black to reddish black ; clear red in parts. Antennae black, sometimes with one or two segments pale yellowish, with stift', short bristles ; segments long and nearly cylindrical. Head clear brick-red, blackish red, or all black, tumid and convex, the sutures very distinct ; posterior margin sinuate. Pronotum reddish black, rectangular, somewhat broader than long, anterior margin truncate, anterior angles rather sharp ; lateral margins quite straight, gently reflexed, very slightly converging posteriorly, so that the pronotum is very slightly narrower pos- teriorly than anteriorly ; posterior margin very faintly convex ; prozona tumid, with an impressed spot on each side of the median line, which is visible as a faint carinula in the metazona; the metazona is flattened and coriaceous. Elytra ample and broad at the shoulders, dai'k reddisli black, often clear red at the shoulders ; humeral carina very distinct and continued to the posterior margin, which is truncate. Wings with punctulation almost obsolete, a:lmost smooth ; black with a yellowish spot at the apex. Legs long and slender; femora brick-red, smooth, with a black band at 154 FOEFICULID.I. the apex ; tibiae dark red, pubescent tow ards the apex ; tarsi long and slendei% reddish testaceous, with dense yellowish pubescence. Abdomen black, somewhat depressed, the whole surface densely and finely punctulate : lateral tubercles very distinct ; ventral surface almost smooth ; in tlie female slightly, in the male more strongly, dilated about the middle, narrower towards the apex. Last dorsal segment very short, transverse, strongly punctulate, sloping, the posterior border somewhat incrassate, reflex and convex in outline ; external angles thickened into a crest-like fold, rather acute. In the female this segment is attenuate and narrow, sloping, the posterior margin incrassate, but the external angles not produced. Pygidium of d" short, transverse and rect- angular, with a median longitudinal impression and somewhat tumid on each side, produced in the middle of the posterior margin into a short, compressed, protruding lobular fold ; in the 2 short and obtuse. Forceps with the branches in the (? very remote at the base ami trigonal there, not very stout, diverging at first and dii'ected upwards and outwards, then suddenly bent rather strongl}'- downwards, attenuate, slender, smooth and unarmed ; armed on the under surface, at about two-thirds from the base, with two teeth, the first short and blunt, the second longer and sharp ; then nearly horizontal and arched inwards ; in the 2 the branches are subcontiguous, excavate at the base on the inner margin to admit the pygidium, nearly straight, elongate, simple and unarmed, the apices crossing. 6 2 Length of body 12-14 mm. 14 mm. „ forceps 7 ,, 7 „ United Provinces : Bhim Tal, 4500 ft., in Kumaun, ix., " feeding on flowers of stinging nettles " (Ind. 3Lis.) ; Bhutan : Maria Basti {Paris Mus.) ; Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. {Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasserim : Mt. Mulaiyit {Brit. Mm.). Also occurs in Tonkin and Borneo. Type in Genoa Museum. This species resembles A. scahriuscida in general appearance, but the colour is quite different; the elytra are uniformly punctulated and coriaceous, and lack the little tubercles which characterize that species ; the elytra are also wider, the forceps less stout and less abruptly curved ; in A. scahrlusmla the forceps have one tooth, but in A. coriacea they have two. 95. Allodahlia ahrimanes, Burr.* (Fig. 98.) Anechura ahrimanes, Burr, (00^) p. 79, pi. iv, fig. 5 ; Kirby, (04) p. 41. Head deep red ; eyes black ; sutures indistinct ; antennae dark red (seven segments remain). Pronotum black, broader than the ALLODAIILIA. — HOMOTAGES. 155 head ; anterior margin straiglit, posterior margin rounded ; the sides parallel ; nearly quadrate, slightly hroader than long ; pro- zona tumid. Elytra broad, finely punctulated ; deep red, shaded with black towards the apex and the margins, obHquely truncate at the apex ; humeral carina distinct and complete. Wings prominent, black, with a yellow spot near the base. Legs deep red, the knees and tibiae darker or black ; tarsi darker. Abdomen deep dark red, somewhat dilated in the middle, narrowed towards the extremity; lateral tubercles black, very distinct; the whole abdomen is finely punctulate ; last dorsal segment transverse, hinder margin straight, with a faint median depression, a reddish blunt elevation over the insertion of the forceps and a small tubercle on the outside angles ; penultimate ventral segment of S ample, rounded. Pygidium of d strongly depressed, triangular ; two small pale obtuse lobes are visible below the apex of the pygidium, projecting beyond the border of the produced penul- timate segment, and visible from below. Torceps of 6 with the branches slender, long, remote at the base and tricarinate there, slightly diverging at first, then subsinuate until the apices meet and cross ; there is at the end of the first and second third of the total length a strong triangular depressed tooth ; the forceps are red at the base, darker towards the apex ; the inner margin of the basal third is finely creuulate. $ unknown. 6 Length of body 12-14-3 mui. „ forceps 9 ,, SiKKiM {coll. Bun-) ; Assam : Kurseong. Ty^je in the author's collection. This handsome species resembles the preceding in colour, but the elytra are more strongly shaded with red ; they are also finely punctulate and not rugose, and the forceps are nearly straight, horizontal, with two strong teeth which are not near each other. Genus HOMOTAGES, Burr. Honiotao:es, Burr, (09) p. 327. Anechura, Bormans (partiin). Type, Anechura few, Borm. Antennae with 15 segments (?), fourth subconical, more than half as long as third, which is subconical, the rest elongate, becoming cylindrical. Head smooth, sutures obsolete. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides straight and angles rounded, broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Elytra ample, not strongly rounded at the shoulders, smooth and with no keel. Wings ample, <