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{^_ THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

JT ^7 R O y INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

Published under the autsoeitt of the Seceetary of State foe India in Council.

edited by a. e. shipley, m.a., hon. d.sc, f.r.s.

D E R M A P T E R A

(EARWIGS).

BY

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA: I BOMBAY :

THACKER, SPINK, & CO. | THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

BERLIN : R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, U CARLSTRASSE.

1910.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR ANT) FRANCIS, RED LIOM COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

CONTENTS.

Page

Editor's Preface v

Author's Preface viij

Systematic List of Species xiii

Introduction ]

General 1

Structure 2

Determination of Species 10

Development H

Copulation 12

Oviposition 13

Ova 14

Habits 14

Food 17

Maternal Care 18

Geographical Distribution 19

Literature 26

Table of Families 31

ApachyidcB 31

Pygidicranidce 37

Labiduridce 67

Labiidcc HO

Forjicididce 129

Species of Uncertain Position 204

Appendices : —

A. On Collecting and Preserving Earwigs 207

B. List of Authors, and Abbreviations 208

C. Glossary 210

Index 213

Explanation of Plates.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

In this the first of the 'Fauna of British India' Series issued under my Editorship, I would wish to record my sense of the loss Science has sustained through the death of the late Lieutenant-Colonel C. T. Bingham, He succeeded Dr. Blanford, who initiated and edited the Series for more than twenty years, in 1905, and since that time devoted himself unremittingly to the task he then took up. His loss has been widely felt, especially amongst the workers in systematic Entomology : if I may quote his own words about his predecessor : — " To few, however, will that loss be personally so great as to those who under his direction were working for the Fauna of India series/'

During the year 1908 Colonel Bingham was engaged on his third and final volume on the Indian Butterflies. This, which was to have included the families Lycanidce and Hesperiidce, he left unfinished. I am happy to state that Mr. H. Druce has, with the sanction of the Secretary of State for India, undertaken to complete the work; but owing to the constantly increasing amount of material now available it will be necessary to devote a volume to each of these families.

At the time of Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham's death, volumes on the following Groups had been sanctioned by

VI EDITOR S PREFACE.

the Secretary of State for publication : — on the Cicindelida, PaussidcE, and a General Introduction to the Coleoptera, by Canon W. W. Fowler : on the Orthoptera, by Mr. W. F. Kirby : on the Dermaptera, by Mr. Malcolm Burr : on the Butterflies (third and last volume), by Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham : on the Curculionidce, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall : on the Cetoniidce and Dynastida, by Mr. G. Arrow : on the Ichneumonid(S, by Mr. Claude Morley : on Longicorn Beetles, by Mr. C. J. Gahan : and on the Bnprestidce, by Mr. E. P. Stebbing.

Since that date, sanction has been obtained for an Appendix to the volumes on the Rhynchota, by Mr. W. L. Distant. In addition to the two (3rd and 4th) volumes on Butterflies already mentioned, the Secretary of State for India has also sanctioned a half volume on the Blattida, by Mr. R. Shelford ; and a whole volume, instead of the half volume previously sanctioned, on the Acridiidce and Locustida, by Mr. Kirby. Further, approval has been given for a second volume on the Mollusca, by Lieutenant-Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen.

Although there are few better known insects in Europe than the common Earwig, the Dermaptera are said to be rare in most parts of the world. The Order, however, in warm and tropical regions is rich in species. Hence, although but two species are probably indigenous to our islands, the number described by Dr. Burr from India amounts to over one hundred and thirty.

In the present work Dr. Burr has adopted a new classifi- cation, and has incorporated in its pages the results of a series of systematic Papers which he has published during the last year or two. If we except some statements taken from de Bormans^ account of Earwigs from Burma, a very large proportion of this work is original. In the fifth volume of the ' Cambridge Natural History ' Dr. Sharp states: — "The classification of the earwigs is still in a rudimentary state " : I do not think I exaggerate when

EDITOR S PREFACE. vii

I say that Dr. Burr's work will cause the deletion of this senteuce if a new edition of Dr. Sharp's volume be called for.

I cannot let this volume appear without expressing mv gratitude to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall for much time spent in proof-reading, and for much help in other Editorial tasks.

A. E. SHIPLEY. October 1909.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The Earwigs form a compact, homogeneous and well-defined group of insects. Owing to a superficial resemblance to certain Staphylinida, Linnaeus included them in the Coleo- ptera, but de Geer placed them in his Order Dermaptera, which corresponded to the Orthoptera of Olivier, in the modern acceptance of the name. Kirby, in 1815, treated them as a distinct Order, restricting to them de Geer's name Dermaptera, which had been superseded by Olivier's word for the larger group. Authors were then divided into two camps, those in favour of considering the earwigs as an Order and those who preferred to regard them as a Family of the Orthoptera.

The actual name employed for the group of earwigs has varied still more. Erichson and Fischer called them Labi- duroidcB ; Latreille. Serville, and Scudder, Forficulidce ; Newman and Fischer von Waldheim, Forculina, followed at first by Burmeister, who later proposed Dermaptera in an amended form, Dermatoptera. Westwood invented the appropriate name Euplexoptera, and Fischer, Harmoptera ; Lrunner called them Forficularia, as a family of the Ortho- ptera ; Bolivar regards them as a section of the Orthoptera, under the name Dermaptera, with the single family Forfi- culidce. Dohrn, Redtenbacher, Krauss and Verhoeff follow Kirby, in giving them full ordinal rank, under de Geer's name Dermaptera; but de Bormans, in his monograph published in " Das Tierreich," treats them as a family, Forficulidce.

Our own inclination is to treat them as a distinct order.

AUTHOR S PREFACE. IX

with the name Dermaptera, sanctioned by much use^ rejecting the corrections suggested, such as Dermoptera by Agassiz and Dermatoptera by Burmeister.

No attempt had been made to subdivide earwigs into smaller gi-oups until this was done by Verhoeff (1902), who based his classification upon the genitalia. His system has the double disadvantage of being impracticable for ordinary purposes, and incomplete. Many of his characters are of doubtful value, and some of his Avork will probably never be accepted, while it is not free from inaccuracy, involved synonymy, and other drawbacks. It was, however, the first attempt to reject the empirical arrangement, with which de Bormans, for want of material, had been obliged to be content. As such it merits recognition and approbation.

The writer of this work has endeavoured to pick out those portions of Verhoeff's Avork which appear to him to be souna, to retain the best part of de Bormans' system, to add a considerable amount of new material and original observa- tion and to produce a harmonious whole. The result of this attempt is set forth in the following pages.

Families and subfamilies were first established by Verhoeff, but his definitions are not always retained, and his separation of the Apachjidxe into a suborder under the name Para- dermaptera is rejected. Only five families are retained, each divided into a varying number of subfamilies. A careful study of the characterisation of these groups is essential to the understanding of the Dermaptera as a whole; the main outline of this new classification is presented in the synoptical table of families on page 31.

The author is engaged at the same time upon a general revision and Monograph of the Earwigs of the world, and the system put forward in the following pages is that which he has so far adopted in his manuscript of the larger work.

It is unnecessary to add with what pleasure criticism and suggestions will be received. Above all, fresh material is most urgently required, in order that a solution may be obtained for the still remaining problems.

X AUTHOR S PREFACE,

In order to be cousistent in the use of the word " type " the author lias uniformly followed the principle that one individual specimen, and one only, can be the type of a species.

For instance, of Forficula sjostedti, Burr, an African species, the author has examined nearly 500 specimens. Now, it is posssible that in future generations, some entomologist, with great local knowledge, may decide that this number included two distinct forms ; consequently, if every one of these 500 specimens were labelled '' Type ^' and these "types" were scattered through the collections and museums of the world, it would have been impossible to decide which was the true Forficula sjostedti.

Again, some of de Bormans' species were based on material partly in the Genoa and partly in the Vienna Museum. Each Museum claims to possess the type. Every specimen, in both collections, in many instances, is labelled " type.'^ In such a case the author has endeavoured to identify the actual individual on which the description was based, or the first specimen named, and for him that has been the type.

All the others are syntypes, which have nearly, but not quite, the same value for purposes of identification. The 499 remaining specimens of Forficula sjostedti, for instance, are syntypes.

A further term is paratype, which is applied to a specimen which has been identified authoritatively by comparison with a true type.

A paratype has therefore a little less value than a syntype, and a syntype than the type, of a species.

In the systematic part of this work, an asterisk indicates that the type has been examined by the author, two asterisks denoting a syntype.

The material for this work has been derived from the following sources : —

I. The results of Leonardo Fea's travels in Burma ; the collections are in the Civic Museum of Genoa ;. they have been reported on by de Bormans (88) and (94).

AUTHOR S PREFACE. XI

II. A few species taken in Trichinopoli, near Kodai- kanal, enumerated by Bolivar (97), in which paper de Bormans describes some new species. III. Scattered references to Indian localities in general works upon Orthoptera, or on Dermaptera, such as Gue'rin (38), Dohrn (63-67), de Bormans (83) and (00), Diibrony (79), VVestwood (39), and so on. IV. Material in the collections of the Museums of Brussels, Budapest and Paris, reported on by Burr (00), (02), (07^), (08^) and (OS^- V. Material in the Oxford University INluseum ; no account of this collection has yet been published, but the material has been kindly lent to the author by Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S. VI. A paper on the Earwigs of Ceylon, by Burr (01), based chiefly on material collected by Mr. E. Ernest Green, Government Entomologist, at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. VII. Material in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, mostly taken by Dr. Nelson Annandale, and published by Burr (05*), (06') and (07-), including some com- municated by Mr. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial Entomologist at Pusa, Bengal. VIII. Material specially collected for the purpose of this work, and communicated to the author, by Mr. T. B. Fletcher, formerly of H.M.S. ' Sealark,' quartered at Ceylon, and by Dr. A. Willey, of Colombo. IX. Material from various sources contained in the author's collection and in the collection of Mon- sieur Henri Gadeau de Kerville, of Rouen, who has very obligingly placed his specimens very freely at the author's disposition. But for the efforts of the gentlemen named above, the number of species and localities in the following work would have been reduced by about half. The author takes this opportunity of repeating his thanks for their valuable and enthusiastic help.

Xll AUTHOR S PREFACE.

It will be observed in the list of species ou p. 23, that a large proportion of types have been examined and it has been attempted to show where all the types are at present preserved. This has been possible in almost all cases where species have been recently described, but the older authors did not specify their types with the accuracy which is now considered necessary. Consequently it has not always been possible to state where the types are in the case of such authors as Serville, Dohrn, &c. In describing a new species the latter author often noted that his material was based on specimens in several collections ; all his original specimens are syntypes, but it is impossible to determine which individual is the type. In such instances, the where- abouts of the syntypes has been noted. It has been assumed that Dohrn's own specimens are still preserved at Stettin, but this is the only important collection of earwigs which has not been placed at the disposal of the author.

The author gladly takes this opportunity of recording his gratitude to Dr. Shipley, the most courteous of editors, and especially to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, whose laborious and careful proof-reading has placed him under a deep sense of obligation.

The plates and figures in the text have been drawn by Mr. Edwin AVilson, with the exception of several figures (75, 76, 79 & 90) which are by Mr. Horace Knight. No work upon this group of insects has yet enjoyed such accurate and abundant illustration.

MALCOLM BURR.

Eastry, Kent. July 6th, 1009.

SYTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES.

DEEMAPTEEA.'

Family I. Apachyidae.

Genus 1. Apachyus, Serv.

1. A. feci', Bonn.

2. A.jxtscoei, Kirby.

Genus 2. Dendroiketes, Burr.

1 1. Z>. corticinus, Burr.

Family II. Pygidicranidae.

Subfamily 1 . Diplaty in ce.

Genus 1. Diplatts, Serv.

tl. -0. fjladiator, Burr.

t2. D. falcatiis, Burr.

t3. D. lefroyi, Burr.

+ 4. D. aufj/ustatus, Burr.

5. D. hormansi, Burr.

6. D. gerstceckeri, Dohrn.

1 7. D. erncsti. Burr.

1 8. D. siva, Burr. 9. D. greeni, Burr.

10. D. rufescens, Kirby. til. D.Jletchen,Bnvr. 12. D. liheratus. Burr.

Subfamily 2. P y r/ i die r a n i n cf.

■ Genus 1. Pygidicrana, Serv. 1. P.picfa, Guer. t 2. P. valida, Dohrn.

3. P. 2icillidipennis, Haan.

4. P. en'hnia, Dohrn.

5. P. marmoricrura, Serv.

6. P. siamensis, Dohrn.

1 Species marked with a dagger (t) are not represented in the National Collection.

LIST OF SPECIES,

Genue 2. Diceana, Burr.

1 . D. halUpyga, Dohrn.

Genus 3. Cranopxgia, Burr.

1. C. cwningi, Dohrn.

2. C. 7iietneri, Dohrn.

Genus 4. Piceania, Burr.

1. P. angusiata, Dohrn.

Genus 5. Pyge, Burr.

1. P. modexta, Borm.

2. P. o^hthahiiica, Dohrn.

Family III. Lahiduridae.

Subfamily 1 . Palicina;.

Genus 1. Palex, Burr.

fl. P. sparattoides, Borm.

Subfamily 2. Ec hi no so m at in ce.

Genus 1. Echinosoma, Serv.

1. E. sumatraman, Haan. t2. E. parvidum,J)ohxn.

Subfamily 3. Psal i n ce.

Genus 1. Psalis, Serv.

1. P. femora? /s, Dohrn.

2. P. dohrni, Kirby. t3. P. lefroyi, Burr. 1 4. P. castetsi, Borm.

Genus 2. Labidurodes, Dubr.

1 1. L. robusttis, Dubr.

Genus 3. Gonolabis, Burr.

1 1, G. electa, Burr.

Genus 4. Anisolabis, Pieb.

1. A. colossea, Dohrn.

2. A. maritima, Bou. t 3. J.. litdagcB, Burr.

4. A. annidipes, Luc.

5. A. dubronii, Kirby. to. A. gaudens, Burr.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Genus 5. Bokellia, Burr.

1. B. greeni, Burr.

2, B. stali, Dohrn. t3. B. annandalei, Burr.

Subfamily 4. L ah id u r i n cb.

Genus 1. Forcipula, Bol.

tl. F. decolyi, Borm.

2. F. trispinosa, Dohrn.

3. F. pugnax, Kirby.

4. F. quadrispinosa, Dohrn. 1 5. F. lurida, Bol.

Genus 2. Labidura, Leach.

f 1. L. 7iepalensis, Burr.

2. L. lividipes, Dufour.

3. L. benc/alensis, Dohrn.

4. L. riparia. Pall.

Subfamily 5. P a r i sol ah i n ce.

Genus 1. Pseudisolabis, Burr.

1 1. P. hurri, Bor. t 2. P. tenera, Burr.

Subfamil}^ 6. Brack y I ah i nee.

Genus 1, Nannisolabis, Burr.

fl. N. p}iiletas,~Quvv. t2. N. luilleyi, Burr.

Genus 2. Metisolabis, Burr.

1 1. M. hifoveolata , Bol. 2. M. caudelli, Burr.

Genus 3. Ctexisolabis, Verb.

1 1. Ct. fletcluri. Burr.

Family IV. Labiidae.

Subfamily 1. Lahiince.

Genus 1. Spongiphora, Serv.

1. /Sj»). lutea, Borm.

2. Si), ni/idipennis, Borm.

3. Sp. semijlava, Borm.

LIST or SPECIES.

Genus 2. Eeotesis, Burr.

1. E. deaj)iens, Kirby. Genus 3. Labia, Leach.

1. L, nigrella, Dubr.

2. L. luzonica, Dohru.

3. L. ciirvicauda, Motseli.

4. L. mucronata, tStal.

5. L. pilicornis, Motsch.

6. L. ]iygidiata, Dubr.

7. L. ridens, Bonn.

8. L. arachidis, Yers.

Genus 4. Platylabia, Dohru.

1. P. major, Dohrn.

2. P. gestroi, Dubr.

3. P. thoracica, Dohrn.

4. P. nigriceps, Kirbj.

Genus 5. Sphingolabis, Borm. 1. S. fecv, Borm.

Faniily V. Forficulidae.

Subfamily 1. C h eliso chince.

Genus]. Chelisochella, Verb.

1. Ch. siiperha, Dohrn.

Genus 2. Exipjfus, Burr.

1. Ex. jjulchri2)ennis, ^ovm.

Genus 3. Chelisoches, Scudd. 1. Ch. morio, Fabr.

Genus 4. Peoreus, Burr,

1. P. simidans, Stal.

2. P. melanocejjhalus, Dohrn.

3. P. ritsemcf, Borm.

Genus .5. Solenosoma, Burr.

t 1. «S'. birmanum, Bonn.

Genus 6. Adiathetus, Burr.

] . A. slielfordi. Burr. t 2, A. dravidius, Burr.

3. A. cjlaucoptervs, Borm. t 4. A. nigrocastaneKS, Burr.

5. A. tenebrator, Ivirby.

Genus 7. Hamaxas, Burr.

1. H. fece, Borm.

LIST OF SPF.CIES.

Subfamily 2. A nee h n r i n cf.

Genus 1. Allodahlia, Verb.

1. A. scabriusculus, Serv.

2. A. macTopygus^ Westw

3. A. coriacea, Bonn.

4. A. ahrimanes, Burr.

Genus 2. Homotages, Burr. 1. H. fece, Borm.

Genus 'S. Pterygida, Verb.

1. P. circulata, Dobrn.

Genus 4. Anechura, Scudd,

fl. ^. calciatii, Bor.

2. A. zuJ>ovsk{i, Sem.

SubFainily 3. Fo r fi ciil i n </-. Genus 1. Elaunon, Burr.

1. E. hipartitus^ Kirby.

Geiuis 2. FoRFicTJLA, Linn.

1 1. F. schhigintweiti. Burr. t 2. F. mogul, Burr. t3. F. beehehuh, Burr. t 4. F. aceris, Burr.

5. F. ornata, Borm. t 6. F. greeni, Burr.

t 7. F. amlngua, Burr. 8. F. lucasi, Dohrn. t 9. F. celeris. Burr. 1 10. F. interrogans, Burr. 11. F. 2yl((nicollis, Kirhy.

Subfamily 4. O^j isthocosmi i n ce.

Genus 1. SoxDAX, Burr.

fl. /S. repens, Burr.

Genus 2. Epbohrnia, Burr.

1. E. metallicd, Dobrn.

(Jeiuis 3. Emboros, Burr.

t I. E. dubius, Borm.

Genus 4. Liparura, Burr.

1 1. E. punctata, Burr.

Genus 5. Obelura, Burr.

tl. 0. asiatica, Borm.

1 2. 0. taimiJ, Burr.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Genus 6. Cordax, Burr.

1. C. armatus, Haan.

2. C. ceylonicns, Motscli.

Genus 7. Htpurgus, Burr.

1. H. humeralis, Kirby. ti. H. simplex, Borm.

Genus 8. Eparchus, Burr.

■\1. E. dux, Bonn.

2. E. msignis, Haan.

3. E. tenellus, Haan.

Genus 9. Timomenus, Burr.

1 1. T. oannes, Burr. ■f 2. T. (xscidaplvs, Burr. t3. T. nevilli. Burr.

4. T. lugens, Bonn.

Genus 10. Syntonus, Burr.

1. »S'. neolohoj)h oroides, Burr,

Genus 11. Kosmetor, Burr,

t ] . K. temora, Burr. t 2. K. hrahma, Burr. t3. K. vlshnn, Burr.

Genus 12. Lipodes, Burr.

fl. L. vivax, Burr.

Species of Uncei'tain Position.

Forficnla ? pnlchripes, Borm. Forficnla ? rwr/nJensia, Dolirn.

Suminari/.

Subfamilies. Genera. Species.

Apachyidae 1 2 3

Pygidicranidae 2 0 24

Labiduridae 6 13 34

Labiidae 1 5 17

ForficulidEe 4 25 55

Total.. 14 51 133-1-2 uncertain.

DEEMAPTERA,

The literature dealing with tlie Dermapterous Pauna of British India IS not very extensive. In general books upon Dermaptera and Orthoptera there are occasional references to Indian species and Indian localities, such as may be found in the M'orks of berville, Do hrn, and de Bormans. The first paper deahnj? ex- dusive ly with Indian Earwigs was de Bornians' ' first account of the collections uiade by Leonardo Tea in Bui-ma, pu Wished in the Annah del Museo Civico di Genova ' in 1888, followed six years later by his second paper (1894), in which he incorporated the first, and added a number of species, many of which Mere new In 1897 Bolivar described an extensive collection of Orthoptera from Trichmopoli, in which several species of earxviffs are recorded, three being new. ^

But these works, valuable as they are, give little assistance for the determination of species. The first paper which enabled an entomologist m India to determine the species was the account of the earwigs of Ceylon by the author of the present work, published m the ' Transactions of the Bombay Natural History bociety'm 1902 based almost entirely upon material obtained

lu cf- \'T'^ ^' ^'''^"- '^^''' P^^Pe^' however, dealt only with Singhalese species, and is now out of date. In 1905 the present writer published a first list of the earwigs in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, followed in 1906 and 1907 by two more, chiefly based on material obtained by Dr. Nelson Annandale. These three papers, however, contain little beyond hsts of names and localities, and are of no use for purposes of Klentilieation, except where new species are described.

In these circumstances it is evident that there is a real need for a work by the help of which entomologists in India may be able to determine such collections of earwigs as they may make It IS hoped that by its means collectors in India may be encourao-ed to take an interest in a group of insects which is by no means Jacking m fascination, and which has the undeniable advantage of being so neg ected that it offers scope and encouragement to all students. The need of such a work is further made evident by the following pages, in which it will be noticed there are frequent appeals for further material, and there remain still several species the exact position of which is doubtful. This is especially the

1 Full references to these works are giyen iu the Bibliography on p. 26.

2 INTEODUCTIOIS'.

case where single females have been described, since, without an examination of the male, it is impossible accurately to determine the aiRuities of a species of earwig. It is also encouraging to collectors to know that species new to science are being con- tinually discovered. Hardly a collection, however small, is sent to England for determination that does not contain one or more undescribed species.

It is to be especially hoped that entomologists in the field, having now a means of naming their specimens, will be induced to observe the bionomics — the true Natural History — of Earwigs. There remains a very great deal to be done that may be easily accomplished by a careful observer, even if he makes no claim to be a systematist or a specialist. The interesting notes of Dr. Annandale, in these pages, and, above all, the classic ob- servations of Mr. Green on DipJatys, are encouraging examples of this. As instances of work that may be well carried out in India, the following lines of research are suggested : — The post- embryonic development of Apachyvs and Pygidicrana compared with Diplatys; the variation of the allied species of Forficida', the semi-aquatic habits of Forciptda ; the elucidation of the numerous and subtle species of Diplatys ; the vertical distribution of the mountain-loving forms, such as Allodalilia, EndoJirnia, &c., and why these have deeply tinted wings ; the discovery of the males of those species of which only the females are known : earwigs are frequently accused of damaging flowers by devourg the petals ; has this been proved ? Probably they are omnivorous ; they are known to be largely carnivorous ; are they entirely so ? These and many other problems await solution.

Str7(cture.

The Jiead is more or less heart-shaped, varying from almost triangular to pentagonal ; the posterior margin is generally trun- cate, but sometimes emarginate in the middle. The head is divided dorsally by a transverse sritnre between the eyes into the frons or anterior portion, and the occijmt or posterior portion, the latter being divided by a median suture which runs from the middle of the ti-ansverse suture to tlie posterior margin of the head. In some earwigs the head is smooth and tumid, so that the sutures are scarcely discernible ; in others the sutures are profoundly marked and very distinct. The form of the head offers useful specific characters in the genus Di^datys, where the frons is often tumid and the occiput depressed, while an oblique keel runs from the eyes to the posterior margin of the head, but these characters are scarcely developed in the females. The mouth-parts offer practically no characters of any value to the systematist. The eyes are large and prominent in Diplatys and some Brachylahina', but are generally small, and ocelli are not present.

INTRODUCTION.

The antemm ofPer very valuable and important characters both generic and specific; the number of segments may be as few as ten or as great as fifty. The first or basal segment is relatively large generally clubbed at the apex ; in Eudohrnia this segment has two distinct keels. The second segment is invariably minute andcyhndrical; the third is of very variable length and form being cyhndncal ovate, or clubbed; the fourth segment is usua ly_ minute, shorter than the third and generally more simple in shape; it is sometimes barely half as long as the third but occasionally equals it or even slightly exceeds it in length.' Ihe fifth segment resembles the fourth, bnt is always a little longer ; the rest of the segments are each a httle longer than the preceding one ; sometimes the fifth equals the length of the third but when it falls short the sixth is the first to equal the third. _ The relative length of the third, fourth, and fifth segments is one of the characters most valuable to the Derm- apterist. The segments may be absolutely cylindrical, in which case they are usually very slender; more or less ovate or spindle- shaped, subcorneal or clavate, or sometimes decidedly conical in which case the apex of the cone is invariably directed basally' * e backwards towards the head. Sometimes "the segments are globular, and no_ longer than broad, and as a rule th? fewer the segments the thicker they are and the more removed from cyhn- dncal. In Mnnisolahis phihtas. Burr, there are only nine segments, but in Apaclujmfece, Borm., there are nearly fiftv

ihe thorax consists of three segments, t\xQ pro-, meso- and meta- tJiorax, each covered by a dorsal sclerite, the pro-, meso- and meta- notum respectively. The pronotum is a flat disc of very varied shape ; it is as a rule more or less quadrangular • the' hinder margin IS generally more or less rounded in winged forms, or at least the hinder angles are rounded; in the wingless forms the hinder margin is usually truncate; the anterior margin ia usually truncate, but occasionally narrowed and produced Tnto a kind of neck. The pronotum is sometimes oval, or almost circular. Very useful characters are afforded by the diflferent shapes of this plate : the anterior portion or prozona is generally more or less tumid, while the posterior portion or metazona is as a rue flattened. There is often a more or less distinct median sulcidus or furrow, which may pass into a faint ridge or keel eathrde '° ^^'^ ^"""'""^ ^^^""^ '' frequently an impression on

.i,'''^u-?r''f'*"' ^^''"®' *^'® ^^•^^^^'-'^ ^^'^^^ these are present, and is thus hidden from view ; in apterous forms it is visible as a short transverse plate ; in the Brachjlahince it is often furnished on each side with an obhque tumid ridge or keel.

The metanotum carries the functional wings when these are present; in apterous forms it is visible as a transverse segment with the anterior margin straight, but the posterior margin shiuate or roundly emarginate.

b2

4 INTBODUCTION.

The corresponding ventral plates form the pro-, meso- and metasUrna.

The prosternum is a longitudinal plate, generally more or less parallel-sided, with a ccmstriction near the base, but occasionally angustate or narrowed posteriorly ; this constriction admits the insertion of the anterior pair of legs.

The mesosternmn is a plate of irregular outline, usually about as broad as long, with sinuate sides to admit the middle pair of legs ; the hinder margin extends somewhat beyond the middle coxae, and is truncate, or more or less rounded ; the relative width of this intercoxal portion is the expression of the breadth or slenderness of the insect.

Wings.

Glandular folds or stink-glands.

Abdomen. •-'

First tarsal segment. '

Second tarsal segment. ''

T hird tarsal segment. --

Pulvillus. --

Claws. -

Antenna. Frons.

Frontal suture. Occiput. Median suture.

Prozona.

Suture.

Metazona.

Shoulder.

Scutellum.

Sutural margin.

Costal margin.

Posterior margin.

Posterior femur.

Posterior tibia.

Posterior tarsus.

Last dorsal segment. Pygidium.

Forceps.

Fig. 1. — Diagram of dorsal aspect of an Earwig.

The metasternum is of the same general shape as the meso- sternum, but is larger, in order to carry the hinder or largest pair of legs ; its maximum breadth is in the anterior portion, and it is strongly narrowed behind by the emargination of the sides so that the posterior portion forms a relatively narrow lobe which generally extends beyond the coxae ; the shape of this lobe affords useful characters : its posterior margin may be truncate, sinuate

INTRODUCTION. O

or rounded, and its breadth may be relatively great or the contrary ; the amount of the extension beyond the coxae varies in different genera.

The elytra are totally absent in Anisolabis, the Brachylabime, and certain other genera not occurring in India. In the normal development they are more or less rectangular, veinless, chitinous flaps. They are attached to the mesonotum, and in repose lie in a horizontal position over the dorsal surface of the insect, the sutural margins of the two elytra being contiguous and conse- quently forming a median suture. They are divided into a broad

sternal plates.

. Penultimate ventral segment.

Pygidium.

Fig. 1 a. — Diagram of ventral aspect of au Earwig.

dorsal area or disc, and a narrow costal portion, which, in repose, assumes a vertical position along the Hanks of the thorax. These two portions are sharply separated from each other by a distinct keel in Lahidura, Forcijnda, AUodahlia and some other genera ; but as a rule there is no sharp line of demarcation, the areas passing gradually into each other. In a good many genera the shoulders of the elytra are rather prominent, rounded and pro- jecting beyond the sides of the pronotum, but when the wings are

6 INTEODUCTION.

ill-developed or absent this shoulder is not developed, and the sides of the pronotum form a continuous line with those of the elytra. In normally winged forms the axillary portion of the elytra is as a rule rectangular, so that in repose the sutural margins are in contact from base to apex ; but in feebly winged or apterous forms the axillary angle may be rounded, so that a small portion of the mesonotum is exposed at the base of the suture, even when these organs are in repose : this portion of the mesonotum is in such cases hardened by exposure, and is termed the scutellum. As a rule, in fully Avinged forms the pronotum extends backwards over the base of the elytra and prevents the exposure of any scutellum ; but in Apaehijus, Diplatys, and the Pygldicranince the axillary augle is rounded off so that the elytra are oval rather than rectangular, and at the same time the pronotum is not produced backwards and cousequeutly the scutellum is prominent. The disc of the elytra is always fiat, and it is the disc which is implied when the ehjtra is used in description without qualification. The small vertical costal area is sometimes of a different colour. The elytra may be rectangular and so parallel in repose, as is usually the case, or they may be dilated and convex, broad at the shoulders and narrowing posteriorly as in Hi/jnirgus, Pterijf/iila, andiAUodahlia. In Apacliyus and Diplatys the distinction between the disc and costal area is weak and the whole elytra lie flat upon the thor'ax. The apex of the elytra is truncate in hemiapterous forms, generally sinuate in winged forms, or obliquely truncate.

When rudimentary, the elytra are very much shortened ; they may be mere lateral flaps on the sides of the mesonotum (BorelUa), or they may still be sufficiently large to meet at the median suture in the apical portion (Obelura, Lijjcirura) ; the weakening of the axillary augle and consequent exposure of a scutellum is the first step towards abbreviation. The elytra may be perfectly smooth {Forficida, &c.), or granulose (AUodaJdia), or clad with short, obtuse bristles (Echimsoma), or punctulate (certain species of Forcipida).

The 7iind wlnqs are often entirely absent (Anisolahis and Brachylabince) ; when perfectly developed (which is the rule) they are semicircular in shape, very ample and membranous ; the basal half of the costal margin is hardened into a leathery scale which protrudes from beneath the elytra in repose, and it is this scale \\'hich is meant when the word " wing " is used without quahfica- tion. From the apex of this scale the wing-veins radiate, and when the wings are closed they shut up fanwise about this point ; they are then folded transversely at right angles to the first line of folding and so tucked away under the scale that they are entirely hidden when in repose. In Apachyus and Diplatys, however, the membranous folds are visible along the suture during repose. The basal margins of the squamce, or hardened scales, are in contact M-hen in repose, and thus form the continuation of the suture of the elytra. The wings are frequently abbreviated, and it is

INTEODTJCTIOX, 7

common to find wings well developed or abbreviated in one and the same species {Labia spp., &c,). In addition to the fan-like radiating veins mentioned there is a curved transverse vein, the radial vein, which runs the length of the wing and remains at a more or less constant distance from tlie axillary or anal margin of the wing.

The wings are exceedingly delicate, and their unfolding is a matter of great difficulty. In fresh or highly relaxed specimens they may be teased open with a line pair of forceps and a camel's- hair brush ; a glass tube, drawn out to a capillary point, is useful to blow them gently out ; but considerable practice is required before they can be expanded without tearing. This operation, however, is by no means necessary, as the wings are scarcely ever referred to for distinctive characters, and there appears to be little diversity in the venation.

The legs offer very useful characters. The femora are generally rather compressed, but they are decidedly thickened in Timomenvs. They are strongly compressed in the Pygidicranicke and furnished with little keels. The tihioi are gently curved as a rule and compressed ; the upper margin at the extreme apex is flattened and rather hollowed; in Ex>/pnus, Chelisoches and the allied genera, this character takes the form of a well-marked furrow or sulcus, which extends for one-third or one-half the length of the tibia. The tarsi ha\e three segments : in Apachyus the first segment is much shorter than the third, but as a rule the first segment is longer than the other two united. The second segment is invariably the shortest ; in Lahia it is very minute ; the greatest length is attained in the Bracliylabina; ; as a rule it is cylindrical, like the other segments (Labidurido', Labiidce, &c.), but in the Chclisoclunm it is produced into a long narrow lobe under the third segment; in the other Forjiculidce it is broadened and dilated into a heart-shaped lobe. The third segment is usually about half as long as the first, and generally cyhndrical ; it is rather short and broad in the Chelisocldnai. The tarsi are depressed. In Diplatys and some other genera there is a indvUlus or pad between the claws of the tarsi, but this shrivels up so much in drying that it it is not of great value as a character. The third segment is armed with a pair of claws. The tarsi are generally strongly pubescent and furnished with long stiff' bristles. The legs are long and slender in the Opisthocosmiinai and in some genera of the Chelisochina;, but as a rule they are relatively short. The hinder pair are always longer than the middle, and the middle than the anterior pair.

The abdomen is the most prominent part of an earwig. It is elongate, and in bulk equal to the whole of the rest of tlie insect. In Solenosoma it is almost perfectly cylindrical ; in many Opisilio- cosmiincB it is spindle-shaped, that is, thickest in the middle, but convex, with an almost circular cross-section ; in Diplatys and Pygidicrana it is also convex, but narrowest in the middle (in the male); the commonest form of the abdomen is more or less

8 INTRODUCTIOIf.

depressed, with a transverse elliptical cross-section ; the sides- may be parallel (Labidwa, Elaunon), or gently dilated about the middle {Anisolahis and certain species of Forjicula) ; in the Apacliyklce and in Platylabia the body is remarkably depressed, being as flat as cardboard. In tlie female the abdomen almost in- variably tapers somewhat towards the hinder end. There are in all ten segments ; excluding the last, there are nine, but in the female- only seven are visible, as the eighth and the ninth are aborted and reduced to mere specks of chitin which can only be detected upon dissection.

In Forcijmla the sides of certain segments are furnished with ridges, keels or long spines ; in certain species of Psalince the sides of the segments are produced posteriorly to a more or less acute angle and are generally striated or furrowed. This struc- ture affords useful specific characters. In Eparchus the sides of the abdomen are studded with a series of knobs or tubercles. In the Lahidtirince the posterior margins of the segments are milled. All these structures are almost or entirely undeveloped in the females. In many genera, as in the Forjiculidie, the Labiidce, and others,, the second and third abdominal segments have at the sides tubercular folds in the integument, which are stink-glands. The segments are closely imbricated into each other ; when the abdomen is distended, the membrane holding the chitinous plates together may be seen with the minute perforation of the tracheal pores. The texture of the chitin varies from smooth to granular. The ventral surface is flat, and generally smoother and paler than the dorsal surface.

The last dorsal plate, or sdcrite, is large and ample, and as it presents a great variety of form and of armature it offers valuable discriminative characters ; it is invariably more simple and almost always narrower in the female than in the male.

The ■penidtimate ventral sderite is very large, so that the last ventral sderite is almost or entirely hidden ; w hen disclosed by the removal of the penultimate it is shown to be separated into two portions by a median fissure so as to permit the passage of the fseces and the reproductive cells. The outline of the penulti- mate segment is usually slightly different in the two sexes and offers useful generic and specific characters.

The pygidium is a chitinous organ existing between the roots of the forceps and the edges of the apical abdominal segments ; it is sometimes hidden, but is as frequently protruded. It assumes a great variety of shapes in both sexes, thus offering very useful specific characters.

In the Apadiyidce the last abdominal segment is produced without any apparent suture or joint into a depressed lobe termed the anal process ; as it appears to be a mere extension of the anal segment, it is probably not homologous with the pygidium, which is a distinct organ.

The forcejys are the most characteristic organs of earwigs. They consist of a pair of more or less elongate, hard unsegmented

INTRODUCTION".

chitmoiig processes, rooted into the last abdominal segment, which IS enlarged in order to accommodate the powerful muscles whieli work these organs. The forceps present a great diversity of form : they may be remote or contiguous at the base ; thev may be long and slender, or stout and conical ; they may have a round or a trigonal cross-section ; they are invariably more or less attenuate towards the apex and almost always slightly hooked at the points themselves ; they may be strongly depressed and dilated near the base (Forficuln), or slender and almost cylindrical (Kos77ietor), or conical (Fsalis), very elongate (EudoJirnia), arcuate {Pterygida), asymmetrically bowed (Anisolabis, BoreUia), undulate m a vertical plane {Anechum, AUodaJiIia), armed with diversified teeth {E2X(n'hits)- in both sexes of Apachyus they are curved, siclde-shaped_ hooks. In the female they are almost invariably simpler than in the male, being as a rule straight and unarmed'; but in certain species of the CheUsocJihue the female has forceps as highly organized as those of the male, though very different from them, so that they have sometimes been described as male specimens.

As a rule a given type of forceps will be found to characterize a group of species, a genus, or a group of genera, but it is far from rare to find very different forceps in closely allied species. The forceps vary in different degrees within certain limits, aud a very slight actual difference will often alter the superficial appearance of a specimen to a remarkable extent. Care must be taken in drawing deductions from the form of the forceps ; the remarks upon these organs under the heading "Variation" should be studied. The development of the forceps presents phenomena of great interest which throw light upon the phylogeny of the Dermaptera; these are referred to in the article upon the development of Dijilat'/s.

The forceps are subject to malformations due to wounds and mutilations, and also to deficient nourishment. It is common to find a male earwig in which one branch of the forceps is formed as in the female ; such cases are frequently recorded as hermaphrodites, but whenever the full complement of nine seg- ments occurs together with one male branch, it is more probable that these are not gynandromorphic specimens, but merely that one branch has been unable to attain full development. Since the specialization (armature &c.) of the forceps is purely a sexual character, it is probable that the simple forceps of the female represent the more primitive form, to which there would be a natural tendency to revert.

Cases undoubtedly due to traumatism are shown where an immature specimen has one branch of the forceps pronged : this is evidently caused by an attempt at reproduction of lost parts caused by an injury to the immature forceps. Cases where the forceps have the full complement of teeth but are misshapen or distorted are probably caused by an injury received when the insect has freshly emerged from the nymphal skin and is conse- quently soft and tendei-.

10 INTEODUCTION.

Determination of Species.

In attempting to determine the species of an earwig, until experience has taught the distinction of the leading groups, the Table of Families on p, 31 should first be consulted. The species of the ApacJiyidie are so distinctive and so few in number, that thej can be recognized almost at a glance. If the specimen is not one of the Apacliyida'., the femora should be examined ; if these are compressed and have one or two little ridges running down them, the specimen is one of the Pyg idler ani dee. The appearance of the two subfamilies of this group are quite distinctive. Each subfamily has its own strong family likeness, but although it is easy to recognize a member of the Dlplatyince or Pyr/idicranince at a glance, it is usually a matter of some difficulty to determine the species. If the femora are smooth, the tarsi should be examined; if the small second segment has any lobe or dilation, the specimen is one of the Forficulidce, and if not, it must be referred to the Labidurimc or to the Lahiida;. In the fox'mer family, the dorsal surface of the last segment is folded downward between the base of the forceps and so presents a vertical face, which sometimes is separated from the dorsal horizontal face by an angle, but the passage is often gradual. In the Lahiidiv, this does not occur, there being an opening between the roots of the forceps and the dorsal and ventral plates of the end of the abdomen, and in this space there may often be seen the chitinous organ of diversified shape termed the i^ygldium. It is worth while giving an imaginary example of these synoptical tables.

The examination of our undetermined earwig perhaps shows a small lobe on the second segment of the tarsi ; we accordingly turn to the Table of the Subfamilies of the Forjtculido} on p. 129. We again examine the second tarsal segment and observe that it is broadened out on each side, thus assuming a heart-shaped out- line ; this precludes the ChelisocMno'. Next, turning the speci- men over and examining the sternal plates, we find that these are not decidedly broader than they are long, which precludes the Anechuriiue. The body is rather depressed — somewhat widened about the middle ; a cross-section would not be circular, but would show a depressed transverse ellipse. Therefore it must be referable to the Forficulince, and we turn to the Table of Genera on p. 162.

The shape of the forceps, which are very broad and flat near the base, but become suddenly elongate, arcuate and slender, show that it is a Forficula, and we turn to the Table of Species on p. 165 "We see that the pronotum is not very decidedly transverse, so this precludes the first four species. Neither is it crescent-shaped, and this precludes the next two. As the dilation of the forceps is not confined to the extreme base, but extends about a quarter or a third of the length of these organs, it cannot be F. ambigna. The elytra and wings are not spotted, so it cannot be F. lucasi.

INTKODrCTION.

11

The pronotum is not much longer than broad, and does not extend very far over the base of the elytra, so it cannot be F. celeris. The sides of the abdomen are not parallel, thus excluding F. interrogans, but are decidedly widened about the middle. Our specimen is therefore Forflcula 2i^(t.^^icoUis, Kirby, and we verify this by a careful comparison of the detailed description, remarks and figures on p. 174.

Bevelojoment.

The post-embryonic development of Dlplatys has been worked out by Green for the two Singhalese species, D. gerstcecheri, Dohrn, and I), r/reeni, Burr.

The young larva has a general resemblance to the imago, but there are of course no signs of any organs of flight in the earlier stages. The second tarsal segment is fused with the first, there is no pulvillus between the claws, and the lateral abdominal glandular folds are not developed until later. But the most remarkable characteristic of the larva lies in the fact that instead of forceps, the apex of the abdomen is furnished with long segmented cerci or filaments. The number of segments in these cerci varies in the different species, and also in different indi- viduals of the same species, this being probably due to their fragihty.

The following series of measurements of B. gerstcecleri is given by Green : —

No.	Length of hody.	Length oj cerci.	No. of segments in cerci.
1 ..	. . 2-5 mm.	2 "5 mm.	14
o 3 ..	.. 3 .. 4-5	6 10	27 with incomplete divisions where fresh joints are forming. 43
4 ..	.. 6-5	incomplete	(apparently injured)
5 ..	.. 7-75	13-5	45
6 ..	.. 9	1	1

This table brings out the remarkable development of the cerci.

In the penultimate instar these are abruptly curtailed to a single segment, which retains, however, its original character, and the extremities look as though they were bitten off. The two cerci are not necessarily curtailed simultaneously. The future forceps can be seen by transmitted light, showing through the sheath thus formed by this basal segment, which is always much longer than

12 INTRODUCTION'.

any of the other segments. In D. greeni, Burr, the cerci are shorter, the increase in the number of segments is more gradual, and the maximum number attained appears to be 18 or 20.

Green was unable to count the exact number of ecdyses, but observed four successive moults, the last revealing the perfect insect. Each instar occupies about 10 days. In ecdysis, the skin splits along the median dorsal line of the thorax and is shed completely, even including the covering of the delicate caudal appendages. The penultimate instar, or nymph, may be recognized by the truncated cerci and also by the appearance of the radiating pattern on the metathorax, showing in miniature the future wing of the imago. The lateral glandular folds of the abdomen appear when the larva is about half grown.

A curious ])oint was also noticed by Green. In the penultimate stage the anterior femora were broad and armed on the inner edge with a row of spines, which gave them a distinctly raptorial appearance : but he never saw them used for any purpose other than locomotion.

The segmented caudal cerci have been recorded, but not described, in some unknown African species {vide Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, iv, nr. 2, p. 53, 1898).

Terry (05) has described the egg and post-embryonic develop- ment of CheJisoclies morio. There appear to be four larval instars before the adult imago. Terry's observations on the manner of increase of the antennal segments ai-e very interesting. It appears that the larva has at first only 8 segments ; at the first ecdysis the third segment is divided into four additional segments ; at the second ecdysis, the third segment gives rise to four more; at the third, to three more ; at the fourth, to one more, so that the normal total of 20 is thus attained.

Terry failed to discover any trace of segmentation in the forceps of the embryo in ovo : this is interesting when compared with Green's observations on Diplatys.

Copulation.

De Geer's description of the family life of the common English earwig is generally known. According to this observer, the act of copulation is effected by the male approaching the female backwards, tapping her with his forceps, and then effecting the connection tail to tail, the pair being thus arranged in a straight line. Gadeau de Kerville has noticed and described the same thing, and insists that, though the male seems to try to catch hold of the female with his forceps, this organ does not appear to be of any use either before or during the act. The male is obliged to twist the apex of his abdomen so that the ventral plates face upwards in contact with the ventral plates of the female, and this torsion sometimes goes so far as to involve the

IWTEODUCTIOIT. 13

"head. The connection appears to last several hours, as observed in captivity.

In another species, F. lesnei, Finot, not uncommon in West Central Europe, Lesne observed a pair in coitu while hanging from the under surface of the cork of a tube : in this case, the ventral surfaces of the two individuals were juxtaposed.

In Chelklura aptera, Charp., a European Alpine species, de Bormans observed that the male applied the underside of his forceps to the ventral surface of the female. This ])osition involves the torsion of the abdomen of the male as Gadeau de Kerville observed. Xambeu noted the same thing in an allied species, Ch. 2^yi'enaica, Gene. Bennett observed the same fact in Anisolahis maritima in New York, and Gadeau de Kerville noticed it in Anisolahis mauritanica, Luc. The copulation of Labidura riparia, Pallas, as observed by Sopp, is effected in the same way. The copulation of Dlplatjis r/reeni is described as follows by Green : — " On Oct. 27, 1897, a pair of this new species, reared up in captivity, were found in coitu. The abdomen of tlie male was twisted round and the extremity was closely applied to the under surface of the pygidium [? penultimate ventral plate] of the female."

Ouijposition,

In Ceylon, Green observed Diplatys greeni in coitu on Oct. 27th : the first eggs were deposited on Nov. 4th, that is only a weelv later, and other eggs were added at intervals, during the following week, until a total of twenty-five had been laid. They were scattered singly over the exposed surface of the moss-covered bark, which had been provided as a shelter for the insect, adhering slightly to their support. Towards the end of the egg-laying period, a few were deposited in irregular clusters and unattached to the moss.

In Sweden, de Geer found the newly hatched larvae at the beginning of June, and the writer has found them in the south of England in April. De Geer also found a female (F. auricularia) with her eggs under stones in April. Tascheuberg found the ova in Europe on February 19th after an exceptionally mild winter, and the larvae emerged on March 7th. Camerano found the ova in Southern Europe as early as January 24fch, and the larvae emerged on 30th Januaiy- With regard to the period between fertilization and oviposition, the same author records a female, which he had taken during the winter, laying eggs on 10th March ; and in temperate latitudes it is probable that this period is generally a good deal longer than in warm countries. Riihl records the emergence of young larvae from ova which had been 26 days in his possession.

With regard to Ghelidura pijrc^iaicn, Gene, in the Pyrenees, Xambeu records that copulation occurs in April or May,

14

INTEODUOTIOJJ".

according to the altitude (this species ranges from 4000 to 8000 ft.). The larvse hatch out about three weeks after oviposition, in mild weather. In New York, Bennett observed that Anisolabis maritima generally lays its eggs in the warm days of July and August, and a few after the middle of September.

Ova.

The ova are elliptical in shape. Those of Forficula auricularia are white, smooth and oval (de Geer). They are described as yellowish by Taschenberg and Eiihl ; Camerauo found them regularly piled in little heaps. The eggs of CheUdnra pyrenaica are described by Xambeu as being 1"3 mm. long and 1 mm. in diameter, ovoid in shape, yellowish, smooth and shining, imper- ceptibly punctuated, with rounded poles and a resisting shell. The eggs of Anisolabis maritima are described by Xambeu as ellip- soid, white, and surrounded by a shiuing translucent shell ; they are about 2 mm. long. A few days after oviposition the embryo is visible inside the egg-shell, in the form of a crescent, and the side of the egg bulges somewhat. At the end of 17 days the larva emerges, but this period varies with the condition of warmth and moisture.

The egg of Diplati/s greeni is regularly elliptical, pale, pinkish yellow, and shining ; 0-8 mm. long and 0"5 mm. broad. Those of Anisolabis mauritanica, Luc, are of a faint yellowish white, sub- spherical, from 1 to 1*2 mm. long ; the shell is smooth, thin and transparent. Heymons describes the ova of Anisolabis littoi'ea, White, as 3 mm. long. The number of eggs laid varies : —

No. of eggs. 25

90

Species. Bx-platys greeni (captivity) ....

Anisolahis maritima (free)

(captivity) . .

(One female laid four times in a summer.)

Anecliura bipunctata (captivity) . . 18-25

CJielidiira pyrenaica (free) 40-45

Forjlcula auricularia (free) .... 12-22

Observer. G-reen.

Bennett.

Euhl.

Xambeu.

Eiihl.

Habits.

Earwigs may be found almost everywhere out of doors. Generally they shun daylight, and many species may be found

INTRODUCTION. 15'

under stones, crawling in shallow galleries or chinks. Green noticed a curious habit in Diplatys ; on lifting a stone, this creature is usually found back downwards, clinging to the stone itself. Other earwigs are generally found resting on the ground beneath the stone. Apterous, alpine forms are generally found under stones, or under dead leaves, bark of trees or other rubbish. They occur up to an elevation of 8000 ft. in the Alps. In the Himalayas, ear\vigs are common up to a considerable elevation, but information as to the limits of their vertical distribution is lacking.

Although nocturnal in habits, earwigs, like moths, are attracted to light, and Mr. Green has taken a good number of species in his bungalow in this manner.

No earwigs are truly aquatic, but species of Forci^mla are known to frequent moist places. Dr. Annandale found F. decoJyi at Kurseoug, under stones at the edges of mountain streams, prac- tically in the water. When forced towards the stream, they swam rapidly on the surface, but they did not enter the water of their own accord. Dr. Annandale, referring to Lahidura rij^ciria, Pall., yar. inermis, Br., writes as follows': —

" By far the commonest species in Calcutta. They lie in crevices such as those in the bark of trees, and when a small cock- roach or other suitable insect passes them, the abdomen is rapidly shot out sideways and the forceps seize the insect by means of a sudden twist. The prey is transferred to the mouth, sometimes being held also by the forceps ; but should the earwig be disturbed, it runs away carrying the prey in the latter. If one individual comes upon another which is feeding, the former often attempts to steal the food. The rightful owner then threatens the other by directing its forceps towards the aggressor over its back ; but I have never seen one earwig nip another, nor have I been able to induce one to nip my finger."

Of an allied species, L. lividipes, Dr. Annandale writes the following note ^ : —

" These little earwigs frequently come to light singly or in small numbers during the hot \Aeather and the rains, and speci- mens can generally be taken round the arc lamps in the public gardens in Calcutta at this time of the year, the two forms occurring together. Large numbers were noted round an oil lamp in the Museum compound on the evening of June IGth, after a wet and stormy day, the first of the monsoon. Several persons have told me that they saw enormous numbers of small earwigs round their lamps on the same evening in dilierent parts of Calcutta. On the pi*eceding and following evenings only a few individuals were seen."

' Burr, (06) p. 388.

2 Annandale, (06) p. 391.

16 INTBODIJCTION.

" I have often watched earwigs of this species expanding and folding away their wings. The wings are generally expanded by a I'apid movement of the anterior part of the body, suggesting a shrug of the shoulders ; but sometimes a hitch occurs, and this movement is insutficient to stretch out both wings properly. The abdomen is then bent upwards and forwards, and the forceps are used to unfold the delicate membrane. They do not seize this membrane, however, but are closed together during the operation and are used as a lever or smoothing organ. In a similar manner they are often employed to push the wing into its place beneath the elytra, although movements of the thorax play an important part in this process also."

Terry never saw C'helisocJies morio use its forceps in this manner. He writes (05) : —

" The adults will readily take to flight, the unfolding of the wings being a very rapid process and quite independent of the forceps, the writer never having seen them used either to assist in the folding or unfolding process."

The flattened forms, as Apachyus, probably live under bark. An African species of this genus was observed by Dr. Creightou Wellman, at Benguella, to live under the bark of dead trees, and to come out of wood when placed on the fire. In Burma, Fea found A.fece under bark, as well as various species of Chelisoches, and some species of Labia. The flattened genera Sparatia (which is not yet known to occur in India) and Platylahia . probably resemble Apachijus in their habits. Fea found Metisolabis caudelli and various species of Opistliocosmiince under dried leaves, vege- table rubbish, and over-ripe fruit. Pygidicrana picta is found commonly among dead leaves at the base of trees near Calcutta (Annandale), and P. cuminr/i and P. nietneri are found in Ceylon, under stones, loose bark, etc., and often come into buildings (Green). Labia mucronata was found by Green in decaying pods of cocoa and of Poincaiiia, and in the crevices of the bark of cocoa trees. Forficula greeni is often taken in bungalows in Ceylon, and one was found by Green in an empty gall on Antidesma, one of the EiiplwrbiacecB. Cordax ceyloaiciis is attracted to light (Green), and also Proreiis simuluns (Annandale). In Europe earwigs do not, as a rule, use their wings readily, except Labia minor, but in the tropics crowds of them come flying to light (de Bormans).

The common European Forficula auricularia, Linn., has been recorded by Collinge (08) to fly into houses through the windows in England in considerable numbers on dark sultry evenings in June and July between 9.30 and 10.30 p.m. ; in three consecutive evenings, as many as 26 specimens flew in ; it is noteworthy that they avoided the gas, and also that they were all males. The same author notes two occasions on which they were seen to fly in broad daylight.

Theobald (96) has noticed that in Kent they devour the young foliage of hops and sometimes do considerable damage ; he writes :

INTKODUCTION. 17

" It seems the adults take readily to their wing on certain nights,, especially when the moon is bright. Numbers later in the year used to fly into my house of a night, attracted by the lights."

The tubercular folds in the integument at the sides of the abdo- men appear to be stink-glands, but little evidence is forthcoming on this point. Green found that Elaunon hipartitus, Kirby, when handled, gave off a pungent odour, like that of the Bombardier- Beetle.

The forceps, which assume such a variety of remarkable shapes, especially in the male, are useful weapons of offence and defence. We have seen (p. 15) how Lahidura riparia uses them to seize its prey. Of Diplatijs, Green writes: — "When food is? offered to an adult Dyscritma [^Diplatys] it usually goes through a curious performance to test its suitability. It takes up its position to one side of and slightly in advance of the object ; then bending its abdomen round to one side, it gives it a sharp nip with its forceps and retires quickly to note results. If the proffered object does not resent this treatment, it is then considered safe and fit for food : but if the victim makes any movement, Di/scritina immediately retires beneath its shelter."

A number of interesting notes on the function of the forceps of earwigs have been collected by Gadeau de Kerville (05), who shows that they are used as a weapon of offence and defence, but never during the act of copulation. Also, the insects do, occasionally, at all events, use them as a help to fold and unfold their delicate wings and to lift their elytra. Even Forjicula auricularia was observed to do this by Paul Noel, and the same thing has been observed in an unnamed species by Morris.

With reference to their use as a weapon, the author was startled by a nip of a female Lahidura riparia, which made him drop the creature, and though the forceps did not pierce the tough skin of the human thumb, it would have been a formidable adventure to an insect of its own size. Gadeau de Kerville was nipped by F. auri- cidaria so strongly that blood was drawn, and Commander- J. J. Walker had the same experience in New South Wales, from the largest known earwig, Anisolabis colossea. Baer (04) has recorded that tlie relatively weak A'ptenjr/ida linearis, Esch., in the Argentine Eepublic, is capable of raising a local inflammation by its nip, though the irritation was perhaps caused by septic matter present on the forceps, for no traces of poison glands are known. The author introduced a large bluebottle into a small glass-topped box with a male Lahidura riparia. The earwig by a lightning-like movement, instantly transfixed the fly on one limb of its forceps, and carried it about thus spiked for several hours before devouring it.

Food.

Earwigs are probably omnivorous, though chiefly carnivorous. Green was unable to determine the natural food of Biplatys, but

c

18 INTRODUCTION.

he is probably correct in supposing that it consists of soft bodied insects. In captivity, his larvae and imagines fed sparingly on the dead bodies of small spiders and flies and other minute insects, showing a preference, however, for certain species. They did not relish Lepidoptera or mosquitos, though they would devour the bodies of the latter if hungry. Bread, raw meat, petals of flowers, fruit, and minute fungi were offered and refused.

The writer has fed Labidura riparia on bluebottles ; these they suck dry and leave the empty skin. Xambeu tells us that Chelidura pyrenaica is a veritable glutton. Tender vegetables, fruit, worms, larvae, all are greedily eaten ; hut they have pronounced carni\orous tastes.

Many species are found in swarms on stinging nettles, but it is probable that they are less attracted by the nettles themselves than by the numbers of minute insects to which these plants offer a home.

Terry records of ChelisocJies morio, Fabr., in the Sandwich Islands, that its habit of eating the leaf-hoppers has been ob- served by several people. Young hoppers are seized and devoured without the aid of the forceps, but these organs frequently assist inholding an adult hopper whilst it is eaten at leisure. An ex- amination of numerous crops invariably revealed only insect remains, often entirely leaf-hopper. Those bred in captivity showed during all iustars a marked preference for insect diet.

Maternal Cava.

The oft-quoted observations of de Gear on the solicitude of the mother earwig for her ova and young larvae are worthy of reproduction : —

" At the commencement of the month of June, (says he) I found under a stone a female earwig accompanied by several small insects which I easily recognized as its young. They grouped round the mother and did not leave her, and even placed themselves under her stomach like little chicks under the hen. The insects of this genus have then, in a kind of manner, care for their young, even after their birth : and they seem to wish to protect them by ^remaining near them.

" The young resemble their mother in figure, except in one or

two of their parts I placed them in a sand-box where I

had put a little fresh earth. They did not enter the earth, and it was curious to see how they ran under the stomach and between the legs of the mother, who remained very quiet and allowed them to do it : she seemed to cover them like a hen does her little chicks, and they remained often in this position for hours

" Another time, at the commencement of April 1759, I found some female earwigs under some stones, together with a pile of eggs on wliich the mother was seated and of which she took the greatest care imaginable without ever moving a step away, and this M. Frisch has already observed before me. I took it

INTRODUCTION. 1 9

•with its eggs and placed it in a sand-box half filled with fresh €arth, in such a fashion that the eggs were scattered here and there : but soon the mother took the eggs one after the other between her jaws and transported them. After several days I noticed she had got them all together in a like place on the surface of the earth which she found in a sand-box, and there she re- mained constantly seated on them in such a manner that she seemed to cover them."

This interesting observation has been confirmed by a number of writers, including Kirby and Spence, Taschenberg, Camerano, and Fritz itiihl. Lesne found a mother sitting on her eggs near Las Palmas (Grand Canary), and Xambeu's remarks on the same habit in Chelklura pyrenaica are worth quoting^: —

"As soon as the female is fertilized, she digs at the end of the gallery a small excavation in which she places her eggs one by one to the number of 40 or 45, in such a way as to make a small bundle of them, upon which she soon places herself in much the same way as a hen sits on her eggs. It is with a solicitude without equal — an unexampled attachment — that she devotes herself to this maternal task (a rare case in the entomological world), and this continues up to the time of hatching. If during the course of sitting, anything disturbs or exposes her eggs — in raising the stone which shelters them — she takes them with lier mandibles and conceals them in the soil at tlie bottom of her gallery.

" During the first days which follow the hatching, the young Caelidura are watched by their mother and led, like a hen leads her chicks, towards the places where they will find the means of satisfying their great appetites. Tender vegetables, fruits, worms, larvae, in fact anything is good enough for these gluttons who are insatiable. As soon as their bodies are fortified, and their in- tegument has acquired a certain stability, the mother ceases her care and abandons them to themselves. They tlien disperse, each taking a different direction, and this scattering has become very necessary, as, owing to their very pronounced carnivorous tastes, they would injure and devour one another, which it is necessary to avoid for the preservation of the species."

Green's ova of Dlplatys greeni were watched by the parent who remained constantly near her eggs, visiting each in turn, and mouthing them in a peculiar manner, as if to keep them clean.

Geofjraj^ >h ical D istr ih ution.

Although the state of our knowledge of the Dermapterous fauna of India is still meagre, some generalization may be permitted.

As would be expected, we find in the Himalayas marked Palae- arctic aflSnities : for instance, the essentially Eurasian genus Anechura is represented by two species, both occurring in Kashmir ; one of these, A. calciatii, is probably peculiar ; the other,

' (1903) p. 143.

c2

20 INTRODUCTION.

A. zuhovsl-ii, is a local form of the common European Alpine- A. hipxmctata, which passes iuto A. asiatica in the mountains of Central Asia. Allied to Aneclmra is Allodalilia which has its headquarters in the mountains of Northern India, whence it has spread through Burma into the Malayan Archipelago ; thus of the four known species, A. ahrimanes is prohably confined to the Eastern Himalayas, A. viacrojjijfja and A. coriacea extend to the uplands of Northern Burma, and A. scah-iuscula has reached Java. Of the eleven known Indian species of Forjicxda, eight are Himalayan ; as this genus is eminently Palsearctic, it is probably from Northern India that it has gained a precarious footing in the remoter parts of the Oriental Eegion.

The occurrence of two species of Pseudisolabis in the mountains of the north-west of India is carious, as this genus was hitherto only known from a single species in New Zealand. It may be that it is a very ancient geiuis.

The hills of Northern India seem to be the headquarters of some other genera, which have thence extended their distribution into the heart of the Oriental Eegion. Thus Kosmetor is re- presented by three species, the other two being Malayan ; the same may be said of TimomeiiKs, which has however, an outlying representative in the extreme" north-east of the Palsearctic Eegion. The distribution of the genus Forci])ida is remarkable, as it is a veil-marked group ; two species are known in the Neotropical Eegion, and two in the Ethiopian, but eight are purely Oriental, of which five are only found in India. One of these, F. Iwida, is a South Indian form, but the other four are characteristic of Northern India and Northern Burma ; perhaps this district is the headquarters of the group, for the non-Indian Oriental forms are rare, and less highly specialized. Another M'idely-distributed genus well represented in India is DipJatys ;. this is certainly a primitive and ancient group, with representatives in all tropical regions except Austraha, so far as is known. Of the two dozen described species, no less than twelve occur in India and are probably peculiar. Well-marked genera which are ronfined to India, so far as we know, are Lijximra, Eudohmiay and the curious Solenosoma, all being specialized monotypic genera only known from North India and Burma. Lipodes, of which a unique defective specimen from Dikraugs is in the Calcutta Museum, is probably also peculiar.

The BrachyJahince are an apterous group m ith some distinctly archaic features recalling the Tertiary earwigs of Florissant. Probably they are the survivors of an ancient group, which would account at once for their comparative scarcity and wide distribution in all tropical regions. Of the seven known genera, three are re- presented in India : Nannisolahis has two known species, both peculiar ; Metisolahis has four, of which two are Indian and two Ethiopian ; and Ctenisolabishas three, one Indian, one Ethiopian, and one Neotropical. No one species of Brachylahince occurs in any two regions.

INTRODUCTION. 21

In Southern India and Ceylon we find several peculiar genera, «uch as Cranopy<jia (two species), DemlroiJcetes, Obelura, Sondax, and Si/ntonus, all inonotypic. We find here also peculiar species of genera which have their headquarters in the Burmo-Malayan districts, such as EcJiinosoma, Hypurgas, and Cordax. Adia- thetus is mainly Indo-Buraian, but extends to Borneo : Oonolahls is an Australo-Oriental genus with a single Ethiopian species and one peculiar to Ceylon. In Burma we find, as would be expected, marked Malayan affinities, as shown in the occurrence o£ several species of Eparclius, Hypurgus, Platylabia, Pyge, all of which are better developed in the eastern parts of the Oriental liegion, though not confined to it. Palex is a monotypic genus common to Burma and Sumatra. The Chelisochince are well represented in all tropical Old World regions, but most of the genera re- presented in India are better developed in the Malay Archipelago. Psalis is a cosmopolitan genus, with four species probably [confined to India. Anisolahis, BoreUia, Lahidura, Lahin, Spongiplwra, are all cosmopolitan but represented in India by several peculiar species. Pygidicmna predominates in the Oriental Region, and has four purely Indian species, but it is also represented in South America. Echinosoma is essentially an Old World genus ; of the two Indian species, one is peculiar to Ceylon, the other x*anges from Burma to Borneo. Apachyus is also an Old AVorld geuus, with perhaps two species peculiar to India.

The following analyses of genera and species and their geo- graphical distribution is of course purely provisional. That of the genera is particularly incomplete, as many of the limits are vague, and the classification of some of the large genera, such as Spongiphora and Labia, requires a thorough revision, as a good many heterogeneous forms are included. A glance at the list, however, will show which genera are confined to the Oriental Region, and of these, which are peculiar, i. e., confined to the Indian Fauna ; the geographical relations of the others are shown by the regions ' in which they occur.

The analysis of species supplements the list of genera, and here it is possible to be more exact ; in this list it is also stated in what collection or what Museum the type is preserved, where known to the author, what material has been examined in the case of types, syntypes ' or paratypes ", what species are represented in the Nationr.l Collection, and what species are peculiar.

' The usually accepted zoogeographieal regions, namely Palajarctic, Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian, Neotropical, and Nearctic, are represented by obvious iabbreviations.

^ These terms are explained in the glossary, q. v, p. 210.

22

INTRODUCTION.

Name of Genus.	Peculiar.	Distribution.	EemarJcs.
Apachyus		Or., Austr., Eth.	6sp.
Dendroikctes . .	+	Or.	Monotypic.
Diplatus		Or., Eth., Neo. Or.,Neo.,Eth.,Austr.	Out of 24 sp., 12 in India.
Vqgidicrana ...
Dicrana	1	Or., Eth.	Chiefly Ethiopian.
Cranopygia ...	+	Or.	2sp.
Ficrania		Or., Eth.	2 9p.
Pnne		Or., Aiistr.
Palex		Or.	Monotypic.
Echinosoma . . .	!	Or., Austr., Eth. 1
Psalis		Or., Eth., Neo. ? Or., Austr.	One little known species.
Labidurodes ...
Gonolabis		Or., Austr., Eth.	0 sp. ; 5 are Oriental.
Anisolahis	1	Cosmopolitau.
Borellia		Cosmopolitan. '
Foroipula		Or.,Eth.,Austr.,Neo.	Out of 12 sp., 5 in India.
Lahidura		Cosmopolitan.
Pseudisolabis . . .		Or., Austr.	1 sp. in New Zealand.
Nannisolabis ...	+	Or.	2 sp.
Mefisolabis		Or., Eth.
Ctenisolahis ...		Or., Eth., Neo.
Sjwngipkora ...		Or., Austr.. Eth., Neo.	Requires further revision.
Labia		Cosmopolitan. Or., Eth., Austr.	idem, idem.
Plati/labia
Sphi/igolabis ...		Or., Eth., Austr.	idem.
Erotesis		Or. Or.	2sp. Monotypic.
ChelUocheUa ...
E.vypnus	+	Or.	idem.
Chelisocltes		Or., Eth., Austr.
Proreus		Or., Austr.	Mainly Oriental.
Solenoso7na ...	+	Or.	Monotypic.
Adiathcfus		Or.	Of the 5 known Indian sp., only one occurs elsewhere within the Eegion.
Hamaxaa		Or.
Allodahlia		Or.	Mainly Indian.
Homotages	+	Or.	Monotypic.
Pterygidd		Or.	2 sp.
Anechura		Or., Pal.	Mainly Pala^arctic.
Elaunon		Or., Eth. Or., Eth., Pal.	Mainly Pal. ; over 40
Forjicula
			sp. known.
Soiidax	4-	Or.	Monotvpic.
Eudohrnia	4-	Or.	idem.
Emboros	4-	Or., Eth. Or.	idem, idem.
Lijxtrurn
Obelura	+	Or. Or., Eth. Or., Eth.	2 sp. Mainly Oriental. idem.
Cordax
Hypurqus
Eparcfius		Or.
Timomenus . . .		Or., Pal.	Mainly Indian, but 1 sp. occurs in Korea.
Syntonus	+	Or.	Monotypic.
Kosmetor		Or.	Mainly Indian.
Lipodea	+	Or.	Monotypic.

INTBODrCTION".

23

IName oj Species.

Apachi/Hs fc(P

A. pascoei

Deudroiketes corticinus. . .

Biplatys gladiator

D. falcatiis

D. lefroyi

D. angustatus

D. hormansi

D. ernesfi

JD. siva

B. green i

D. n(fescevs

B. gerstcBciceri

B. Jletchcri

B. lihcratus

Bygidicrana 'picta

P. valida

P. pallidipen nis

P. eximia

P. 7narmoricrura

P. siamensis

Bicraiia kallipyga

Cranojiyg ia cu mingi

C. nictncri

Picrania angustata ,

Byge modesta ,

P. ophthalmica

Palex sparattoides

Echinosoma sumairanum .

E. parvuhim ,

Psalis femoral is

P. dohrni ,

P. lefroyi ,

P. castetsi

Labidur odes rob iistus

Gonolabis electa

Aiiisolabis colossea

A. maritima

A. aiimdipes

A. JcudagcB

A. duhronii

A. gaudens

Borellia green i

li. annandalei

B.stdli

Furcipula dcculyi ...

F. frispinosa

F. pugiia.v

F. quadrispinosa ...

F. liirida

Labidura nepalensis

L. lividipes

L. riparia ,

Bistribuiion.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Austr.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

? Or., Austr.

Or.

Or., Austr.

Cosmopolitan.

Or. Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or. and Eth.

Or. and Austr.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Eth., Pal.

Cosmopolitan.

Type at :

Genoa. B.M.

coll. Burr. Calcutta.

coll. Burr, coll. Burr. Paris, coll. Burr. B.M. Berlin, coll. Burr. B.M.

Leyden. ? Stettin.

? Stettin. Vienna. ? Stettin. Berlin.

Genoa. ? Stettiu. Genoa. Lejden. Berlin. ? Stettiu. B.M. coll. Burr.

coll. Burr. ? Paris, Vienna, or Stettin.

coll. Burr.

B.M.

Paris.

coll. Burr.

Calcutta.

Stockholm.

Genoa.

Vienna.

B.M.

Paris or Berlin,

Calcutta.

Material examined.

Syntype.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Type. Type.

Type. Type.

Syntype.

Type. Type.

Type.

Type. Type. Type. Type. Type.

Syntype. Type.""

Type.

B.M.

Peculiar

+	+
+-	+
+
+	+
+
+	+
+	+
+	+
+	+
+	+
+
+

24

INTRODUCTION.

Name of Species.

Lahidura hcngalensis Or,

Distribution.

Fseudtsolabis burri Or.

Fs. tenera I Or.

Nannisolabis philetas i Or.

N. willeyi Or.

Metisolahis bifoveolata ... "

M. caudclli

Ctenisolahis Jletcheri

Spongiphora lutea

*S'. nitidipcnnis

<S'. semifiava

Erotesis decipiens

Labia nigrella

L. luzonica

L. curvicauda

L. mucronata

L. pilicoi'nis

L. pygidiaia

L. rideiis

L. arachidis

Platylabia major

P. gestroi

P. thoracica

P. nigriceps

Sphingolabis fees

Chelisochella sujyerba .. E.vypniis pulchripennis . .

Chelisoches tnorio

Proreus simulaiis

P. mela7wcephalus ,

P. ritsemce

Solcnosoma birmaiium .

Adiathetus shelf ordi

A. dravidius

A. glaucopterus

A. nigrocastaneus

A. ieiiebraior

HamaxasfeeB

Allodahlia scabriuscula

A. macropyga

A. coria^ea

A. ahrimanes

Homotages few

Pterygida circidata ....

Aneclmra calciatii

A. tubovskii

Elaunon bipartittis

Forficula schiagintweiti

F. mogul

F. beelzebub

F. aceris

F. ornata

Etb., Neo.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.,

Or.

Or.

Or. andAustr.

Or.

Cosmopolitan.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or., Etb., Austr.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or

Or.

Or.

Or

O

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Or.

Type at :

Vienna or

Berlin. Turin, coll. Burr. coll. Burr, coll. Burr.

coll. Burr.

coll. Burr.

Genoa.

Genoa.

Genoa.

B.M.

Genoa.

Stockholm.

Genoa. Genoa.

Genoa.

B.M.

Genoa. ? Berlin. Genoa.

Stockholm.

Material examined.

B.M. Peculiar

Syntype. Type. Type. Type.

Type. Type. Syutype.

Type. Syntype.

Syntype. Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Leyclen.

Genoa.

Sarawak

Calcutta.

Genoa,

Pusa.

B.M.

Genoa.

Vienna.

Oxford.

Genoa.

coll. Burr.

Genoa.

Vienna.

Turin.

St. Petersburg.

B.M.

Paris.

Paris.

Brussels.

Calcutta.

Genoa.

Syntype.

Type.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

Syntype.

Paratype.

Type.

Type.

Type.

Syntype.

Type.

Syntype.

+

+

+ 4- + + + + +

+ -f +

+

+ +

+ +

+

+

+ + +

+ + + + +

+

+ +

+

+

+

+ +

4-

+

INTRODUCTION.

25

Name of Species.	BistrihiUion.	Ty2}e at :	Material examined.	B.M.	Peculiar
Forficula greeni	Or. Or. Or., Etb., Pal. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or., Eth. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or. Or.	coll. Burr. Paris. Paris or Vienna. Calcutta. Paris. B.M. Oxford. ? Berlin. Paris. Oxford. Leyden. B.M. Genoa. Genoa. Leyden. Leyden. coll. Burr. Madrid. Paris. Genoa. coll. Burr. Paris. Paris. Paris.	Type. Type. Type."' Type. Type. Type. Type. Type.'" Type."" Syntype. Type!" Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Type. Tvne.	+ + + + + + + +	+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4-
F. anibigiia.
F. lucasi
F. ceteris
F. interrogans
F. planicoUis
Soiidax repens
Eudohrnia metallica
Emboros dicbius
L iparurci punctata,
Ohelura asiatica
0. tanuil
C. aniudus
Hypurgus humercd is
H. simplex
Eparchus dux
E. insignis
E. tenellus
Ti MO mentis oannes
T. (sscidapius
T. nevilli
T. lugens
Si/ntonus ncolobophoroides . Kosmetoi' temora
K.. brahma
K. vishnu
Lipodcs vivax	Calcutta. 1 Tvne.

26 LITERATURE.

LITERATURE.

Annandale, Dr. Nelson. (06). Note on the habits of the Earwig,

Lahidura lividipes, Dufour. An Appendix to Mr. Burr's paper.

(Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beuo-ai, N.S. p. 391, 1901.) Baer, Ct. a. {04). Note sur la piqure d'un Forficulide de la Republique

Argentine. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 163, 1904.) Bateson, W., & BiuNDLEY, 11. H. (92). On some Cases of Variation in

Secondary Sexual Characters statistically examined. (Proc.

Zool. Soc' London, p. 66Q, 1892.) Bold, T. J. (60). Note on the Use of the Forceps of the Earwig.

(Zoologist, xix. p. 7411, 1860, and Tyneside Nat. Field Club, iv.

p. 335, 1860.) BoLiVAU, Ignacio. (97). Les Orthopteres de St. Joseph's College, a

Trichinopoly, sud de I'lnde. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixvi. p. 282,

1897.) Borellt, Dr. Alfredo. (07). Ortotteri raccolti da Leonardo Fea nell'

Africa occidentale. Dermatteri. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (3) iii.

pp. 345-390, 1907.) (09). Nuove forficole del Kashmir. (Boll. Mus. Tor. xxiv. no.

603, pp. 1-4, 1909.) BoRG, Hjalmar. (04). Forficuliden aus Kamerun. Beitrage zur

Kenntniss der Insektenfauna von Kamerun, (Arkiv f. Zool.

i. p. 563, pi. 26, 1904.) Bormaxs, a. de. (83). Etude sur qiielques Forficiilaires nouveaux ou

peu connus, precede d'un Tableau synoptique des genres decette

famille. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. p. 59, pis. 2 & 3, 1883.)

(84^). Six Forficulaires nouveaux de Sumatra. (Notes from the

Leyden Museum, vi. p. 183, 1884.)

(84-). Description des deux Sexes de la Labia gravidula, Gerst.

(Notes from the Leyden Museum, vi. p. 197, 1884.)

(88). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, vii.

Dermapteres. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 431, 1888.)

(94). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine, Ixi.

Dermapteres (2me partie). (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xiv. p. 371, 1895.)

(00^) Quelques Dermapteres du Musee civique de Genes. (Ann.

Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xx. p. 441, 1900.)

(00-). Forficulid«5, in "Das Tierreich," 1900.

Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (82). Prodromus der europiiischen

Orthopteren. (Leipzig, 1882.) Burmeister, H, (38). Handbuch der Entomologie. (Berlin, 1838.)

(40). Audinet-Serville, Ilistoire naturelle des Orthopteres

verglichen mit H. Burmeister's Handb. der Entomologie, etc. (Germar's Zeitschr., 1840, ii. p. 1.) BtiBR, Malcolm. (98). On the Species of Dyscritina, reared by Mr. Green, (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 387, pis. xviii. & xix. 1898.)

(99). Notes on the Forficularia, II. Apteryyida or Sphingolahis ?

III. A N«w Species of Anisoluhis, from Ceylon. (Ann. Mag. N, H, (7) iv. p. 254, 1889.)

(00'). Notes on the Forficularia, V. Descriptions of New Species,

and a New Genus. (Ann. Mag. N. H, (7) vi. p. 79, pi. vi. 1900.)

((X)-). Forficules exotiques du Musee royal d'Histoire Naturelle

de Bruxelles. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 47, 1900.)

(00'). Notes on the Forficularia, VI., On a collection of Forficularia

from Sarawak. (Ann. Mag. N. II. (7) iv. pp. 89-101, pi. vi. figs. 1,2, 4 & 6, 1900.)

LITERATURE, 27

Burr, Malcolm. (01). The Earwig's of Cevlon. (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1901, pp. i5U-78 & 310-330, pis. A & B.)

(02). On the Fortlcularia of the Hungarian National Museum of

Budapest. (Terniesz. Fiiz. xxv. p. 477, pi. xx. 1902.)

(03). Notes on the Forficulaiia, VIH. Five New Species from the

de Bormans collection. (Ann. Mag-. N. H. (7) xi. p. 270, 1903.)

(04), Observations on the Dermatoptera, including revisions of

several genera and descrijjtions of New (lenera and Species. (Tr. Ent, Soc. London, p. 277, 1904.)

(05'). Descriptions of Five new Dermaptera. (Ent. Mo, Mag. (2)

no. 184, p, 84, 1905,)

(05*). Notes on the Forficularia, IX. On New Species, with

Synonymic Notes, (Ann. Mag. N, II. (7) xvi. p. 486, 1905.)

(05'). Earwigs of the Indian Museum, with Descriptions of New

Species. (Journ, Proc, Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N. S.), vol. i. no, 2, p. 27, 1905.)

(05^). Una especie nueva de 0/«s?^ocos?»i« (Dermapteros), (Bol,

R. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Diciembre, 1905.)

(06), A Further Note on Earwigs (Derniaptera) in the Indian

Museum, with a Description of New Species, (Journ. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N.S.), vol. ii, p. 387, lUOH.)

(07'). A Preliminary lievisiou of the ForficuHdtP- (sensu stricto)

and of the Chelisochidfe, Families of the Dermatoptera. (Tr. Ent. Soc. Loudon, 1907, p. 91, pi. iv.)

(07-). A Third Note on Earwigs (Dermaptera) in the Indian

Museum, with Description of a New Species. (Rec. Ind. Mus, Tol. i. pt. 3, no. 15, Calcutta, 1907,)

(07*). Catalogue des Forficulides des Collections du Museum

National d'llistoire Naturelle de Paris. (Premiere I'artie.) (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1907, no. 7, p. 508.)

(08'). Notes on the Forficularia, XII. Notes on the Genr.s Apachyus^

Serv. (Ann. Mag, N. II, (8) i. p. 51 , 1908.)

(08^) Catalogue des Forticules des Collections du Musee National

d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Deuxieme Partie.) (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1908, no. 8, p. 29.)

(083). Catalogue des Forticules du Collections du Mus^e National

d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Iroisieme Partie.) (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 190S, no. 2, p. 115.)

(OS'). Notes on the Forticularia, XIII. A Revision of the

Brachylabidce {Isolnhidce). (Ann. Mag. N. II. (8) ii. p. 246, 1908.)"

(08'). Notes on the Forticularia, XIV. A Eevision of the Py^i-

dicmnidce. (Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) ii. p. -382, 1908.) (09'), Note on the Classitication of the Dermaptera, (Deutsch,

Ent. Zeitschr, p, 320, pi. iv, 1909.) CoLLiNGE, W, E, (08). A Note on the Flight of an Earwig, Forjicula

auricularia, Linn. (Journ, Econ. Biol, iii, pt. 2, pp, 46 & 47,

1908,) Costa, Oronzio Gabr, (-39), Fauna Vesuviana, ossia descrizione degli

Insetti che vivono nei funiajoli del cratere del Vesuvio. (Atti

K, Accad. Sc. Nap, iv. ZooL 18-39, p. 21, tab. 1.) DoHRN, Dr, H. (62). Die Dermaptera von Mexico, (Stett, Ent. Zeit.

xxiii. p. 225,1862.)

(63). Yersuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. (Op. cit.

xxiv. pp. 35 & .309, 1863.)

(64). Id. (Op. cit. xxv. pp. 285 & 417, 1804.)

(Qo). Id. 'Op. cit. xxvi. p. 68, 1865.)

(67'). Id. (Op. cit. xxviii. p. 341, 1867.)

28 LITERATURE.

DoHRN, Dr. H. (67^). Neue imd bisher nicht genugend bekannte

Forficuliden. '(Op. cit. xxviii. p. 343, 1867.) DuBEONY, A. DE. (79). Enumeration des Orthopteres des regions Indienne

et Austro-Malaise, rapportees par MM. J. Doria, 0. Beccari, et

L. M. d'Albertis. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 348, 1879.) DuFouR, LfeoN. (20). Description de dix especes nouvelles ou peu

conuues d'Insectes recueillis en Espagne. (Ann. gener. des Sc.

Phys. de Bruxelles, 1820, vi. p. 307, tab. 1.)

(28). Eechercbes anatomiques sur les Labidoures. (Ann. Sci.

Nat. 1828, xiii. p. 337, tab. 19-22.) _ Fabricius, J. C. (75). Svstema Entomoloiricie. (Felsenberg et Lipsise, 1775.)

(93). Entoniologia systematica emendata et aucta. (Hafnise,

1792-94, torn. II, Orthoptera, 1793.)

(81). Species Insectormn, exhibentes eorum dift'erentias specificas,

etc. (Plamburgi et Kiloni, 1781.) {S7). Mantissa Insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas,

etc. (Hafnise, 1787.) FiEBER, Fr. (53). Synopsis der europaiscbeu Ortbopteren (aus dem

iii. Jahrg. der Zeitschrift " Lotos," 1853, besonders abgedriickt).

Prag, 1854 (recte 1853.) Fischer, L. H. (53). Othoptera europaea. (Lipsioe, 1853.) Qadeau de Kerville, H. (03), L Accouplement des Forficulides.

(Bull. Mus. Soc. Ent. Fr. no. 4, p. 85, 1903.)

(05). Notes sur les Fonctions de la Pince des Insectes Ortho-

pteres de la Famille des Forficulides. (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXX. p. 53, 1905.)

(06). Sur I'Accouplement et les ceufs d'Atiisolabis onauritanica,

Lucas. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. no. 18, p. 252, 1906.) ■ (07). Note sur I'Accouplement, les oeufs, et ramour maternel

des Insectes Orthopteres de la Famille des Forficulides.

(Kouen, 1907.) Geer, Carl de. (73). M^moires pour servir a I'Histoire des

Insectes, I. Orthopteres, vol. iii., avec 44 planches. (Stockholm,

1773.) GENi, Giuseppe. (32). Saggio di una Monografia delle Forficule

indigene. (Ann. delle Sci. di Regno Lombardo-Veneto,

Padova, ii. p. 215, 1832.) Gerstaecker, a. (73). Baron Karl von der Decken's Reise in Ost-

Afrika, III. 2 Abth. Gliederthiere, Insecta. (Lipsite, 1873.)

(83). Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthopteren-Fauna Guineas,

nach den von T. Buchholz wahrend den .Jahre 1872 bis 1875 dasselbst gesammelten Arten. (Mitth. des naturw. Ver. Neuvorp. u. Riigen, 1883.) Green, E. Ernest. (96). Notes on Dyscritina lonf/isetosa, Westw. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 229, 1896.)

(97). Dyscritina lonyisetosa, Westw. is a Forficulid larva. (Ent.

Mo. Mag. (2) viii. p. 235, 1897.)

(98). Further notes on i>?/scr/<m« Zo«^;se^o«a, Westw. (Tr. Ent.

Soc. London, p. 381, pis. xviii. <fc xix., 1898.) Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (38). (Magasin de Zool. (2) Paris, viii.

p. 23, 1838.)' IIaan, Dr. W. de. (42). Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthoptera.

(Verhandl. over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche

overzeesche Bezittiugen, 1842.)

LITERATURE 2^

JaCobson, G. G., &Biank:i,V. L. ((T)). IIinnioKpu.ibiH ii JoHiiiocliiHaTOKiibMua

PocciiicKoii IlMuepiu ii coiipeAfi.ibiii.ixi cTpaiii. (St. Petersburg, 1905.) Karsch, Dr. F. (86). Ueber einige neue oder wenig bekannte

Oehrwuermer (Dermapteru) der asthiopischen llegion. (Berl,

Eut. Zeit. XXX. p. 85, 1886.) Kkrville. See Gadeau. KiRBY, W. F. (91). A Revisioij of the Forficulidse, with Descriptions

of New Species iu the British Museum, (Liun. Soc. Jourii.,

Zool. xxiii. pp. .002-512, 1891.)

(96). Descriptions of New Species of Forficulidc'e, in the Col-

lection of the British Museum (N. II.). (Linn. Soc. .Journ., Zool. xxv. pp. 520-529, 189G.)

(03). Notes on Forficulidae, with Descriptions of New Species in the

Collection of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. (Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xi. p. 60, 1903.)

(04). A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. (Vol. i. 1904.)

Krauss, Dr. II. (92). Dermaptera oder Dermoptera ? Eiue nomen-

clatorische Eroerterung. (Wiener Ent. Zeit, xi. p. 164, 1892.)

(9-5). Beschreibung einer neuen Forficula aus Tunis, nebst

Bemerkungen ueber das Vovkounnen yon Forficula lucnsi,

Dohrn. (Entom. Nachr. xxi. p. 97, 1895.) Leach, "W. (15). Article on Entomology, in Brewster's Edinburgh

Encyclopaedia, ix. p. 57 , 1815. LiNN^us, C. (59). Systema Natune. (Ed. X., Holmife, 1759.) Lucas, II. F. (47). Forficesila annulipes, sp. n. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

(2) V. p. Ixxxiv, 1847.)

(49). Ilistoire Naturelle des animaux articules de I'Algerie.

(Expl. Sci. d'Alg., Zool. iii. Orthopteres, 4 pis. Paris, 1849.) MoTSCHULSKY, V. VON. (63). Essai d'un Catalogue des Insectes de I'ile

Ceylan. ii. Dermapteres. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou, xxxyi. II

p. 1, pi. XX., 1863.) Olivier, A. G. (72). Introduction a I'Histoire naturelle. (Encyclopedie

methodique. Hist. Nat. yol. yi. Pari-^, 1772.) Pallas, P. S. (73). lieise durcli verschiedene Provinzen des Russ-

ischen Reiches in den Jahren 1768-74, (St. Petersbur"-, II.

Anhang, p. 30, 1773.) Rehn, James A. G. (05). Notes on Exotic Forficulides, or Earwios

with Descriptions of New Species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

xxix. p. .501, 1905.) Saussure, Dr. H. de. (74). IlyTeiuecTBie bi TypKecTan-L; A. II. *e4'ic[u;o.

(Fedchenko's Trayels in Turkestan, Orthoptera. MoscoAy, 1874.) Scudder, S. H. (70). Critical and Historical Notes on the Forfi-

cularifB. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xyiii. pp. 287 -.332, 1876.) Semenov, a. p. (01). PyccKie uiubi po^oob Anechura, 'Scudd.

u Forficula (L.) Scudd., ii iixt. reorpa'tii'iecKoe pacnpe4li.ienie.

(Russian species of the genera Anechura Scudd, it Forficula

(L.) Scudd., and their geographical distribution). (Hora3 Soc

Ent. Ross. XXXV. p. 185, 1901.)

(02). Dermatopera KpiineaeHHbis H. A. 3apy4nbiMi iis'b nyTeuiecrnia

1900-1901 IT. no BocTOfnoii nepciii. (Dermatoptera brought by N. A. Zarudny from his journey in 1900-1901 in Elistern Persia). (Horae Soc. Ent. Ross, x^xxyi. p. 192, 1902.) Serville, Atjdinet de (31). Reyue Methodique des Insectes de I'ordre des Orthopteres. (Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii. pp. 28, 1,34 & 262, 1831.)

(39). Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Orthopteres. Suites a Buffon

Paris, 1839.

30 LITBRATUEE.

Sharp, Dr. D. (95). The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. v.

(London, 1895.) (ForJicvUdce, pp. 202-216.) Stal, C. (60). Fregatten Eugenies Rasa omkring Jorden. Insekten,

Orthoptera. (Stockholm, 1860.) Stephens, J. Fr. (37). Illustrations of British Entomology, or a Synopsis

of Indigenous Insects. Maudibulata, vol. vi. (London, 1837.) Terry, F. W. (05). Leaf Hoppers and their Natural Enemies. (Ent.

Div. Bull. no. 1, pt. 5. Report of Work of Experimental

Station of Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1905.) Theobald, F. V. (96). On some Hop-Pests. (Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) vii.

p. 60, 1896.) Verhceff, Dr. K. W, (02'). Ueber Dermapteren. I. Aufsatz. (Zool.

Anzeig. no. 665, p. 181, 1902.)

(02-). Ueber Dermapteren. II. Aufsatz. (S.B. Ges. Naturf. Fr.

Berlin, no. 1, p. 7,1902.) Westwood, J. O. (39). (Riizel's Himalayas, pi. ix. fig. 12, 1839.)

(40). An Introduction to the Modern Classitication of Insects,

II. (London, 1840.) - — (81). On the Earwig. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, i. p. 157, 1881.) Xambeu. (03). Instinct de la Materuite chez le Chelidura dilatata,

Lafresnave, Orlhoptere du groupe des Forticuliens. (Le Natur-

aliste, Pcxris, ISjuin 1903, p. 143.) Yersin, Alexandre. (60). Note sur quelques Orthopteres nouveaux

ou pen connus. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) viii. p. .509, pi. x.,

1860.)

CLASSIFICATION.

31

DERMAPTERA.

Table of Families.

1. Last dorsal egment of abdomen produced between the forceps into a depressed and dilated lobe, formed by a fusion with the pygidiura. (Body very strongly de- pressed ; antennae with over 40 segments; elytra very weak at axillary angle,

exposing a very prominent scutellum.) 1. Apachyidae, p. 31 1.1. Last dorsal segment of abdomen not strongly produced and forming no prominent process. 2. Second tarsal segment simple, not lobed, cylindrical. 3. Last dorsal segment with posterior margin entire, not fused with the pygidium, which is free. 4. Femora compressed and keeled, . 4.4. Femora not compressed or keeled 3.3. Last dorsal segment deflexed between the forceps, fused with the pygidium, which thus presents a vertical face 2.2. Second tarsal segment lobed

Pygidicranidae, p. 37. Labiidae, p. 110.

Labiduridae, p. G7. Forficulidae, p. 129.

Family I. APACHYID^.

Apachyidse, Verhaff, (02^) p. 200.

This family is well characterized.

The body is uniformly depressed, extremely so in the dominant and typical genus Ajxichi/us, less so in DendroiJcetes ; the latter only differing from Apacliyus in the somewhat less depressed body and subquadrate pronotum . With the exception of these two points the common characters of the family, to save repetition, are given in the characterization of the genus Apachyus.

There are a few species confined to the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and jN'ew Guinea, but only three have as yet been recorded from British India.

Owing to their remarkable appearance, they may be easily recognized, and the few Indian species cannot be confused.

Table of Genera.

1. Body very strongly flattened; pro- notum elliptical Apachyus, Serv., p. -32.

1.1. Body less strongly flattened; ]iro-

notum nearly square Dkndroiketes, Burr, p. 36.

32 APAOHTID.!).

Genus APACHYUS, Serville.

Apachyus, Serville, (31) p. 35. Apachya, Serville, (39) p. 54.

Type, Forfinda depressa, Pal.-Beauv.

Entire body remarkably flattened and depressed. Antennae long, with from 30-50 segments, 1st segment stout and long, 2nd minute, remainder cylindrical or conico-cylindrical, 3rd long, 4th to 7th very short, the remainder gradually lengthening. Head rather broad, triangular in front, truncate posteriorly, sutures distinct ; eyes prominent. Pronotum elliptical, angustate anteriorly, the sides convex and constricted quite near the posterior margin, which is truncate. Scutellum coriaceous, acutely triangular. Elytra ample and smooth ; costal portion very narrow ; humeral fold very faint. Wings ample and long, the coriaceous part with a nearly obsolete faint longitudinal ridge ; the folds of the mem- branous part well exposed along the suture. Prosternum parallel, widened posteriorly ; mesosternum ample, subquadrangular, truncate posteriorly, the posterior angles rounded. Metasternura ample, posterior margin sinuate. Eemora compressed, carinu- late, fairly stout ; tibiae slender ; first tarsal segment short and thick, second very minute, third long and slender, considerably longer than the first. Pulvillus present between the claws. Abdomen parallel-sided, very flat, generally smooth ; lateral tubercles not visible. Last dorsal segment ample in both sexes, subquadrate. Penultimate ventral segment produced posteriorly into a long acuminate lobe in both sexes. Last ventral segment visible at the sides of this pointed lobe. Anal process produced between the forceps from the last dorsal segment into a flat lobe, rounded, pentagonal or lanceolate. Forceps with the branches very similar in both sexes, flat, arcuate or incurved at an angle, without teeth.

Eanrje. Tropical Asia, New Guinea and Africa.

In the nymph the anal process is lanceolate ; the sixth ventral segment is produced to a pointed lobe, but still leaves the 7th and 8th segments visible, and the 9th is visible as a triangular area on each side of the under surface of the anal process.

This genus is easy to recognize, as all the species are very similar and the generic and family characters are very distinctive ; the very strongly flattened body, the form of the organs of flight, the elliptical pronotum, the anal process, and sickle-like forceps are very noticeable.

Table of Species.

1. Aual process with side angles not very sharp ; last dorsal segment granulose ; reddish

chestnut fecc, Borm., p. 33.

1.1. Anal process with side angles sharp; last dorsal segment rugose ; colour deep choco- late-brown pascoei, Kirby, p. 35.

APACHYUS.

33

1. Apachyus feaB, Bormans* ^ (Figs. 1, 2, & 93.)

^\o^r?. Jl^'^""'"*""' (^^^ P- -^3 ; ^"'-'V (05) p. 27, (07^) p. 508,

c\3ZJ'7 /^'^'Vk r?''^^"', ^^'^' ^^^'^^^^*' ^b^«"^en reddish- chestnut, shaded ^vIth black ; legs testaceous, ^^-ings stra^A'-coloul•ed

He r/ rf ? ?^""^'f ' '-'' ^^^^^'^"«' ^^- -«t dark chestnut.' Head dark chestnut, mouth-parts paler. Pronotum dark chest- nut, narrow and rounded anteriorly, the sides strongly convex

thnlZT ^"Tl '^' P°'''"°^' "^"^'Sin, which is" truncate: thus the iormot the pronotum is a posteriorly truncate ellipse- median sulcus distinct, sides somewhat incrassate. Scutellum' dark chestnut; in the form of an isosceles triangle, the ape^ pointing posteriorly. Sternal plates pale yellowish. ElyU-a broad and ample, somewhat convex and obhque posteriorly smooth, dark chestnut. Wings ample, straw-coloured or testa- ceous ; eoriaceous and membranous parts scarcely differentiated Legs reddish testaceous Abdomen deep reddish chestnut, shaded

n ?I.^ ?Jl ""^f ^% '''''' '^-^'^^''^' ''''^^ ^ P^^'' «f «^^iooth spots m the middle ot each segment. Penultimate ventral segment of the c? hidden by the 8th, which has a faint median sulcus and IS produced posteriorly into a rather short obtuse triangle not reaching the anal process ; it is hidden in the $ by the 6th the furrow IS obsolete, the hind margin produced into a very long narrow acuminate lobe extending almost to the apex of the anal procesl Las dorsal segment in the 6 ample, longer than broad, with a shallow median depression ; rough, with a mass of small tubercles • dorsal surface separated from the ventral by a row of minute sharp black tubercles; in the $ somewhat shiter, but struZr: and pattern similar. Anal process in the c^ pentagonal ; that is,

he sides are at first convex, slightly ema^ginate at the base Itself; outer angles marked by a short point, thence convergino- to an apical point; the edge itself is shghtlv thickened and studded with minute tubercles; under surface smooth with a shallow median suicus ; upper surface somewhat smoother than the last dorsal segment ; m the $ lanceolate, that is, more strond v emarginate at the base itself so that the sides form' Tsha p a"! e near the base, beyond which they converge to form an acSe angle; edges studded with minute sharp t^ubercles, espSa ly ? the angles. Forceps with the branches deep red, darker at the apex with minute pittmgs ; in the d regularly arcuate in the basal hird, hen bent inwards at an obtuse angle and very distinctly thickened the inner margin straight and Lter marg n gently arcuate, rather blunt at the apex itself ; in the $ the

1 Whenever a species is marked with an asterisk, it indicates that the tvn« ZsZ::sZ!''''' "'""^' '' '''' ^"^^^^ ■' '^' -^-^^^« -S-^y that a S3 ntj^:

34 APACHYID^.

branches are regularly curved and arcuate, sickle-sliaped, very slightly thickened at the apex itself.

Length of body (without anal process) . . 40 mm. 29-39 mm. „ forceps (with anal process) . . 5-7 „ 4-7 „

Bhutan : Maria Basti (Paris 2Ius.) ; Sikkim (Lid. Mus., coll. Burr); AssAM (Brit. 3Ius.) • BuRMA : Karen-ui, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., May to Dec, 4000-4500 ft., Jan. (Genoa Mu^., Brii. Mus., coll. Burr) ; ToNKiN (coll. Gadeau, coll. Burr).

Type in Genoa Museum.

Larva.

The author has examined three nymphs, one of which, being considerably larger than the others, may perhaps be in the penulti- mate instar. In this specimen the anal process is simply a long acute triangle, the tenth ventral segment only visible as a trian- gular area on each side of the base of the anal process, as in the imao-o ; the ninth ventral segment is obtusely rounded posteriorly ; the other segments have the posterior border truncate, except the basal three, which have it sinuate. The radiate structure of the wings is visible on the metanotum, which is deeply but roundly emarginate posteriorly ; the mesonotum is truncate posteriorly and anteriorly, the sides convex ; the forceps are gently arcuate and do not overlap. The total length of the body to the apex of the anal process is 38 mm.

The two undoubted nymphs measure respectively 36 mm. and 37 mm. ; the form of the mesonotum is the same as in the larger specimen, but the lateral convexity is more pronounced and distinctly suggests incipient elytra ; the radiating wings are distinctly visible on the metanotum, showing the first dorsal segment beyond it.

The form of the anal process is almost that of the adult female.

The ventral surface of one agrees with that of the larger specimen — that is, the eighth segment is convex posteriorly, only it is obtusely triangular rather than rounded. This specimen has therefore the full complement of dorsal segments behind this convex one, and is therefore probably a male.

In the other specimen the eighth ventral segment, also the seventh, is gently rounded, and the sixth is very distinctly produced in the form of a triangular lobe passing over the seventh to the edge of the eighth ; the specimen is therefore probably a female, and in the imago this triangular lobe completely conceals the seventh, eighth and ninth segments. In both these specimens the ventral part of the tenth segment is the same as in the adult.

I can find no other signs of sexual differentiation in either the anal process or forceps, which decidedly resemble those of the

APACHYUS. 35

adult female. The full number of dorsal segments is also visible in both.

We may therefore conclude that, as this lobed ventral segment is far more acute and produced in the $ than in the d , it is more pronounced in the last instar, and consequently shows the sex at this stage better than any other part or organ.

Variation.

This species varies considerably in size. The following are the dimensions of a number of specimens iu different collections from various localities, measured from the mouth to the apex of the anal process.

Burma (Genoa Mns.) 42 mm. 40 mm.

Tonkin (coll. Burr) 43 „ 41 „

" 31 „

Bhutan {Paris Mus.) 30 „

It is easy to recognize by its usually great size and the form of the anal process and forceps.

2. Apachyus pascoei, Kirhy*

Apachyus pascoei, Eirby, (91) p. 521, pi. 20, fig. 1 ; (04j p. 3.

Very closely resembles A.fecp,, Borm., the description of which applies well to this species, with the following points of distinction. The colour is generally decidedly darker, being a deep chocolate- brown ; the forceps are less coarsely pitted ; the abdomen is shorter and decidedly broader in proportion. The last dorsal segment is rugose rather than granulose, and the granules are far more densely crowded ; finally the anal process is more angular, owing to the fact that the projections at the edges, not only in the middle but at the sides, are more marked, and so emphasize the angles. J .

6

Length of body. . , 35 min.

„ forceps 8 „

Assam : Sylhet {Brit. Mus.).

Type iu the British Museum.

This species has always been sunk as a synonym of A. fece, Borm., but a comparison of Kirby's type with authentic specimens of A. fece from de Bormans' own collection shows the distinctions as given above. It is consequently prudent to suspend judgment. and leave the final decision to collectors on the spot.

d2

36 APACHYID^.

Genus DENDROIKETES, Burr. Deudroiketes, Burr, (09') p. 321.

Type, Apacliyus cortichius. Burr.

Kesembles Apachyus generally, but body less depressed ; head less flattened, occiput tumid. Antennae with about 30 segments ; first long and thick, third long and cylindrical ; fourth and fifth short and subcorneal, together not longer tlian third ; sixth and ninth slightly longer, subconical ; the rest more elongate, nearly cylindrical. Pronotum rectangular ; elytra and wings perfectly deve- loped ; femora somewhat compressed ; tibia? slender ; tarsi slender, first and third segments about equally long. Abdomen parallel - sided, depressed and smooth. Last dorsal segment of S and $ ample, slightly broader than long, densely granulated ; penultimate ventral segment of S convex, rounded and obtusely triangular, punctate ; in $ punctate, produced into a long, slender, sharp- pointed lobe. Anal process smoother, depressed, the margin itself finely crenulated, rounded in c^ ; iu $ parallel-sided at the base itself, then obtusely triangular. Forceps with the branches depressed, finely punctulate ; in 6 unarmed, incurved ; in $ straighter.

Ilanr/e. Ceylon.

This genus was founded for a single Singhalese species Avhich represents the passage from Apachyus to typical earwigs.

It resembles Apachyus in its main features, especially in the form of the apex of the abdomen and the forceps, and in the penultimate ventral segment of the female, but in the less depressed body, rectangular pronotum, somewhat different tarsi, and penultimate ventral segment of the male it approaches the normal earwig.

3. Dendroiketes corticiiiiis, Burr* (Fig. 3.)

Apachyus corticinus, Burr, (08^) p. 51. Dendroiketes corticiuus, Burr, (09) p. 321.

Of small size ; general colour greyish fuscous ; antennae with first three segments yellowish, the rest grey ; head smooth, yellowish, the mouth-parts darker; sutures distinct. Pronotum rectangular, nearly square, prozona tumid, median suture distinct, metazona depressed, sides reflexed ; scutellum obtusely triangular ; elytra narrow, not rounded at the shoulders, about twice as long as the pronotum, smooth, greyish brown ; wings very prominent, longer than the elytra, the scales of the same colour ; legs yel- lowish, the femoi-a with darker shading ; abdomen depressed, parallel-sided, yellowish brown, smooth. Last dorsal segment of cJ and $ ample, reddish brown, a little broader than long, coarsely scabrous, with a faint median depression. Penultimate ventral segment of (^ punctate, decidedly convex, obtusely triangular ; of 5 produced into a long slender sharp-pointed lobe. Anal process smoother, depressed and prominent, the edge finely crenulate ; in

DENBEOIKETES. 37

S rounded, iu $ parallel-sided at the base itself, then obtusely triangular, with rather sharp points at each side. Eorceps de- pressed, finely punctulate, deep red ; in d sickle-shaped, unarmed, regularly arcuate ; in 5 with a blunt tubercle on the underside near the base, rather thick, straight and parallel near the base itself, then bowed inward at an obtuse angle, then straight, converging to the points, which are abruptly attenuated and slightly hooked.

6 2

Length of body 8-5 mm. ] 0 mm.

,, forceps 1-5 „ 1-5 „

Cetlon : Peradeniya, in October (coll. Burr). One larva from Ceylon (Vienna Mus.).

Type in the author's collection.

This species, the only known Singhalese representative of the Apachyidce, may be easily recognized by the generic characters. It was discovered by Mr. Green, who found a single pair.

Family II. PYGIDICKANIDJE.

The compressed and carinulate femora afford a convenient mesns of separating this family.

Fig. 2. — Leg of Fygidlcrana siconensis, Dohrn.

The elytra are weakly attached — that is, the anal angle is rounded, so that a triangular scutellum of var^'-ing size is exposed at the base of the elytra when closed.

The antenna have numerous segments, the fourth and fifth shorter than the third, which is long.

38 pygidicrajVid^.

The abdomen is cylindrical and generally narrower near the base than at the apex, whieli is usually more or less dilated.

No known Indian members of the family are apterous, but totally wingless forms occur in certain parts of the world.

Two subfamilies are represented in India.

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Antennae with 15-25 segments, the fifth

cylindrical, longer than broad. (Size [p. 38.

small or medium, build fragile.) .... I. Diplatyince, 1.1. Antennae with over 30 segments, the fourth, fifth, aud sixth short, globular, not longer than broad. (Size large or very large, build robust and powerful [p. 53.

as a rule.) II. P>/gidicraiiince,

Subfamily I. DIPLATYIN^.

This subfamily contaius the single genus Dijilaiys, Serv., if we agree to sink Cylindrofj aster, Stal.

Genus DIPLATYS, Serv.

Diplatys, Servilh, (31) p. 33.

Dyscritiua, Westioood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lo7idon, 1881, p. 601 (larva). —

Tt/2)e, D. longisetosa, JVestw. Nannopygia, Dohrn, (68) p. 60. — Type, N. gerstfeckeri, Dohrn.

Type, Forficula macrocepJiala, Pal.-Beauv.

Body glabrous or hairy. Stature small and slender. An- tennae with 16-20 rather thick segments, almost cylindrical ; first long and thickened at the apex, second very short, third longer, fourth about half as long as third, fifth a little longer ; the remainder gradually lengthening. Head rather broad, pen- tagonal, usually different in the sexes ; in the S globose, smooth, and tumid, with obsolete sutures, or more often tumid between the eyes and strongly depressed posteriorly, the two parts often sharply separated by the transverse suture ; sutures very distinct or obsolete ; posterior margin truncate or emar- ginate, somewhat reflexed into an incrassate transverse ridge which continues round the corners to the eyes ; a more or less sharp ridge often runs from behind the eyes to the posterior angles of the side ; sides of the head parallel or converging pos- teriorly, in which case the head is lanceolate ; median suture sometimes very distinct, sometimes replaced by a short keel ; in the $ the head is generally simpler, more approaching quadrate, smooth, not notably tumid or depressed, and somewhat broader. Prouotum small, narrower than the head, sometimes a little longer than broad, usually as broad as long, produced and narrowed anteriorly with a short neck ; sides parallel or convex ; posterior margin truncate, the angles rounded ; prozona usually tumid ;

UU'LATTS. SO'

sides and metazona flat ; in the $ usually more rounded and broader ; the pronotum extends shghtly over the elytra. Scu- tellum small and triangular. Elytra broad and ample, usually long and convex or truncate posteriorly, M-ith no humei'al carina. Wings generally long ; squamse generally pointed ; a triangular membranous patch often exposed ; rarely abortive. Femora feebly keeled ; first tarsal segment very long and slender, longer than second and third united ; second very short, rather broad ; third segment about half as long as first, a little broader; pulvilius present between the claws. Abdomen in the 6 slender and cylin- drical ; the segments distinctly separated ; lateral tubercles on segments three and four generally more distinct in the $ than in the 6 ; towards the apex a little broader, sometimes notably so. Last dorsal segment of d" ample, smooth, tumid, truncate posteriorly, sometimes very remarkably widened and quadrate. In the 5 the abdomen is usually broader and more depressed, not widened apically, but narrowed down the last dorsal segment which is sloping, long, and veiy narrow. Penultimate ventral segment in the d very ample, completely covering the last seg- ment, quadrate, angles rounded, posterior margin truncate or sinuate, or deeply emarginate. Pygidium not visible. Forceps of c? stout, straight, conical and contiguous, usually depressed, flat beneath and keeled above, dilated near the base to form a flat dilation recalling typical Fovficula or merely forming a flat triangular tooth, and then attenuate and arcuate so as to enclose an elliptical area. In the $ simple, straight, very short, and contiguous.

Larvae depressed ; instead of forceps, having long segmented caudal styles, resembling antennae ; number of segments varying from about 15-30 ; segments cylindrical, gradually lengthening after the second, the basal segment equalling in length the next five or six segments. This long basal segment is the sheath of the future forceps.

Eange. Tropical Asia, Africa and America.

This genus is one of the most interesting and also one of the most difficult. In 'Das Tierreich,' de Bormans gave a table for the half dozen species which he knew, based entirely upon colour alone. It is consequently impossible to discriminate any species by means of that work.

The inherent difficulty of the genus is complicated by the sexual dimorphism ; it is, at present at least, only possible to allocate females to their respective places by guesswork, as the form of the head and pronotum is usually different in the female from the same pai'ts in the male, and, of course, the anal parts differ also. It is accordingly particularly desirable that no new species of Diplatys be described from females only.

It is also probable that there may be two different types of coloration in one species. It may eventually be proved that D. gersto'clceri, \2Lr. caUdasa is really a yellow variety of the large fuscous D. siva, and the same thing may occur in certain African species.

40

PYGIDICRANID.E.

The name Di/scritina was proposed by Westwood (1881) for the larval form, with long segmented cerci, which proved to be identical with the insect described by Dohrn under the name Ncmnopygia gerstcBckeri. This is, of course, a true Diplatys, so Nannopygia must fall, although de Bormans describes Namio- pygia gerstceclceri and Diplatys loagisetosa, Westwood, as separate creatures in distinct genera.

Table of Species,

1. Forceps strongly depressed and dilated near the base. 2. Last dorsal segment strongly dilated, much wider than the waist ; broad and flat part of forceps quite pro- minent. 3, Elytra short, only li time as long as broad, rounded at apex ; wings abortive ; occiput not strongly

depressed gladiator, Burr, p. 41.

3.3, Elytra at least twice as long as broad, narrow at apex ; wings

well developed; occiput depressed, falcatus, sp. n., p. 42. 2.2. Last dorsal segment not strongly di- lated, but little wider than the waist; dilated part of forceps very short, scarcely visible from above. 3. Penultimate ventral segment roun- ded, gently sinuate at hinder margin; forceps stout, very gently

arcuate lefroyi, sp, n., p. 44.

3.3. Penultimate ventral segment nar- rowed ; binder border produced to a small truncate lobe ; forceps

more slender and arcuate angustatus, sp. u., p. 44.

1.1. Forceps gradually attenuate.

2. Penultimate ventral segment with posterior margin distinctly excavate or emarginate. 3. Penultimate ventral segment with

round emargination bormansi, sp. n.,p. 45,

3.3. Penultimate ventral segment with

one or more deep triangular

emarginations.

4. Penultimate ventral segment bi-

emarginate (small Singhalese

species).

•5. Colour red (/ersfcscJieri, Dohrn, p, 46,

5.5. Colour black ernesti, sp. n., p. 48.

4.4= Penultimate ventral segment with three triangular emarginations (large North Indian species) . . siva, Burr, p. 49. 2.2. Penultimate ventral segment entire or gently sinuate.

DIPLATTS. 41

3. Penultimate ventral segment very

gently sinuate \ greeai, Burr, p. 50,

3.3. Penultimate ventral segment trun- cate. 4. Last dorsal segment scai'cely wider than the abdomen; forceps trigono-conical. 5. Penultimate ventral segment rectangular, the angles not

rounded rnfescens, Kirby, p. 5] .

•5.5. Penultimate ventral segment

with the angles rounded. . . . Jletcheri, sp. n., p. o'2. 4.4. Last dorsal segment decidedly wider than the abdomen ; for- ceps depressed liberatus, sp. n., p. 62.

4. Diplatys gladiator, Burr*

Diplatys gladiator, Burr, (05) pp. 28 & 29, (OG^) p. 319.

Pale testaceous or reddish ; elytra black. Antennae with 14 segments, pale straw-coloured ; third segment not very long, fourth much shorter, and fifth a little shorter than the third, all cylindrical. Head tumid between the eyes, not remarkably depressed on the occiput, postocular keels nearly obsolete; sutures not very distinct ; there is a faint small ridge on each side of the median suture and parallel to it ; colour fuscous or reddish. Pro- notum of S and 5 as broad as long, subquadrate, with rounded sides and angles, truncate posteriorly, testaceous ; prozona tumid ; metazona and sides depressed. Scutellum pale, larger in the $ than in the S • Elytra black, short and broad, convex posteriorly ; in the $ the elytra slope away at the base and so expose a larger scutehum than in the J. Wings abortive. Legs pale and slender. Abdomen yellowish near the base, reddish or darker near the apex ; cylindrical in the S , rather depressed in the $ ; smooth lateral tubercles on the third and fourth segments distinct in both sexes. In the S the eighth and ninth segments are wider than the others but very short ; in the $ they are normal and somewhat narrowed. Last dorsal segment in the c? very ample, quadrate and smooth, the median sulcus nearly obsolete ; posterior margin subsinuate, shghtly convex on each side over the forceps; exterior angles depressed, prominent, and rectangular. In the $ the last dorsal segment sloping, narrow, normal. Penultimate ventral segment of d" as ample as the last dorsal segment, posterior margin gently rounded, angles rounded. Forceps of the c? with the branches very depressed and strongly dilated near the base itself, forming a flattened but sharp tooth, at which point the two inner- margins touch ; then suddenly and strongly attenuate and arcuate, enclosing an elliptical area : in the 2 straight, simple, and slender.

(S

Leugth of body 8-75 mm.

„ forceps 1-5 „

42 PYGIDICRANIDiE.

Bengal : Calcutta {Ind. Mus., coll. Burr). Tyije in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Larva.

Antennae of same number of segments and form as adult. Pronotum almost circular, ample, anterior and posterior margins straight ; elytra present as free short rounded flaps ; legs very slender, depressed and rather broad ; lateral tubercles very dis- tinct ; lateral dorsal segment very small and narrow ; caudal setae very long, with 20-30 segments, considerably longer than the body ; basal segments very long, about equalling the next seven segments together ; the segments all cylindrical, rather long, gradually lengthening after the second. Head, elyti'a, apical half of abdomen and cerci, except at the very base itself, blackish, the rest of the body straw-coloured. Length of body 5*5 mm., of basal segment of cerci 1"7 mm., total length of cerci 7'75 mm. (The soft body is of course rather shrivelled.)

This is a very distinct species, being the only one known in which the wings are abortive, and the elytra so short that they are almost square ; the coloration is also distinctive ; in the strongly dilated last dorsal segment of the male and the depressed and dilated forceps, it approaches D. fakatus, but in that species the inner margin of the dilated part is crenulate, and the forceps are bowed so that the outer margin is sti'ongly arched ; in D. gladiator the outer margin is almost straight.

it has hitherto only been record(jd from Calcutta, where Dr. Aunandale found the larvae during hot weather under flower- pots, resting on stones.

5. Diplatys falcatus, sp. n. (Fig. 4.)

Size relatively great. General colour reddish brown. Antennae pale yellowish grey. Head blackish brown, broad, especially in the S , depressed, sutures strongly marked, postocular carina strong and sharp, occiput depressed. Pronotum of d suboval, a little longer than broad, a little narrower posteriorly than an- teriorly, the sides rounded; yellowish brown, M'ith indistinct blackish markings ; in $ , the prozona bi-own, the metazona pale yellowish, pentagonal, slightly longer than broad and narrowed posteriorly ; anterior margin roundly convex, sides and posterior margin almost straight. Scutellum yellowish, broader in the $ than in the J • Elytra ample, long and narrow, purplish black. Wings long and prominent, creamy, the scale blackish. Legs dirty yellowish, shaded or banded with brownish. Abdomen reddish brown, with stiff' reddish bristles at the sides ; long and slender and dilated posteriorly in the 6 , stouter and narrowed posteriorly in the $ ; lateral tubercles distinct. Last dorsal

DIPLATYS.

43

segment of c? very large, ample and smooth, nearly square, much broader than the abdomen, yellowish brown ; sides somewhat converging posteriorly, posterior margin truncate ; in $ ample, but narrower than the abdomen, truncate posteriorly. Penultimate ventral segment of d" ample, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, the sides straight and converging ; posterior margin gently sinuate, with a triangular depressed area m the middle ; in 2 narrow, acutely convex. Forceps with the branches iu the cT strongly flattened throughout their length and almost sulcate above, strongly dilated at the base itself, this portion ending abruptly in a blunt tooth, as the branches are sharply attenuated near the base and diverging, then strongly arcuate, so as to enclose a slightly transverse oval area ; in the $ the branches are simple, straight, contiguous, tapering.

6 2

Length of body 13-5 mm. 11 mm.

„ forceps 1 „ 1 „

Punjab : Simla Hills, Kasauli, about 6300 ft., 16.V.08 (Tnd. 3IUS.) ; Lower Burma : Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3.iii.08 {Ind. II us.).

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Pig. 3. — Apex of abdomen of male, showing penultimate ventral segment and forceps, from beneath , of six species of Biplatys.

A. D.falcatus.

B. D. Irfroyi.

C. D. anrjiisfatus.

D. D. gersi(pchen.

E. D. ei-)iesfi.

F. D.flet chert.

This is a fine species, which most nearly approaches the African D. macrocephala, but the penultimate ventral segment is of a diflferent shape, and the forceps are very strongly arched.

Perhaps de Borraans included this species in his D. macrO' cephala from Burma.

44 PTGIDICEANID.i:.

6. Diplatys lefroyi, sp. n. (Fig. 5.)

Eelatively large, General colour blackish brown, body reddish. Antennae brown, yellowish near the base, blackish towards the apes. Head black, the frous tumid and smooth, the transverse suture obscure ; postocular keels sharp and distinct ; median suture distinct only near posterior margin, which is depressed, as also the occiput. Pronotum of d about as broad as long, irregularly pentagonal, with rounded angles ; anterior margin roundly convex; posterior roargin truncate, sides gently converging so that the pronotum is somewhat narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona black ; metazona yellowish. Scutellum yellow. Elytra ample, smooth, black. Wings long, smooth, black. Legs yellow, banded with blackish. Abdomen blackish red, gently widening posteriorly. Last dorsal segment not very strongly dilated, about half as wide again as the middle of the abdomen, rather longer than broad, smooth, tumid, black with yellowish pubescence. Posterior margin simple, gently sinuate in the middle, the sides obliquely truncate. Penultimate ventral segment ample, rounded, the posterior margin gently sinuate. Forceps with the branches stout and trigonal, not very much depressed ; at the very base itself the inner margin is produced into a depressed triangular tooth, which is best seen from below, as it does not extend beyond the edge of the last dorsal segment, and so is not easily visible from above ; the branches are gently tapered, nearly straight or gently incurved, the points scarcely hooked ; the interior margin in the apical portion is denticulate ; the basal portion of the forceps is pale yellow, the apical portion black.

6

Length of body 12 mm.

,, forceps ] "5 „

S. Bombay : Belgaum, 2000 ft., iv.OS (Pasa Coll.) ; Tratan- CORE : E. side of Western Ghats, Madras frontier, Shencottah {Ind. Mus., coll. Burr").

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species is related to D. falcatus. The dilation at the base of the forceps is so short that it is not at first noticeable, and thus the forceps appear to resemble those of D. bormansi. The penultimate ventral segment also is different from that of D. falcatus, being rounded or sinuate, thus approaching the African D. macrocephala, but the last abdominal segment is very little broader than the abdomen.

7. Diplatys angustatus, sp. n. (Pig. 6.)

Size small, general colour black. Antennae black with a yellowish ring near the base ; IG segments, all cylindrical, third rather short. Head black, tumid ; occiput depressed, with sharp postocular

DIPLAXiS. 45

carinse and a pair of small keels in the middle of the posterior margin. Pronotum as broad as long, all margins gently convex ; black, with a narrow yellowish posterior border. Elytra and wings ample, black. Scntellum minute, black. Legs black, ringed with white at the base of the femora, the knees and base of the tarsi. Abdomen slender, black, the tubercles on second and third segments very distinct ; gradually widening towards the apex. Last dorsal segment tumid, but scarcely wider than the abdomen and about as long as broad. Penultimate ventral segment broad at the base but rapidly narrowing towards the apex, which is trun- cate. Porceps with the branches depressed at the base itself and so contiguous there ; then immediately and abruptly attenuate, the branches very slender, elongate and arcuate, enclosing an ellip- tical area. $ unknown,

S

Length of body 10-5 mm.

„ forceps 1*75 „

N. Bengal : Purneah District, Bhogaon, 30.ix.0S (0. A. Paiva, Incl. 31 us.).

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species, based on a single male, approaches D. lefroyi in the form of the forceps and the last dorsal segment, but is smaller and more slender ; the forceps especially are far less robust. The form of the penultimate ventral segment is perfectly distinctive.

8. Diplatys bormansi, sp. n. (Figs. 91, 91 a.)

Diplatys macrocephala, Borm. {nee Beauv.) (88) p. 433, (94) p. 372,

(OQi) p. 9 (text) (partim). Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (04) pp. 279 & 284 (partim). Diplatys bormansi, Kirhij, (04) p. 1 (nomen nudum).

Puscous varied with whitish, not very pubescent. Antennae with 14-16 segments, basal two fuscous, the remainder greyish testaceous. Head of J with transverse suture rather distinct, the tumid frontal part very distinct from the depressed occiput ; postocular ridges shorter than the diameter of the eyes, not very sharp ; median suture fairly distinct, with one or two faint ridges on each side ; in the 5 broader and flatter, the sutures more faint, so that the somewhat tumid part passes gradually into the depressed occiput ; postocular ridges rather more blunt ; black ; the eyes very prominent, especially in the male ; eyes sometimes white. Pronotum with median sulcus faint ; prozona tumid, brownish black, occupying the greater part of the disc ; metazona narrow and flat, white or yellowish, which colour extends forwards along the flat sides to form a crescent ; trapezoidal, nearly rectilinear in the 6 , the sides subconvex in the 5 , angles rounded in both sexes, slightly narrowed posteriorly, about as broad as long, but distinct] V broader in the $ than in the d*. Scutellum transverse

46 rTGIDICBANID.E.

in the S ; very small in the $ . Elytra smooth, ample, long, fuscous, with a distiuct purple sheen ; with a few stifi' bristles ; some- times with a pale transverse baud at the shoulders. Wings ample ; squamae long and narrow, pale and with a central fuscous spot. Legs pale, femora and tibiae with fuscous rings ; former with distinct carinulse. Abdomen of c? slendei-, shining purplish black, gently and slightly broadened towards the apex ; $ broader, somewhat depressed, angustate posteriorly, with a short thick yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segments of c? quadrate, smooth, scarcely broader than the base of the abdomen ; in the $ sloping and narrowed. Penultimate ventral segment of <S parallel-sided, posterior margin rather deeply emarginate in the middle, with broadly rounded lobes. Forceps with the branches not depressed, stout, straight, subcontiguous, trigono-conical, acuminate and very slightly hooked at the apex ; in the $ cylindro-couieal, short, contiguous, straight.

Length of body 10 mm. 9 mm.

„ forceps 1 „ 0'75 „

Burma : Bhamo, April and August (coll. Burr, Genoa Mus.) ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft. {coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

This species was confused by de Bormans with D. liberatus, Burr, under the name of D. macrocephala, which is a very distinct African species, and by the author of this work with D. nigrkejps and D. greeni.

It differs from them all in having the penultimate ventral segment of the male emarginate in the middle ; in D. liheraius this plate is truncate ; in the true D. nigncejys from Hong Kong it is somewhat convex in the middle.

Superficially it also resembles D. greeni.

It is impossible to determine which of the localities quoted by de Bormans should be attributed to this species, and which to D. bormansi without an actual examination of each spe- cimen. Those quoted above are all represented in the author's collection.

.9. Diplatys gerstseckeri, Dolim. (Pig. 7.)

Nannopygia gerstseckeri, Dohrn, (63) p. 60 ; Scudder, (76) p. 326 ;

Kirby, (91) p. 508 ; Bormans, (94) p. 372, (00-) p. 11. Dyscritina lougisetosa, Westioood, (81) p. 601, pi. 22, figs. 1, \a-i;

'Green, (96) p. 229, (98) p. 383. Diplatys longisetosa, Burr, (98) p. 388, pi. xviii, figs. 4, 5 & 16 ;

pi. xix, tigs. 9-14 ; Borm. (00') p. 10, fig. 6. Diplatys gerstseckeri, Burr, (01) p. 74, pi. A, figs. 4 & 5, (05) pp. 279

&282.

DIPL ATI'S. 47

Diplatys gerstajckeri, var. calidasa, Burr, (04) pp. 279 & 282, (OG)

p. 387, (07=) p. 508. Cylindrogaster rufesceiis, Burr {nee Kirhy)^ (00^) p. 48.

Small and slender ; general colour reddish tawny shading to yellow with a few reddish bristles. Antennae with 15 segments, typical, testaceous. Head : in the S not very tumid between the eyes, this part passing gradually into the narrowly depressed occiput, owing to the transverse suture being obsolete ; eyes large, the postocular keels shorter than the eyes, a sharp hinder border somewhat incrassate, the median suture short but distinct, cutting the incrassate margin ; sides of the head converging posteriorly : in the $ the eyes smaller and postocular keels rela- tively a trifle longer and less sharp ; the head is somewhat broader and less tumid but otherwise it resembles the J , only the characters are weaker, sometimes nearly obsolete ; the colour is yellowish testaceous, sometimes shaded with darker. Pronotum of c5"as broad as long, subquadrate, posterior margin gently I'ounded ; very slightly narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona ample, tumid, metazona and sides flat ; yellowish or reddish testaceous ; in the 5 similar, but somewhat broader. Scutellum minute. Elytra reddish to golden yellow, sometimes shaded \^'ith fuscous ; ample, long and broad, obliquely convex posteriorly, with a few bristles on the shoulders. AViugs long, of the same colour as the elytra. Legs yellow, very slender; posterior femora with cariuulas almost obsolete. Abdomen reddish, in the (S slender and cylindrical, slightly broadening posteriorly ; in the $ somewhat depressed, a little broader apically. Last dorsal segment ample, tumid and smooth, quadrate in the S , and slightly broader than the abdomen ; in the § narrower, sloping and angulate posteriorly. Penultimate ventral segment in the 6 ample, as broad as long, the posterior margin deeply triangularly emarginate, tlie apex of the emargination produced posteriorly into a short sharp equilateral triangular lobe, so that the outline of the posterior margin forms a W ; in the $ longer and narrower, angustate posteriorly. Porceps of S with the branches short, depressed, narrow, tapering and quite straight, slightly hooked at the apex itself ; in the $ similar, but shorter and more slender.

c? 2

Length of body 7-4-14-75 mm. 7*5-8 mm.

„ forceps 1-1-5 ,, 1-1-5 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft.. May to Dec. (Genoa Miis.) ; Ceylon: Punduluoya (Brit. Mus., coU. Burr), Maskeliya (coll. Burr).

Ti/pe in the Berlin Museum.

Although a female of one of Mr. Green's original specimens of Dyscritina longisetosa has the head with the male characters almost obsolete, whereas another female from Maskeliya has them fairly

48 PYGIDICRANIDiE.

well developed, there are probably not two species in the Island of Ceylon, and the author therefore maintains his opinion that Dyscritina Jongisetosa of Westwood and Nannopygia gerstceckeri of Dohrn are identical.

9 a. Diplatys gerstaeckeri, var. calidasa, Burr.

This name was proposed for a few females, in the Paris Museum, from Northern India, which resemble the females of B. gerstceckeri in every respect but size. They are a great deal larger, their dimensions being as follows : —

Length of body 12-12-25 mm.

„ forceps 1-1-25 ,,

It is possible that when the male is discovered it will prove to be a yellow variety of the large D. siva.

Sikkim: Darjihng {Paris Mus.); Assam: Kurseoug {Ind. Mus.).

Type in Paris Museum.

10. Biplatys ernesti, sp. n. (Fig. 9.)

Small and slender ; with long dense pale pubescence ; dark fuscous brown. Antennae with 16 segments ; yellowish, rather darker towards the apex, the second segment fuscous. Head black, S \vith the tumid frons not entirely replete, passing fairly sharply into the depressed occiput, but the transverse suture not distinct ; postocular keels rather blunt, shorter than the promi- nent eyes ; posterior margin with a short broad raised space in the middle, divided by the short but distinct median suture ; in the 2 the tumid frons is replete, and passes gradually backwards, reaching the posterior margin itself, so that the occiput is not depressed ; the postocular ridges are short, blunt, and obtuse, capped with a low sharp crest ; as usual in the genus, the head is somewhat more quadrate posteriorly in the $ , and the eyes a little smaller. Pronotum dark brown, about as broad as long, decidedly convex anteriorly, gently narrowed posteriorly, slightly longer iu the $ than in the S , the sides straight, the posterior margin truncate, and the posterior angles rounded ; flat margin very narrow. Scutellum brown, relatively large. Elytra ample, broad, blackish brown, paler towards the shoulders. Wings blackish brown. Legs long and slender ; femora distinctly crenu- late, fuscous -, tibise pale, banded with fuscous ; tarsi pale. Abdo- men nearly black, relatively not very slender, very gradually and slightly broadening towards the apex in the c5' , almost parallel-sided in the $ . Last dorsal segment of S quadrate, sloping, scarcely wider than the abdomen ; narrowed in the 5 . Penultimate ventral segment of S quadrate, ample, deeply emarginate on the posterior border, the apex of the emargi nation produced again

DIPLATTS. 49

posteriorly into a short triangular lobe, so that the outline forms a W ; in the 2 narrow, triangular. Forceps with the branches very short, rather broad, depressed, straight and tapering in the d ', in the $ shghtly longer, more slender.

c? 2

Length of body 6-75 mm. 6 mm.

„ forceps 0-5 „ 0-75 „

Ceylon : 'Peradeniysi (Green, coll. Bun-), Madulsima (Fletcher)-

Type in the author's collection.

In colour and in the gradually widening abdomen, this species resembles D. greeni and D. bormansi, but is smaller than either and more slender ; it differs from the former in the short depressed forceps, from the latter in the somewhat different pronotuin and shorter and broader forceps. It differs from both in the double triangular emargination of the penultimate ventral segment of the male, thus approaching D. gerstcecl-eri, which it also resembles in form and build, but the middle triangular lobe between the two excisions is much broader and less acute in this species than in D. r/erst(ecJceri.

It is dedicated to Mr. Ernest Green.

11. Diplatys siva, Burr*

Diplatys siva, Burr, (04) pp. 278 & 283 ; (06) p. 387 ; (O?^) p. 508.

Large; glabrous ; reddish fuscous. Antennae with 15 segments, typical, reddish fuscous. Head in the c? not very tumid on the f rons, nor very depressed on the occiput ; transverse suture fairly distinct and postocular ridges obsolete ; in the 5 the irons is still less tumid, the transverse suture marked by a vague shallow depression, and occiput normal. Pronotum : c? sub(iuadrate, convex anteriorly, sides parallel and posterior margin gently rounded ; $ slightly broader and truncate posteriorly ; prozona tumid, ample ; metazona flat and narrow in both sexes and median suture distinct. Scutellum smaller in d" than in 2 . Elytra and wings ample, smooth, fulvous brown, with a dense short yellowish pubescence. Legs brownish, long and slender ; posterior femora cannulate. Abdomen slender, not broadened postei'iorly. Last dorsal segment of the cJ rectangular, short, transverse, not broader than the abdomen, smooth, posterior margin oblique at sides,, truncate in the middle ; in the 2 sloping and strongly angustate. Penultimate ventral segment of the d ample, subquadrate, posterior margin with three deep triangular emarginations, forming thus two triangular lobes in the middle ; in the 2 narrow and rounded. Eorceps : in the cS with the branches rather depressed, rounded above, flat beneath, quite straight and unarmed, conical and tapering ; in the 2 shorter, stouter and conical.

50 PIG1DICRA]S'ID^.

Length of body 14 mm. 13 mm.

„ forceps 1 "S „ 1 „

SiKKiM: Darjiling; Assam: Kurseong (^ njmph) {Ind. 3£us.); United Pkovinces : Kumaun, Bhim Tal, on flowei's of stinging nettles (Iiid. 3Iiis.).

Type in the Paris Museum.

This is one of the largest species of the genus ; it is distin- guished by its size, fuscous colour, and the form of the penultimate ventral segment of the male.

In a larva, the length of tiie basal segment of the cerci was 2-5 mm. ; the whole cercus 13 mm., composed of 15 segments ; the body measured 10-5 mm.

12. Diplatys greeni, Burr.

Diplatys greeni, Burr, (04) pp. i>80 & 2So ; Kirhy, (04) p. 2. Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (nee Kirhy, uec Borin.) (98) p. 389,

pi. xviii, tigs. 1-3 & pi. xix, figs. 6-8 & 15 ; (01) p. 76, pi. A,

tigs. 1-3; Bonnans, (00") p. 10 (partim). Dyscritina longisetosa, Green, (96) p. 229 (partim). Dyscritina, n. sp., Green, (98) p. 383.

G-eneral colour dark greyish brown, not very pubescent. Antennae with 16 segments ^ greyish brown. Head dark reddish brown, not very tumid between the eyes, this part passing o-radually into the depressed occiput, as the transverse suture is not very distinct ; median suture very short, with a few faint blunt short ridges on each side ; postocular ridges sharp, about as long as the diameter of the eyes. Pronotum a trifle longer than broad, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, the sides straight and posterior margin truncate ; median suture distinct ; prozona tumid and occupying greater part of the area ; metazona flat, very short, sides flattened and somewhat reflexed ; dark greyish brown. Scutellum very small. Elytra long and broad, smooth, reddish-brown, convex at the posterior margin. Wings long and of the same colour (membranous part clearly hyahne). Legs with the femora fuscous, the carinulse obsolete, just perceptible on the pos- terior pair ; tibise and tarsi very slender, pale and typical. Abdomen browii, with a bronze sheen ; gradually increasing in girth towards the apex ; last dorsal segment large, scarcely broader than the abdomen, tumid, smooth, quadrate, the median sulcus faint; postero- external angles rectangular. Penultimate ventral segment ample, quadrate, posterior margin slightly emarginate, with a short

1 Owing to the fragility of these organs, it is difficult to be certain what is the normal number of segments even in living specimens : the antennae often differ in this respect in the same individual. Green has counted as many as 17 and as few as 13 segments ; probablj 16 is the normal number.

DIPLATYS. 51

median sulcus. Forceps with the branches not quite contiguous at the base, trigonal, very short, then suddenly and notably attenuate, the apical half very slender, cylindrical and tapering, gently incurved, thus enclosing an elongate elliptical area ; under surface flattened.

S

Length of body 8-5 mm.

„ forceps 1 „

Ceylon: Puuduluoya (Brit. Mas., coll. Bwr), Peradeniya (coll. Burr).

l^ype in the author's collection.

This species was formerly confused with B. hormansi. Burr, from which it differs in the form of the penultimate ventral segment of the male, which is gently sinuate, having in D. hormansi a central round emargination. In D. greeni too, the forceps are stout at the base, and convex, cyliudro-conical, quickly attenuate, and slightly arcuate towards the apex ; in D. hormansi they are trigono-conical and almost straight. D. greeni as a rule has no white markings, which are commonly present in D. hormansi.

13. Diplatys rufescens, Kirhg.* (Fig. 7,5.)

Oylhidrogaster rufescens, Kirhy, (96) p. 524, pi. 20, fig. 2. Diplatys rufescens, Kirhy ^ (04) p. 2 ; Burr^ (0"') P- 508.

Antennae yellowish, typical. Head with frons tumid and occiput depressed, postocular keels sharp ; chocolate-brown. Pronotum suboval, slightly longer than wide, well-rounded in front, the sides convex and posterior margin truncate ; chocolate-bro-vn in colour with an indistinct darker shade outlining the somewhat tumid prozona. Scutellum wide and pale. Elytra reddish chocolate-brown. Wings whitish, shaded with brown. Legs yellowisli, the femora shaded with brown. Abdomen clear brick-red, siiiooth, decidedly darker at the apex. Last dorsal segment decidedly wider than the abdomen, smooth, nearly square, but not dilated. Penultimate ventral segment of S ample, quadrate, feebly depressed in middle near hinder margin. Forceps straight, contiguous, conical, tri- gonal, the inner margin serrulate, apices slightly hooked. 5 un- known.

6

Length of body 12 mm.

„ forceps ........ 1 „

Sikkim: Darjihng (7?»-i^. J/«s., Pcf/'ts J1/?(S.); ToNKijf. Tijpc in the British Museum.

This species was wrongly considered by de Bormans as synony- mous with B. cjcrstaickeri, from which it is quite distinct.

EL'

52 PYGIDICBANID^.

14. Diplatys fletcheri, sp. n. (Fig. 8.)

Of small or medium size, colour reddish brown, varied with blackish. Antennae typical, greyish and yellow. Head dark brown, the frous strongly tumid ; the occiput depressed and postocular keels strong. Pronotum in J a little longer than broad, convex anteriorly, the sides parallel, rounded posteriorly^ ; in 5 a little shorter and broader, the sides gently rounded, the hinder margin straight. Elytra reddish bx'ovvn. Wings whitish. Legs reddish, shaded with brown. Abdomen reddish brown, darker apically; last dorsal segment in S dark brown, square, smooth, ample, distinctly broader than the abdomen M'hich widens gradually to it; in 2 narrow and sloping. Penultimate ventral segment in c? ample, broad, rounded, the hinder border straight, the angles well- rounded ; in 5 narrow, lanceolate. Porceps in cj with branches rather stout, short, trigouo-conical, the inner margin very crenu- late, almost straight, the apex hooked ; in $ simple, straight and conical.

6 2

Length of body 9-5 mm. 7 mm.

,, forceps 0"75 „ 0-5 „

CEYLOjf : Madulsima, 1.07 & 1.08 (T. B. Fletcher, coll. Burr).

Type in the author's collection.

This f^pecies is founded on a pair sent me by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, from Ceylon ; the male is darker than the female, and at first glance it looks like D. bormansi, or D. greeni, but the simple penultimate ventral segment distinguishes it from the former. The trigono-conical forceps are like those of D rufescens, but D. Jletcheri differs in the well-rounded penultimate ventral segment of the male.

The female, from the same locality as the male, is redder in colour, but is referred with little hesitation to the same species, though it is probable that females of D. cierstceclceri may be easilj'' mistaken for it.

15. Diplatys liberatus, sp. n. (Figs. 90, 90 a.)

Nannopvgia gerst8ecl<eri, Borin., (nee Bwr, nee Kirhy) (94) p. 372 ; (04) p. 11 (partim).

Dark brown, varied with whitish. Pronotum narrow and long, the sides straight, somewhat converging posteriorly. Abdomen gradually widening posteriorly^ so that the last dorsal segment, though not strongly inflated, is distinctly wider than the base of the abdomen. Penultimate ventral segment broad, truncate, the hinder margin entire. Forceps with branches short, depressed, bowed, contiguous, tapering.

6

Length of body 10-5 mm.

,, forceps 1 „

DIPLATYS. — PYGIDICRA>rA, 53

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v-xii.

T7j2^e in the British Museum.

In the British Museum there is a single male, one of de Bormans' originals, although he only records females.

It is quite distinct from D. gerstceclcerl from Cejdon, with which de Bormans confused it. In appearance it resembles D. nigriceps, but differs in the non-convex posterior margin of the penultimate ventral segment and the rectilinear pronotum (which also separates it from D. rufescens). In the short, broad, flat, straight forceps it approaches the African forms, D. raffragi and D. tethiops, thus differing also from D. jacohsoni.

The non-emarginate penultimate ventral segment of the male distinguishes it from the allied U. bormanst.

Subfamily II. PYGIDICRANIN.E.

This subfamily comprises all the species which were formerly included in the capacious genus Pggidicrana, which is now sub- divided into five, all of which are represented in the Indian fauna.

They are large and powerful insects, some being among the largest known earwigs. They all have a decided family likeness and cannot be confused with the members of any other group.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Elytra ample ; scutellum small and narrow.

iJ. Pronotum oval ; (penultimate ventral [p. 53.

segment of male ample) Pygidicrana, Serv.,

2.2. Pronotum rectangular.

3. Penultimate ventral segment of

male ample and broad Dicrana, Burr, p. 60,

O.3. Penultimate ventral segment of

male narrow. [p. 61.

4. Head as wide as pronotum .... C'RANorYGiA, Burr, 4.4. Head narrower than the

pronotum Picrania, Burr, p. 63*.

1.1. Elytra short ; scutellum broad, almost or

quite as wide as the pronotum Pyge, Burr, p. 65.

Genus PYGIDICRANA, Servilh.

Pygidicrana, Serville, (31) p. 30.

Dicranopygia, Biirm., Germ. Ent. Zeitschr. ii. p. 79 (1840). — Type, Pygidicrana Y-nigrum, Serv.

Type, Pygidicrana V-nigrum, Serv.

Size large. Antennse with over 35 segments, first segment long and thick ; second very small, cylindrical ; third decidedly shorter than first; the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh small, globular, hardly longer than second, and scarcely longer than broad ; the rest gradually lengthening and passing to cylindrical. Head depressed,

54: PYGIDICEA>^ID.^.

smooth; eyes prominent. Pronotum more or less ellipticai. Scutellum small, triangular. Elytra ample, long, rather narrow, depressed, not as a rule truncate at the apex, rounded at the axillary angle, so as to expose the scutellum ; costal fold strongly marked but not earinate, the costal area pressed inwards, very distinct from the dorsal area. Prosternum somewhat convex on the anterior margin, constricted posteriorly, Mesosternum about as broad as long, posterior margin straight, the sides rounded. Metasternum generally slightly longer than broad, the posterior margin of the lobe more or less sinuate. Wings generally pro- minent. Legs long ; femora compressed, keeled and rather broad tibiae slender ; tarsi (in Indian species) long and slender, the first segment longer than the third ; pad present between the claws. Abdomen almost circular in cross-section in the male, somewhat depressed in the female, narrowest near the base and somewhat dilated apically in the inale ; broadest just beyond the middle in the female. Last dorsal segment smooth and ample. Penulti- mate ventral segment of male ample and broad, rounded at the apex. Pygidium not prominent, but never fused with the last dorsal segment. Forceps stout, depressed, of various forms : always simpler in the female than in the male.

Bange. Australia, Asia, Africa, South and Central America.

The genus Pycjidicrana is now restricted to those species which have a more or less oval pronotum, with broad and ample elyti'a, and therefore a small scutellum. Even thus reduced, there are half a dozen species known in India.,

Table of h<pecies.

1. Penultimate ventral segment of male with a depressed groove or canal in the middle of the posterior margin ; (dark fuscous,

varied with tawny lines and bands) .... ^ncffc, Guer., p. 55. 1.1. Penultimate ventral segment of male with posterior margin entire. 2. Branche° of forceps of male contiguous,

not arcuate or bowed ralula, Dohrn, p. 56.

2.2. Branches of forceps of male arcuate or

bowed, often enclosing an oval or

elliptical area.

3. Branches of forceps of male not

elongate, strongly bowed, dilated on

inner margin near apex; (pronotum,

elytra and \\ings tawny ; legs

speckled) ^j« //»/?};?» wi>, Haan,

8.3. Branches of forceps of male elongate, [p. 57.

arcuate, not dilated, but toothed just before apex. 4. Size very great (44-47 mm.) ; bands

of pronotum confluent behind .... eximia, Dohrn, p, 57. 4.4. Size less great (20-35 mm.) ; bands of pronotum irregular or parallel.

PYGIDIOBANA. 55.

5. Size large (32-35 mm.) ; head black with au irregular tawny

spot on the occiput '. mannoricrura, Sarv.,

5.5. Size medium (20-21 mm.) ; head [p. 58.

tawny with a blaclv border .... siamensis, Dohrn,

[p. 59.

16. Pygidicrana picta, Guerin. (Fig. 10.)

Pygidicrana picta, Guei: (38) p. 236, fig. 1 : Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ;. Scudd. (70) p. 329; Bonn. (00") p. 18; Burr, (00) p. 48, (01 )• p. 69, (00) p." 387, (08^) p. 384; Kirbi/, (04) p. 5.

Size medium. Antennae with 35 segments, light brown, except the two basal segments which are testaceous. Head testaceous, the mouth-parts blackish, occiput bordered with black, with a black central longitudinal stripe which is sometimes broken in the middle. Pronotuni subovate, slightly longer than broad, roundly truncate posteriorly, testaceous, with two irregular broad blackish bands whicb vary in detail but converge about the middle, being broader anteriorly and straight posteriorly. Scutellum testaceous. Elytra ample, rather short, with a narrow testaceous stripe near the axillary and costal margins and a central stripe which may be broad or narrow, entire or broken into a series of spots, but does not extend much beyond half way down the elytra. Wings testaceous with a fuscous band. Legs testaceous^ with narrow fuscous stripes and sometimes with spots. Abdomen of c^ cylindrical, gently widened posteriorly; of $ more depressed, nearly parallel- sided ; blackish with a dense short pale pubescence. Last dorsal segment of S ample, scarcely wider than the abdomen, subquadrate, punctate, pubescent, the posterior margin rounded, posterior angles rectangular. Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded in the c? ; narrow, triangular, and apically rounded in the $ . Forceps with the branches stout, trigonal, depressed ; in c? subcontiguous at the base, rather elongate, gently arcuate, enclosing a narrow elongate oval area, the inner margins crenulate ; meeting just before the apex, at a rather strong, blunt, dilated tooth, beyond which they are attenuate, converging, crenulate, acuminate and hooked at the apex ; in the $ subcontiguous, straight, regularly acuminate,, crenulate on the basal half of the inner mar<?in.

	6	?
igth of body . . . ,	24 mm.	18-5-28 mm,
„ forceps . .	5-5 „	4-5- 5-25 „

S. India : Tinnevelli District, Kudiraimalai (Brif. Mus.) ; Bengal: Calcutta {Ind. Mus.); Assam: Kurseong {Ind. M%is., Brit. Mus., Brussels 3his.) ; Bhutan : Maria Basti (Madrid Mus.) ; Ceylon : Dedurin and Kurunegala ( Willey, December), Trincomali,. May 1908 (Brit. Mus.).

Dr. Annandale tells us that this species is common in Calcutta among dead leaves at the foot of trees. It belongs to the group

56 PYGIDICRANID^.

of P. marmoricrura, and resembles that species generally in structure, but is somewhat stouter and smaller ; it is distinguished by the variegated pattern of the anterior portion of the body. The markings of the head, pronotum, elytra and femora vary consideriibly in detail, but always conform more or less to the pattern as described.

1 7. Pygidicrana valida, Dolim.

Pjgidicrana valida, Dohrn, (67) p. 344, S ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Borm. (94) p. 375, (00^) p. 22; Kirhj, (04) p. 5; Burr, (08^) p. 385.

Size large, stature powerful ; not very pubescent. Antennse entirely reddish testaceous. Head black, with a broad central yellowish spot. Pronotum oval posterior margin truncate, the others and all angles rounded ; equally wide anteriorly and posteriorly ; testaceous, with two broad black bands w hich unite posteriorly and reach the posterior margin ; anterior margin narrowly bordered with black. Scutellum small, testaceous. Elytra ample, long, nearly twice as long as the pronotum, blackish, with an oblique large yellowish spot on the disc near the shoulder. Wings prominent, testaceous. Legs testaceous, with a very narrow fuscous stripe on the femora. Abdomen dark reddish black, rather depressed in both sexes, very sliglitly widened posteriorly in the 6 ■, parallel in the 5 ; with a tine, dense, short, yellowish pub- escence and a few bristles. Last dorsal segment quadrate, very finely granulate, angles rather sharp, posterior margin rounded alike in the two sexes, a little wider in the 6 than in the $ , with a faint lateral longitudinal keel. Penultimate ventral segment of S broad, rounded ; of $ triangular, rounded apically. Forceps stout, trigonal, and decidedly depressed ; contiguous along the inner margin ; in the S broad and flat, the inner margin crenulate in the basal half, which is neai'ly straight, but directed somewhat towaras the right; then half way down, both branches bent abruptly to the left, so that the inner margin of the right branch is concave and that of the left branch is decidedly convex ; then tapering and directed to the left, as far as the apex which is hooked ; the outer margin of the right branch is convex at the bend, that of the left branch decidedly concave ; in the $ the forceps are straight and rather elongate.

	6	2
Length of body . . . .	27-25 mm.	80-34-5 mm,
„ forceps . .	6-5-7 „	5-5-6 „

Madbas: Madura (coZZ. ^itrr) ; Burma: Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., May-Dec. {Genoa Mus.); Tonkin {coll. Burr).

In the form of the forceps this species resembles Cranopygia cumingi ; in colour, build, and general structure it resembles P. imperatrix, from which it differs in the unarmed forceps.

PYGIDICEANA. 57

18. Pygidicrana pallidipennis, Haan. (Fig. 11.)

Forficula (Pygidicrana) pallidipennis, de Haan, (42) p. 240, pi. 23,

lio-. 8. Pygidicrana pallidipennis, Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ;

Bonn. (88) p. 433, (94) p. 375, (00") p. 18 j Kirby, (G4) p. o;

Burr, {OS') p. 385.

Large ; general colour tawny, the abdomen and forceps blackish. Antennae entirely tawny. Head tawny ; eyes, frons, and mouth- parts blackish. Pronotum tawny, with a few dark dots. Elytra darker tawny, somewhat paler in the centre of the disc. Wings tawny. Legs tawny, the femora speckled with numerous black dots. Abdomen shining reddish black, very finely riigulose. Last dorsal segment more strongly rugulose, very much wider than the abdomen, widened posteriorly ; posterior margin rounded and incrassate in the middle ; externo-posterior angles produced into a short rounded Fold. Penultimate ventral segment broadly rounded. Forceps in S with the branches strongly depressed, smooth, broad and nearly contiguous at the base, diverging and rapidly narrowing, then abruptly bowed inwards at an angle, thus enclosing a nearly equilateral triangular area ; then strongly broadened and incrassate so that they meet ; thence sti'aight, contiguous, attenuate aud unarmed towards the hooked apex.

6

Length of body 27"o mm.

„ forceps 6"5 „

Burma : Kakhyen (Kachin) Hills, Aug.-Nov. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, ;^000-3700 ft., May-Dec, 4700-5000 fc, March-April {Genoa Mas.).

Occui"s also in Borneo, Sumatra and Java,

Tyjje in the Leyden Museum.

This fine species is easily recognized by the dark speckling on the outer face of the pale legs.

19. Pygidicrana eximia, Dohrn.

Pygidicrana eximia, Dohrn, (65) p. 49; Scudd. (76) p. 328; Bonn. (00-) p. 18, fig. 11; Kirhij, (04) p. o; Burr, (05') p. 27, (08') p. 385.

Very large, black, with orange-yellow markings. Antennae brown, the first two segments yellowish. Head black, with a yellowish-bi'own, irregular spot in the centre. Pronotum oval, a little longer than broad, yellowish with two black bands, which converge and meet posteriorly. Elytra blackish, with a long oval tawny spot occupying the greater part of the disc ; costal area tawny in the basal half. Wings tawny. Legs tawny, sometimes with dark lines. Abdomen black, elongate, parallel-sided in $ ,

58 PYGIUICRANID.i:.

gradually widened to\^ards the apex in the c? • Last dorsal segment broad and ample, black, smooth, wider than the abdomen in the J , as wide in $ . Penultimate ventral segment rounded in d" , narrower in $ . Forceps with branches in the c5' subcon- tiguous at the base, which is rather broad, flat and dentate ; then gently arcuate, denticulate along inner mai*gin, with a tooth near the apex ; in 2 contiguous, depressed and straight.

c^ 2

Length of body 33-36 mm. 36-39 mm.

„ forceps 11 „ 8 „

SiKKiM : Darjiling ; Madras : Berhampur (coll. Burr) ; Assam : Khasi Hills, Bangkok, 1000-3000 ft., vi.05 (Pusa Coll), Sylhet (Brit. Mus.).

Type in the Stettin Museum (?).

This fine species may be easily recognized by the build and pattern of coloration.

20. Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serville. (Fig. 12.)

Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serville, (t!9) p. 20 ; Dohrn, (63) p. 50 ; Smdd. (76) p. 328; Bormans. (00-) p. 19; Burr, (OO") p. 47, (01) p. 69, (02) p. 478, (07^) p. 509, (08') p. 385 ; Kirhy, (04)

Forficula (Pygidicrana) marmoricrura, Haan, (42) p. 239. Pygidicrana marmoricauda, Sharp, (95) p. 215. Pygidicrana liugeli, S/iai-p, (95) pp. 202 & 215, fig. 102.

Size medium, relatively slender. Antennae with segments one and two tawny, the rest greyish brown, with a thin darker band at the base of each segment. Head fuscous with a large central tawny spot (shaped like ++) which has a small fuscous dot in the middle ; the actual detail of the spot varies considerably in different specimens. Pronotum tawny, with two longitudinal broad fuscous bands, sometimes interrupted in the middle, some- times united posteriorly. Scutellum tawny. Elytra fuscous, usually with an oblique oval yellowish spot on centre of the dis- coidal surface. Wings prominent, tawny. Legs tawny, with irregular fuscous bauds and markings on the outer surface of the femora. Abdomen dark reddish black, relatively slender and cylindrical in the cJ , rather \^ider and depressed in the $ . Last dorsal segment of J ample, subquadrate, globose, sloping, and slightly widened posteriorly, with a distinct median sulcus, almost smooth, the posterior margin irregularly rounded, the middle part rather flattened and incrassate ; in the $ similar but the characters less marked. Penultimate ventral segment in c^" broadly rounded ; in 2 narrow, triangular, with the apex rounded. For- ceps with the branches in the <S elongate and depressed ; the basal part dilated, thick and with its inner margin strongly denticulate ;

PYGIDICRANA, 59

then depressed and slender, elongate and gently ai'cuate, so as to enclose an elliptical ai'ea ; in the apical quarter the branches meet, are thickened and strongly toothed on the inner margin, beyond which they are straight, contiguous, tapering, hooked and crossed at the apex ; in the § the branches are long and straight, unarmed, slender and contiguous, not depressed, almost cylin- drical, the apices hooked and crossing.

d 2

Length of body 23-27'5 mm. 28 mm.

„ forceps 9-10-5 „ 7 ,

Ceylon (Bnt. Mm., Oxford Mus.)-, Bhutan: Maria Basti {Paris Mns,).

The determination of the above specimens is not beyond reproach. This species is common in Java, but it is doubtful whether the true P. marmoricrura, of 8erville, occurs in India.

One specimen in the British Museum is a fragment, with imma- culate elytra ; another is complete, but is a female ; it is probably a distinct species.

Variation. — I have a specimen from the Tengger Mountains, in Eastern Java, in which the elytra are of a uniform fuscous, owing to the absence of the yellow discoidal spot, thus resembling P. cele- bensis. The star-shaped spot on the bead varies considerably in detail, but always resembles, more or less distinctly, a + + . The dark bands on the pronotum sometimes unite posteriorly, thus forming a dark V ; sometimes they are broken in the middle ; they vary also in breadth. The black marbling of the outer surface of the femora also varies considerably in detail but always consists of two or three more or less broken blackish bands.

There is a single specimen, probably referable to this species, in the Hope Collection, Oxford, labelled " Thwaites, Ceylon." It is common in Java, and is to be found in most collections. In the " Cambridge Natural History," Sharp (I. c.) incorrectly calls it P. marmoricauda, and figures it under the name P. hugeli, calling it a "nondescript form," but giving it a nomen nudum, with no description beyond a ])assing reference to general characters.

21. Pygidicrana siameiisis, Dolmi. (Fig. 13.)

Pygidicrana siamensis, Bohrn, (63) p. 51 ; Scudd. (70) p. 329 ; Bonn, (94) p. 375, (00-^) p. 19 ; Kirbi/, (04) p. 5 : Burr, (08''j p. 385.

Eelatively small. Antennje with two basal segments yellow: the rest reddish testaceous. Head yellowish, mouth-parts blackish, sides blackish with blackish markings on the posterior margin. Pronotum ovate, nearly circular, truncate posteriorly, testaceous, with two narrow stripes converging behind the prozona, almost meeting in the middle and diverging posteriorly. Scutellum small, testaceous. Elytra reddish brown, with a testaceous band

60 PYGIDICRAIS^IDJ'.

aloDg the costal margin ; a small testaceous spot at the shoulder and a clear testaceous spot in the basal portion of the disc. Wings 3'ellow, with an outer fuscous stripe. Legs testaceous ; femora with two narrow black lines and a number of blackish dots. Abdomen cylindrical, gently widened posteriorly, blackish brown, with a dense close yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segment of S subquadrate, exceedingly finely rugulose ; posterior margin straight, the sides rounded, but slightly folded and not very pronounced. Penultimate ventral segment of d" broad, posterior margin straight, corners rounded. Eorceps with the brauches strongly depressed, subcontiguous, and rather dilated at the base itself, which is toothed on its inner margin ; then attenuate, elon- gate, arcuate, enclosing an elliptical area, with the inner margins creuulate and with a strong tooth before the apex.

6

Length of body 22"5 mm.

„ forceps 5*25 „

Burma: Pegu, Palon, Aug.-Sept. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 4300-4700 ft., Febr.-March {Genoa 2Ii(s.); Penang ; Siam. Tf/pe in the Stettin Museum (?).

Genus DICRANA, Burr.

Dicrana, Burr, (08') p. 387. P^'gidicrana, Authors.

Type, Pijgidkrana frontalis, Kirby.

This genus differs from the preceding in the almost rectangular pronotum, and the broad penultimate ventral segment of the male distinguishes it from Cranopygia. It contains about half a dozen little-known African species, and also a few Oriental ones. The single known Indian species has strong affinities with Cranopygia in the form of the last dorsal segment and of the forceps, but the broad penultimate ventral segment of the male makes it necessary to place it here. It is unlike the other members of the genus in appearance.

llange. Asia and Africa.

22. Dicrana kallipyga, Dohrn.

Pygidicrana kallip^'gos, Bohrn, (G3) p. 53 ; Scudder, (76) p. 328 ;

Bol. (97) p. 283. Pyg-idicraua callipyga, Bormans, (00'-) p. 21, fig. 13 ; Kirby, (04)

p. 5. Pygidicrana kallipyga, Burr, (07^) p. o09. Dicrana kallipyga, Burr, {06") p. 387.

Dark blackish brown. Antennae tawny. Head brick-red,

DICEANA. CBANOPYGIA. 61

depressed, smooth, sutures not very distinct, Pronotum black, narrowly edged with yellowish, square, the angles rounded. Scutellum black, nearly equilateral. Elytra black, granulose, weak at the axillary angle, short, truncated apically. Wings abortive. Legs orange-red. Abdomen black, widened gradually towards the apex in the c? , nearly parallel in the 5 . Last dorsal segment in d very broad, smooth, but riigulose in the middle, the sides produced into strong crested folds; in 5 square, the exterior angles produced into rectangular folds but less strongly than in the c?. Penultimate ventral segment of c? broad and rounded; in 2 triangular and rounded at the apex. Forceps with the branches in (S very strong and broad, depressed, trigonal, subcon- tiguoiis, the upper and outer edge near the base is somewhat crested irregularly and asyrametricaJly sinuous, the right branch more strongly bowed than the left, both curved upwards at the tip ; in the 2 depressed, stout, trigonal and conical, contiguous, depressed, gently hooked at the apex.

c^ ?

Length of body 20 mm, 18-20 mm.

„ forceps 5 „ 4 „

SiKKiM: Darjihng {Brit. Mus.); Madras: Kodaikanal (coll. Bolivar), Guynol, Nilgiri Hills [Pusa Coll.], Utakamand {Brit. Mus., coll. Burr).

T>i2^e in the Vienna Museum.

The strongly dilated and crested last dorsal segment and the upcurved, stout, dilated forceps readily distinguish this species.

Genus CRANOPYGIA, Burr.

Cranopygia, Burr, (08') p. 389. Pygidicrana, Authors.

Typb, Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn.

Pronotum subrecrangular, the angles themselves rounded. Penultimate ventral segment in d" narrow, lanceolate, the apex itself, rounded ; last dorsal segment in $ with the external angles on each side furnished with a compressed crested tubercle. Forceps of 6 depressed and contiguous. Otherwise agrees with the preceding genera.

Range. Ceylon.

This genus contains two Singhalese species characterized by the nearly square pronotum and narrow penultimate ventral segment of the male.

62 PTGIDICRANID-i:.

Table of Species.

1. Forceps of S with a crested tooth above ; elytra reddish, with dark borders ; pronotum with two black

bands cumingi, Dohrn, p. 62.

1.1. Forceps of <5 unarmed above; elytra dark; pronotum dark testaceous with three pale lines niebieri, Dohrn, p. 63.

:23. Cranopygia cumingi, Dohrn. (Figs. 14 & 94.)

Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn, (63) p. o4; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Borm.

■^(00-) p. 21; Bun; (01) p. 71, pi. B. fig-. 26 ; Kirby, (04) p. 5. Cranopygia cumingi, Burr, (08') p. 389.

Size medium. Antennfe with two basal segments dark, the rest lighter reddish brown. Head black, with an ill-defined yellowish transverse spot in the centre of the occiput ; in the male there are distinct ocular keels. Pronotum longer than broad, nearly parallel- sided, anterior and posterior margins convex, the angles rounded orange-yellow, with two broad black longitudinal bands. Scutellum yellowish, small, especially in the female. Elytra rather stout, truncate apically, orange-yellow with a black border. Wings abortive. Legs orange-yellow, with long bristles. Abdomen not cylindrical, depressed in both sexes ; parallel-sided in the female, regularly Midening posteriorly in the male; blackish, with yellowish indistinct markings above near the base. Last dorsal segment ample ; in the 6 transverse, very wide, very finely granular like the rest of the abdomen, at each side raised into an irregular crest- like fold extending down to the postero-exterior angles, postei'ior margin rounded ; in the $ not wider than the abdomen, not transverse, sides not crested, and posterior margin rounded. Penultimate ventral segment of d rather narrow; in $ triangular, rounded at the apex. Forceps with the branches in the J broad and flat, armed near the base on the upper margin with a strong nearly vertical triangular tooth ; regularly tapering, both branches curved towards the left, the inner margins subcon- tiguous, the apices hooked ; in the 2 depressed, contiguous and straight.

6 2

Length of body 20-5 mm. 21 mm.

„ forceps 5-5 „ 4 „

Variation. — The elytra are sometimes entirely black, with a faint reddish tinge in the centre. The wings are sometimes visible, in which case they are yellow, with a fuscous outer boi-der. The variety with fully developed wings and uniform fuscous elytra is also a little smaller. (Length of body 17-5 mm., length of forceps 3 mm.) Por it the name var. greeni is proposed.

Ceylon : Punduluoya (typ. form and var., coll. Burr); Watawella (var., coll. Burr).

CRAXOPYGIA. PICRAIflA. 63

Type iu the Stettin Museum (?) ; type of r/reeni in the author's collection.

Mr. Green found this insect in the adult state in May, and from September to November, and larvas in June and July. It is found under stones and loose bark, and often comes into buildings.

24. Cranopygia nietneri, DoJim. (Fig. 15.)

Pvgidicrana nietneri, Dohni, (03) p. 53 ; Scudd. (76) p. 328 ; Bonn.

'(00'^) p. 21 ; Bun; (01) p. 70; Kirhy, (04) ix 5. Cranopygia nietneri, Bun; (08') p. 389.

Stature medium ; colour dark testaceous. Antennte dark testa- ceous, typical, with 31 segments ; each segment is fuscous basally and yellowish apically. Head reddish yellow, rather tumid, sutures distinct ; eyes black. Pronotum almost as broad as the head, rounded anteriorly, truncate posteriorly, the angles rounded, sides parallel ; dark fuscous, with whitish median line and borders. Scutelium rather long, fusco-testaceous. Elytra rather short, blackish. Wings abbreviated. Sternal plates yellow. Legs tes- taceous, slender ; tarsi very slender. Abdomen reddish, slender at base, widening gradually towards the apex ; with a dense fine yellowish pubescence. Last dorsal segment red, smooth, large, quadrate; the external angles are compressed into a blackened crest which is produced posteriorly to a point ; posterior margin black, convex, truncate in the middle. Penultimate venti-al seg- ment narrowly rounded at the apex. Eorceps with branches yellowish, darker at the margin, blacker at the tips ; subcon- tiguous at the base, depressed and wide through the first half of their length, then abruptly attenuate and arcuate, the right branch more so than the left and armed with a strong blunt tooth in the middle of the curve.

c?

Length of body 17 mm.

„ forceps .... 8 „

Ceylon : Peradeniya (Brit. Mus., coll. Dolirn, coll. Burr), Diya- talawa, 12.ix.08 {Fletcher):, Watawella (C'o?Ze«).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

Somewhat resembles Dicrana Icallipyga., but differs in the colora- tion, the weaker armature of the last dorsal segment, and the less curved almost horizontal forceps.

Genus PICRANIA, Bxirr.

Picrania, Burr, (OS^) p. 390. Pvgidicrana, Authors.

Type, Forficesila liturata, Stal.

Agrees generally with the preceding genera, but the head is narrow, being scarcely as broad as, and never broader than, the

64 PYGIDICEANID.^.

pronotum ; the elytra are short ; the tarsi long and slender ; the abdomen narrow and nearly parallel-sided.

Range. Ceylon ; S. Africa.

The type of this genus is P. litiirata, Stal, from South Africa but P. aufjustata, from Ceylon, is placed here provisionally.

25. Picrania angustata, Dohm.

Pygidicrana angustata, Dohm, (63) p. o4 ; Borm. (00-) p. 23 ; Burr,

'(01) p. 71; Kirhj, (04) p. 5. Picrania angustata, Burr, (OS-") p. 390.

Small, dark, greyish, with yellowish markings. Antennso greyish yellow. Head smooth, globose, dark reddish brown, marhled with yellowish ; sutures distinct ; posterior margin truncate, not emarginate ; not broader than the prouotuin. Pronotum rather long, narrow, parallel-sided, pale yellowish tes- taceous, with two broad fuscous bands and a narrow dark line along the suture. Scutellum narrow, pale. Elytra short, greyish fuscous, with an oblique yellow discoidal spot and a narrow yellowish stripe along the basal half of the sutui'e and along the costa. Wings short, yellowisli. Legs short, pale, testaceous; femora rather broad, femora and tibiae with broken black lines. Abdomen rather slender, gradually widening posteriorly, dark reddish brown, marbled with yellowish ; the whole apparently grey owing to a short greyish pubescence. Last dorsal segment not pubescent, not inflated, very finely rugulose, deep chestnut ; posterior margin truncate, obliquely truncate at the sides. Penul- timate ventral segment of the 6 narrow, truncate posteriorly, the sides oblique ; of the $ trianq;ular, the apex rounded. Forceps of S with the branches deep red with an orange spot near the base above and beneath, depressed, rather slender, remote at base, elongate and gently arcuate, with onn or two teeth on inner margin about the middle and a stronger one near the apex ; in the 5 broad, finely rugulose, trigonal, subcontiguous throughout their length, gradually tapering, erenulate along the inuer margin ; apices hooked.

	c?	$
ength of body	. 22 mm.	16 mm
„ forceps . . .	. 5 „	3-5 „

Ceylon {Brit. Mus., Berlin Mus.).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

The approximately equal width of the head and pronotum, the narrow parallel-sided body, the gently arcuate and remote forceps, readily distinguish this species. It is so far only recorded from Ce>lon and appears to be rare. There are Dohrn's types, two females in the Berlin Museum, and one male in the British Museum.

PYGE. Qo

Genus PYGE, Bun:

Pyge, Bun; (08') p. 390. Pjgidicrana, Authors (partim).

Type, Pygidicrana modenta, Borm.

Body narrow. Pronotum nearly square. Scutellum very broad, transverse, almost or quite as broad as tbe pronotum, with a median sulcus. Elytra short, excavate at the axillary angle so as to expose the scutellum ; the costal fold sometimes keeled. Wings rudimentary. Legs short ; tarsi short, rather thick ; the third tarsal segment as long as, or a trifle longer than, the first. Last dorsal segment ample. Penultimate ventral segment of the c? narrow, roundly acute ; branches of forceps in the J short, contiguous and depressed.

Range. Asia and Australia.

This genus is well characterized by the abbreviated elytra, with weak axillary angle, thus exposing an ample and broad scutellum. There is sometimes a distinct keel on the costal fold of the elytra, and the wings are abortive, sometimes represented by a pair of leathery flaps showing beneath the shortened elytra.

The species are confined to the Oriental and Australian regions, but do not appear to be common. They are of relatively small size, and the colour is usually dull brown or black. The forceps are depressed, subcontiguous and asymmetrical.

About half a dozen species are known, of which two are recorded from Burma.

Table of Species.

1. Scutellum as broad as pronotum ; last [p. 65.

dorsal segment of J not crested modesta, Borm.,

1.1. Scutellum narrower than tbe pronotum;

last dorsal segment of J with angles [p. 66.

crested ophthahnica, Dohru,

-0. Pyge modesta, Bormans.* (Fig. 76.)

Pygidicrana modesta, Bonnans, (94) p. 375 (00-) p. 21 : Burr,

(02) p. 477; Z/%, (04) p. 5. Pyge modesta, Burr, (08') p. 391.

Antennae typical, tawny, with 2S-30 segments. Head smooth, pubescent, sutures distinct ; dull brown, with a reddish spot near each eye. Pronotum a little nari-ower than the head, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, the sides parallel. Scutellum black, aimple, nearly equilateral. Elytra short, dull brown, feeble at the axillary angle, thus exposing the ample scutellum. Wino-s abortive. Legs yellow ; tarsi rather short and slender, the first and third segments equally long. Abdomen blackish i-ed, smooth, gradually widening in the S to the apex, which is twice as broad as the base ; in the 5 almost parallel-sided. Last dorsal segment of the S ample, smooth. Penultimate ventral segment of the S rounded but narrower towards the apex, where

1"

66 PYGIDICEANID^.

there is a small emargination ; in the $ more strongly narrowed^ with no notch at the apex. Forceps : in the d" with branches stout, broad, trigonal, contiguous, asymmetrical, the left branch longer, arched outwards and hooked in\Aards at the apex, both arched to the left ; in the $ the branches are straight, trigonal, subcontiguous ; the inner margin is finely serrulate in both sexes.

6 2

Length of body 17'5 mm. 19 mm.

„ forceps .... 3-3-3 „ 4 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft,, v,-xii. (B7nt. Mus., Genoa IIks., coll. Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

The powerful and strongly curved asymmetrical forceps dis- tinguish this species.

27. Pyge ophthalmica, Dohm. (Fig. ITj.)

Pygidicraua ophthalmica, Dohrn, (63) p. 55, (67) p. o44 ; Scudder, "(76) p. 328 ; JBormans, (88) p. 433, (94) p. 375, (00' ) p. 22 ; Kirhy, (04) p. 6. Pyge ophthalmica, Bun', (08') p. 391.

Body pubescent. Antennae testaceous. Head black, indistinctly marked with yellowish, and two small yellowish spots between the eyes. Pronotum granular, dark brown, varied with yellow ; sides square, the angles rounded. Scutellum decidedly narrower than the pronotum. Elytra varying in breadth, but always narrow ; brown, shaded with yellow above, granular. Legs yellowish, marked with black. Abdomen brown, widened towards the apex. Last dorsal segment of the 6 ample, square, smooth, the sides marked by a crested ridge of tubercles separating the dorsal from the ventral surface. Forceps subcontiguous, depressed, trigonal, stout, hooked at apex, inner margin dentate near the base; the right branch more strongly bowed than the left.

S

Length of body 15 mm.

„ forceps 4 „

Burma : Senmyingyan ( Genoa Mus.) ; Tenasseeim ( Genoa Mtis.) ; Madras : Madura {coll. Burr).

Type in the Stettin Museum (?).

Originally described from Moreton Bay in Australia ; it is very doubtful whether de Bormans's Burmese specimens are really to be referred to the same species.

The above description is drawn from a male from Toowoomba in the British Museum, agreeing well with a poor specimen from Dohrn's own collection.

Another specimen in the author's collection from ' Madura ' has no yellow spots on the head and the pronotum is orange- yellow, with tM'o irregular black markings on the prozoua. The coloration is very variable.

LABLDUEID^.

Family III. LABIDURID^.

This family is well marked by the form of the pygidium. The essential feature is, however, rather difficult to describe and to illustrate ; the last dorsal segment is produced and folded down between the branches of the forceps, so that the end of the body, viewed from behind, has the appearance of a vertical triangular plate, apex downwards ; this is the pygidium, and it consequently does not assume the complex and varied forms of the same organ in. other groups, in some of tlie Lahiida'. and Forficulida;, for instance. It is practically invisible from above ; the fusion with the last doi'sal segment is sometimes so complete that no suture or ridge is visible.

This is an extensive family comprising several well marked sub- families, of which six are represented in India.

Tcible of Subfamilies.

1. Body very strongly depressed and

flattened 1. Palicince, p. 67.

1.1. Body not strongly flattened.

2. Metasternum with posterior margin [p. 69,

sinuate: (body covered withbristles). 2. Echinosomatina', 2.2. Metasternum with posterior margin truncate. 3. Mesosternum rounded posteriorly . 3. Psalince, p. 73. 3.3. Mesosternum truncate posteriorly.

4. Antennae with at least 25 seg- [p. 90^

ments. Elytra well developed. 4. Labidurince, 4.4. Antennae with not more than 15

segments ; apterous forms. [p. 102.

5. Last dorsal segment truncate. 5. Parisolabince, 5.5. Last dorsal segment with

posterior margin emarginate [p. 105.

and bilobed 6. Brachylahince,

Subfamily I. PALICIN^.

This subfamily comprises at present a single monotypic genus which is very different in many features from the other members of the Lahklurida'. In general appearance and the strongly depressed body it so closely resembles the Sparattino' that the only species was described as a Platylabia. In the Labidurine antennae, and in the form of the tarsi, it approaches Mecomera, but the form of the pygidium, which is adpressed

r2

-68 LABIDURID.^.

and fused with the last dorsal segment, shows beyond doubt that it must be ranked in the Lahiduridcp.. A new genus and new subfamily are consequently required for its reception.

Genus PALEX, n. g.

Entire body strongly flattened. Antennae with 19-20 segments, the first long and subeonical, second minute, third long and cylin- drical, fourth globular, fifth and sixth ovate, the latter a trifle longer, seventh cylindrical, longer, but shorter than third, the remainder cylindrical, gradually lengthening. Head smooth and depressed. Pronotum subquadrate, but convex anteriorly. Prosternum parallel-sided, scarcely constricted ; meso- and metasterna about as broad as long, more or less rounded, and truncate posteriorly. Elytra perfectly developed but rather short, rounded at the apex ; feebly developed at the axillary angles, thus exposing a small scutellum ; no keel. Wings short but usually visible. Legs not very long ; femora broad and compressed ; tibice short and slender; tarsi slender, first segment short, the third longer than first and second united. Abdomen strongly depressed ; no lateral tubercles. Last dorsal segment ample, simple. Penultimate ventral segment quadrate, triangular. Pygidium short, broad, adpressed, vertical, fused with dorsal segment and with no marked suture. Porceps remote at the base, broad, nearly straight at first, then bowed.

This curious genus has no resemblance whatever to any other known Labidurine form, but owing to the build, coloration and strongly flattened body, may be easily confused with the Sparattince.

The single known species, which is therefore the type, occurs in the Oriental Kegion.

28. Palex sparattoides, Bonnans. (Fig. 77.)

Platylabia sparattoides, Bonti. (OQi) j). 459 ; Kir/>tj, (04) p. 22.

Brown or blackish, very strongly depressed. Antennte with 20 segments, brownish, yellowish, paler towards the apex ; basal segment darker ; third segment cylindrical ; fourth only about half as long as the third ; fifth a little longer than the fourth ; rest longer, cylindrical. Head depressed, posterior margin sinuate. Pronotum with anterior margin decidedly convex, sides straight, posterior margin straight, angles rounded ; reddish brown. Elytra brown, coriaceous. Wings of same colour and texture as the elytra. Legs yellowish. Abdomen strongly depressed, chestnut, slightly widened towards the apex ; lateral tubercles absent. Last dorsal segment ample, in the c? quadrate, posterior margin truncate, flatand smooth ; a little narrower in the $ . Penultimate ventral segment in the 6 ample, rounded, very gently emarginate in the middle of \)Osterior margin. Pygidium: in the d" scarcely prominent, trans- verse, with a vertical face ; in the $ slightly larger, witn a minute

PALEX. 69'

tubercle at each angle. Forceps : in the (S with branches remote at the base, trigonal at the base itself, quite straight in the basal half, tapering, then abruptly bent inwards at a right angle, the points overlapping, the apical half thus forming a line parallel to the posterior margin of the last dorsal segment and at right angles with the main axis of the insect ; about half way down the straight part there is, on the inner margin, a short tooth : in the 5 the branches are elopgate, very gently sinuate, almost straight, incurved at the apex, with a sharp depressed tooth on the inner margin in the basal third, and strongly creuulated as far a» this tooth.

c? ?

Length of body 7*5-9 mm. 9-10*5 mm.

„ forceps 1-1*5 ,, 2*25-3*5 „

Burma : Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. (colL Bu7'r,JBnt. JIiis.); PuloPenaxg; Sumatra ((?e?ioa if ms.) ; Java; AjfNAM (coll. Burr).

Type in the Genoa Museum.

Although originally described by de Bormans, from Pulo- Penang and from Sumatra, the pair in the author's possession were from Pea's collection and came to him through de Bormans ; yet the latter never quoted this species from Burma. The only specimens from Karen-ni, May to December, quoted by de Bormans are referred by him to Platijlahia major, and perhaps, owing to the inconspicuous pygidium, he regarded them as identical with that species in 1894, but separated them in his later work in 1900.

The form of the forceps is quite characteristic and they are not likely to be confused with anything else.

This species is totally distinct from any other known Labidurine earwig ; but it has so strong a resemblance to the genera Platij- labia and Sparatta, that the structure of the pygidium must be carefully examined.

Subfamily II. ECHIN0S0MATIN.51:.

Pronotum transverse, decidedly broader than long, elytra complete, with no lateral keels, entirely concealing the scutellum. Pemora not compressed or keeled. Abdomen short, broad, rather dilated, body clothed with short stiff bristles ; forceps short, cylindrical, remote at base in male, arcuate and unarmed.

This subfamily includes only the old genus EcJiinosoma, which has close affinities with the Labidurhuc.

The short, thick-set body, densely clad with stiff hairs and many obtuse thick bristles, gives these earwigs a very distinctive appearance.

70 LABIDURID^.

Genus ECHINOSOMA, Serv. Echinosoma, Serv. (39) p. 34.

Type, Forfieula afra, Pal.-Beauv.

Stout and small or medium-sized insects, the whole body covered with shoi't stiff bristles and long yellow hairs. Antennae with about 30 segments ; third segment long and cylindrical, nearly as long as the first, the rest very short, fifth and sixth each a trifle longer than fourth, the rest gradually lengthening, the apical segments approaching cylindrical, fourth, fifth and sixth together scarcely longer than third. Head broad, flat and smooth. Pro- notum transverse, as broad as the head, subrectangular, hinder angles broadly rounded. Elytra broad, truncate, bristly. Wings generally prominent, bristly. Scutellum concealed. Prosternum broad, scarcely narrowed posteriorly ; mesosternum broad ; meta- sternum broad, the lobes slightly produced, the hinder margin gently sinuate. Legs short ; femora thick, not keeled. Abdomen short, broad. Last dorsal segment : in the cJ smooth, transverse ; in the $ somewhat narrower. Pygidium : in the (S almost con- cealed ; in the $ forming a short blunt tubercle. Foi'ceps with the branches in both sexes remote at the base, short, cylindrical, unarmed and arcuate, more strongly bowed in S , gently curved in $.

Range. Asia, Africa, Papua.

The members of the genus are easy to recognize owing to their short, rather thick-set build, the simple sickle- shaped forceps of the male, and especially the short, thick bristles with which they are densely clothed.

About 14 species are known, inhabiting all the tropical countries of the Old World. The discrimination of the different forms is difficult, as the specific characters are not very well marked, and the coloration varies within certain limits. Only two species are known from India and these are easy to distinguish. They occur chiefly in rotten wood.

Table of Sjyecies.

1. Antennse with first segmeut light yellow ; segments of apical half of antennae slender, subcyliudrical or ovate ; size [p. 70.

medium (12-14 mm.) sumatranum, Haan,

3.1. Antennfe with first segment dark yellow or brownish : segments beyond seventh or eighth short, thick, pyriform or snb- conical ; size small (G-8 mm.) parvidum, Dohrn, p. 72.

29. Echinosoma sumatranum, Haan. (Pig. 17.)

Forficnla (Echinosoma) sumatranum, Haan, (42) p. 241. Echinosoma sumatranum, Dohrn, (63) p. 65; Scudder, (76) p. 310; Dubr. (79) p. 352 Bonn. (SS^ p. 433, (94) p. 377, (00'-) p 28 ;

ECHINOSOMA. 71

Burr, (OQi) p. 89, (02) p. 478, (05') p. 28, (073) p. 510 ; Kirby, (04) p. 8. Echinosomca westermanni, Dohrn, (63) p. 60 ; Scudder, (76) p. olO Duhr. (79) p. 352 ; Borm. (00-) p. 28 ; Kirby, (04) p. 8.

Pronotiim broader than the head, depressed, transverse, anterior margin gently convex, angles rounded ; sides broadly reflexed ; prozona somewhat tumid, and with a strong sulcus ; metazona depressed, varying in colour from a uniform pale yellow to almost black, with a few dark markings. Elytra ample, rugulose and densely clad with dark bristles ; brown or blackish, sometimes with a small red spot in the middle. A\'ings usually prominent, but occasionally short and scarcely protruding, pale yellowish, with a dark spot at the tip. Legs pale yellowish, the femora and tibiae usually ringed with blackish. Abdomen dark brown to black, densely puuctulate and densely bristly. Last dorsal segment in the S transverse, with a median impression, posterior margin trun- cate, tumid over the roots of the forceps ; in the $ similar but narrowed. Pygidium: in the c? rectangular, very short and very broad ; in the $ conical. Forceps : in the d with branches remote and roundly trigonal at base, smooth, stout, nearly straight basally, then gently arcuate ; in the $ remote at base, straight at first, then arcuate, but less strongly than in 6 •

c? ?

Length of body 9-14 mm. 10-14 mm.

„ forceps 1*5-2 „ 1-5-2 „

Bhutan: MariaBasti(P«r«s3/Ms.); Sikkim (/wc?. J/ms.) ; Assam: Khasi Hills, Sibsagar {Ind. Mus.); Burma: Metanja in April, Teinzo, Katha, in November, Bhamo in July, Shwegu in October, Palon in August and September (G-V/io«Ji«s.); Ceylo'S (Brit. Mus.). Widely distributed and abundant throughout the Oriental Eegion, extending as far as New Guinea and Northern Australia. A careful examination of numerous specimens, offering many differences of pattern, from all parts of India, Burma, Annam, Tonkin, Siam, the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, fails to reveal any structural distinction, and consequently £. wester- manni, Dohrn, is sunk, as being based merely on coloration or wing-development. Tlie burden of proof lies with the advocates of separation. Perhaps the intensity of coloration depends upon the age and condition of the specimen when caught.

The following variations are represented in the Burr col- lection : —

I. Genei'al colour ranging from light brown (Java) to almost entirely black (Annam). II. Labrum blackish (Tonkin, Java, etc.) or yellow (Annam,

Tonkin, Java). III. Pronotum uniform pale yellow (Java); more generally black, with yellowish markings at the sides and pos- teriorly.

72 LABIDUIIID.I.

IV. Elytra light brown or deep black (usual) or with a small not perfectly distinct red spot on the disc near the suture. V. Wings abbreviated, slightly developed or promiuent.

VI. Tirown ring of femora faint or absent, especially in the anterior pair.

There is presented nearly eveiy stage in the transition between each of these varieties ; that is why, in the author's opinion, it is necessary to sink E. westermmmi, Dohru (labrum yellow, wings- short, anterior femora not I'inged).

30. Echinosoma parvulum, DoJim.

Ecliinosoma parvuluiu, iJo/ini, (63) p. 66; Bonn. (00") p. 29; £nrr,, (01) p. 77; Jvirbij, (04) p. 8.

Size small; colour dark brown, with dense, stiff, dark pubescence,, and numerous thick reddish bristles. Antennae with 19 segments, the first thick and dark yellow, second minute and pale yellow ; the rest grey-brown ; third rather elongate and perfectly cylin- drical ; fourth globular ; fifth, sixth and seventh subcylindrical and a little longer than the fourth : the rest pyriform, but none equalhng the third in length. Head dark brown, broad, depressed, with a few thick bristles ; eyes prominent, mouth- parts yellowish. Pronotum decidedly transverse and a trifle wider posteriorly than anteriorly ; prozona somewhat tumid and metazona flattened ; sides broadly reflexed, all angles rounded,, sides very slightly convex, dark brown, with a few scattered thick bristles. Sternal plates smooth, yellow. Elytra of the same colour, texture and clothing as the pronotum, the shoulders scarcely developed, truncate posteriorly ; in the short-winged form short, scarcely longer than the pronotum ; in the long-winged form quite double as long as the pronotum. Wings either abortive (short- winged form) or long and ample (long-winged form), in which case they protrude very prominently, the scale being even longer than the elytra, of a lighter brown colour, especially near the base and the suture, where the Avhitish membranous part is descernible ; densely clothed with short bristles. Legs yellow, the femora ringed with brown near the base. Abdomen broad and rather flat, nearly pai^allel-sided, ^itli a dense and close pubescence, and rows of yellowish, thick, short bristles ; ventral surface red, smoother. Last dorsal segment in the d strongly transverse, about three times as broad as long, of the same colour, texture and hairiness on the rest of the abdomen, truncate posteriorly ; in the 2 similar, but longer and narrowed posteriorly, the margin subsinuous. Penultimate ventral segment : in the ^ transverse, with a median depression, posterior margin with a round median emargination with thick yellowish pubescence ; in the 5 posterior margin straight. Pygidium: in the J rectangular, very short and very broad ; in the $ short and conical. Forceps with the branches in

ECHINOSOMA. 73:

the c? remote at the base, smooth, deep red, stout, and rather broad at the base, very slightly diverging at first, then strongly arched in a semicircular curve ; in the $ short, contiguous, straight, stout, conical, with a very blunt tooth near the base.

^ 2

Length of body 6-8-5 mm. 7-8 mm.

forceps 1 „ 0-75-1 „

The larv£e resemble the female in the form of the abdomen and forceps ; the colour is light brown, with darker longitudinal bands.

Ceylon : Peradeniya, in August and November (coll Burr).

Type in Berlin.

This species has hitherto been known only from Dohrn's description of the female. Mr. Green found it commonly at Peradeniya, in rotten Avood ; a larva was taken in a termite's nest.

Of the specimens sent by Mr. Green, there is one male of each form, and four females of the short-winged form, which would thus appear to be commoner, though Dohrn's type is evidently winged. De Bormans incorrectly describes the first antenual segment as brown.

Ow-ing to its small size, strongly bowed forceps and thick pyriform antennal segments, it is easy to recognize.

Dohrn describes the sixteenth antennal segment as yellowish^ but this uncertain character is of no value.

Subfamily III. PSALIN.E.

The dominant genus of this subfamily is Amsohbis, but Psalis IS chosen as the typical genus because it is the oldest. It has many features in common with the Labidunnce, with which group it is closely allied.

It is exceptional for the forceps to be slender or remote at the base, whereas the reverse is the case in the Labidurince.

In this group we find a gradual transition from the fully winged Pscdis to the entirely apterous Anisolabis.

Fig. 4. — Antenna of Psalis dolrni.

The glandular folds of the third and fourth abdominal segments, which are absent in Labidnra, are often present in Anisolabis ; and Eehn (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1903, p. 301) has

74 LABIDURIDJE.

shown that in the Neotropical species, l-'salis americana, Pal.- Beauv., these folds are present in the larvae and nymphs, but disappear when the creature attains maturity. This is evidence in favour of the view that these organs are useless as generic characters.

The possession of fully developed elytra is the chief distinction between Psalis and AnisoJahis, so that immature specimens of the former are easily mistaken even for adult specimens of the latter genus.

The Psalime are generally thick-set, dark-coloured earwigs, with stout forceps.

Table of Genera.

1. Elytra perfectly developed ; (abdomen subparallel-sided ). 2. Antennse with 12-22 segments; sides

of abdomen with no glandular folds . Psalis, Serv., p. 74. 2.2. Antennae with 20-30 segments ; sides [p. 78.

of abdomen with glandular folds . . Labidurodes, Dubr., 1.1. Apterous forms; elytra entirely wanting or rudimentary. 2. Abdomen dilated from the base to the

apex. (Elytra absent.) Gonolabis, Burr, p. 79.

2.2. Abdomen subparallel-sided, or slightly dilated about the middle.

3. Iillytra entirely wanting Anisolabis, Fieb., p. 80,

3.3. Rudimentary elytra present Borellia, Burr, p. 87.

Genus PSALIS, Serv.

Psalis, Serv. (31) p. 34.

Carcinophora, Saidd. (76) p. 291. — Type,C robusta, Scudd.

Type, Forficula americana, Pal.-Beauv.

Body stout ; antennae with 12-22 segments ; basal segment very long and conical ; third segment cylindrical, half as long as the first ; third and fourth short, no longer than broad ; fifth a little longer ; sixth and others gradually lengthened, the sixth nearly as long as the third. The segments are nearly cylindrical, but in the Indian species they are almost clavate. Head convex, smooth and shining. Pronotum nearly as broad as the head, subquadrate, widened somewhat posteriorly (especially in Old World species) ; posterior margin convex. Mesosternum convex ; metasternum with the lobe produced between posterior coxae, truncate. Elytra and wings smooth, well developed, the former with no carina. Legs rather short, stout. Abdomen broad and depressed, last doi'sal segment quadrate in both sexes ; sides of the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth segments acute ; no glandular folds in adults. Penultimate ventral segment of the c? broad, obtuse, rounded ; in the $ roundly triangular ; pygidium indistinct. Porceps with

PSALIS. 75

branches conical, stout, subcontiguous, gently curved in the d ; contiguous in the $ .

Range. Asia, Africa, America.

This genus was confused by the older authors with Lahidura. De Bonnans remarks that it ap])roaches nearer to AnisolaUs, and this is correct, for it is practically the same thing but with fully- developed organs of flight.

The genus Carcmophora, Scudd., only differing from typical Psalis in the absence of wings, cannot stand, and must be absorbed in Psalis.

Table of Sj)ecies.

1. Wings perfectly developed ; forceps of male not contiguous at base ; (colour shining chocolate, vaiied with yellow-

^^") femoralis, Dolirn, p. 75.

1.1. Wmgs abortive; forceps of male con- tiguous at base. 2. Elytra rectangular, showing no scu- tellum. 3. Colour brilliant shining reddish black, with blue sheen on elytra,

which are truncate posteriorly. . dohml, Kirby, p. 76. 3.3. Colour reddish black, with no blue

sheen ; elytra oblique posteriorly, h'froyi, sp. n., p. 77. 2.2. Elytra strongly cut away at the axillary angle, thus being tri- angular ; exposing a small scu- tellum cnstetsi, Bonn., p. 77.

31. Psalis femoralis, DoJim. (Fig. 18.)

Labidura femoralis, Boltrii, (63) p. 321 ; Scudder, (76) p. 522 (nee

Dubr.). Psalis femoralis, Bonn. (88) p. 434, (94) p. 378, (00^) p. 38 ; Burr,

(01) p. 78, pi. B, fig. 3, (08-^) p. 29 ; Kirby, (04) p. 13.

Stature small but robust ; general colour deep chestnut-brown, varied with yellowish and often with a bluish sheen. Autennje greyish yellow, the basal segments paler. Head shining deep dark brown. Pronotum chocolate-brown, shining, the sides some- what paler, longer than broad and broadeued posteriorly ; anterior and lateral margins straight; posterior margin subcouvex, the angles rounded. Elytra shining chocolate - brown, truncate apically, with a faint bronze sheen. Wings long, pale yellowisli at the base, of the same colour as the elytra at the apex. Le^s pale yellow, the femora banded with dark brown. Abdomen deep chocolate-brown, smooth and shining. Last dorsal segment quad- rate in both sexes, faintly rugulose posteriorly in the d" , with a median depression and a faint tumid tubercle over the insertion

76 LABIDUBID^.

of the forceps. Forceps : in the J flat beneath, convex above, stout,, tapering, subcoutiguous, straight, gently incurved at the apex, denticulate near base on inner margin ; in the $ straight, conical, contiguous.

Length of body .... 8*5-9 mm. 10 ram. „ forceps.. l'25-l-5 „ 1*75 „

Burma : Metanja, viii. ; Teinzo, v. ; Bliamo, vi.-viii. ; Katha, ii.-vi. ; Rangoon, v. ; Karen-ni, Keba District, 3000-3700 ft., v.-xii. {Genoa Sf Brit. J/its.) ; Tenasseeim : Thagata, iv. {Genoa Mas.); Ceylon: Punduluoya, Gralagedara, Pei-adeniya {Green\ Amhegammoa {Willeij, coll. Burr), Diyatalawa {coll. Burr) ; Tonkin {Brit. 4' Paris Mus.).

Type in the Stettin Museum (?).

This species has no strong resemblance to any other, its shiny deep colour being very characteristic. Its nearest resemblance, perhaps, is to the African species of the genus. The bronze sheen is much more striking in some specimens than others ; this may be due to the age of the specimens, or perhaps the sex, season or locality in which they were caught.